Module 3-5

MATHEMATICS
IN THE MODERN WORLD

Module 3-5
CHAPTER II: SETS
A well-defined collection of distinct objects and is denoted by an uppercase letter
An object that belongs to a set is called an ELEMENT or MEMBER and it is

usually denoted by lower case letter. The symbol “∈” denotes a membership while “∈”
denotes non-membership to a set.
Example:
x ∈ A, read as x is an element of A.
1.1 Ways of Describing a Set

• ROSTER/ TABULAR METHOD
- Method in which the elements in the given set are listed or
enumerated, separated by a comma, inside a pair or braces.
• RULE/ DESCRIPTIVE METHOD
- Method in which the common characteristics of the elements are
defined. This method uses set builder notation where x is used to
represent any element of the given set.
Example.
a. The distinct letters in the word “mathematics”
Let A be the set of distinct letters of the word “mathematics”
Roster form: A = {m, a, t, h, e, m, a, t, i, c, s}

Rule form: A = {x∣x is the distinct letters in the word “mathematics”}
b. The colors of the rainbow

Let B be the set of the colors of the rainbow
Roster form: A = {red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet}

Rule form: A = {x∣x is the colors of the rainbow}
c. An even prime number

Let C be the set of the even prime number
Roster form: A = {2}

Rule form: A = {x∣x is an even prime number}
1.2 TYPES OF SET
✓ EMPTY/ NULL/ VOID SET – set that has no elements, denoted by Ø or by a pair
of braces with no element inside.
Example: The set of numbers in the English Alphabet
✓ FINITE SET - a set with a countable number of elements.

Example: The set of letters in the English Alphabet
✓ INFINITE SET – a set has uncountable number of elements

Example: The set of counting numbers
✓ UNIVERSAL SET - the totality of all the elements of the sets under consideration,
denoted by U.
Example: The set of real numbers.
1.3 RELATIONSHIPS OF SETS

▪ EQUAL SETS – set with same elements
▪ EQUIVALENT SETS – set with the same number of elements.
Example: Let A = {r, e, a, d}

and Let B = {d, e, a, r}
Remember: It can be noted that equal sets are equivalent sets, however not all
equivalent sets are equal sets.
▪ JOINT SETS - sets with at least one common element
Example: Let E = {1,2,4}

and Let F = {1,3,9}
Since there is one element that can be found both sets E and F which is 1
then these sets are said to be joint sets.
▪ DISJOINT SETS – set have no common element
Example: Let E = {2,4,6,8,10, …}

and Let F = {1,3,5,7,9, …}
SUBSET – set wherein every element of which can be found on the second set. ⊂
If the first set equals the second set, then it is an improper subset. The symbol
⊆ is used to mean improper subset.
A null set is always a subset of any given set is considered an improper subset of
the given set. Other than the set itself and the null set, are all considered proper
subsets.
The set containing all the subsets of the given set with n number of elements is
called the power sets with 2𝑛 number of elements.
Example.
Let T = {x∣x is the first three letters in English alphabet}
= {a, b, c,}
Since set T has three elements, then the power set has 23 = 8 elements.
Let S = {{a}, {b}, {c}, {a,b}, {a,c}, {b,c}, Ø }
1.4 OPERATIONS ON SETS
1. UNION OF SETS A and B (denoted by A U B) - set whose elements are found
in A or B or in both.
Example. Let A = {a, b, c, d}

B = {c, d, e}
Then A U B = {a, b, c, d, e}
2. INTERSECTION of sets A and B (denoted by A ∩ B) – set whose elements are

common to both sets.
B = {c, d, e}
Then A ∩ B = {c, d}
3. DIFFERENCE of sets A and B (denoted by A - B) – set whose elements are

found in set A but not in set B.

B = {c, d, e}
Then A - B = {a, b}
4. COMPLEMENT OF Set A (denoted by A’) – the set of elements found in the
universal set but not in set A.
Example. Let U = {a, b. c, d, e}

A = {a, b, c, d}
B = {c, d, e}
Then A’ = {e}
Let’s try this!
Given the following the set;

U = {1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,13}
A = {1,5,9,11,13}
B = {2,4,6,8,12}
C = {1,4,5,9,12}
D = {2,6,8,11,12,13}
Find
AUC =?
B∩D =?
A-C =?
A’ =?
C’ =?
(AUB) ∩ (A – C) =?
AUC = A-C =
A = {1,5,9,11,13} A = {1,5,9,11,13}
C = {1,4,5,9,12} C = {1,4,5,9,12}
B∩D = A’ =
B = {2,4,6,8,12} U = {1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,13}
D = {2,6,8,11,12,13} A = {1,5,9,11,13}
C’ =
U = {1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,13}
C = {1,4,5,9,12}
Since this example is combination of two or more operations, always start to

solve the parenthesis. (AUB) ∩ (A – C) =
Venn – Euler Diagrams or simply Venn Diagrams
- Pictorial Presentation of Relationship and Operation of Sets
- Universal Set is usually represented by a rectangle
- While circles within the rectangle usually represent its subset
- Shaded region in the given diagrams illustrates the sets relation or operation
Example:
1. A pet store keeps track of the purchases of customers over a four-hour period. The
store manager classifies purchases as containing a dog product, a cat product, a
fish product, or product for a different kind of pet. She found purchased of
83 dog product
101 cat product
22 fish product
31 dog and cat product
8 dog and fish product
10 cat and fish product
6 dog cat and fish
34 purchased a product for a pet other than a dog, cat or fish
A. How many purchases were for a dog product only?

B. How many purchases were for a cat product only?
C. How many purchases were for a dog or a fish product only?
D. How many purchases were there in total?
RELATION AND FUNCTION
RELATION
- a rule that relates values from a set of values (domain) to a second set of values
(range).
- a pairing of two quantities as ordered pairs (x,y)
x- input, independent variable, domain, abscissa

y- output, dependent variable, range, ordinate
Set of Ordered Pairs: (0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (1,2)
Mapping Diagram
0 0
1 1
2
INPUT OUTPUT
4 Types of Relation
One-to-One
a A
b B
c C
X Y
One-to-Many
1 70
3 79
5 83
87
X Y
Many-to-One
A 3
B 9
C 10
D 15
X Y
Many-to-Many
4 A
8 B
12 C
18 D
X Y
FUNCTION
- is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value
in the range.
Examples:
Ordered Pairs
Function Not Function
(2,3), (-1,2), (3,5), (4,3) (2,3), (-1,2), (2,5), (4,3)
Mapping Diagram
Function
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
X Y
Not Function
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
X Y
Graph
Function Not Function
FUNCTION NOTATION
Often in practical applications, the value of one quantity depends on the value of
another.
Example:
-a person’s salary may depend on the number of hours worked
-the total production at a factory may depend on the number of machines used
For example, the function 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 , if x=1, then y=1; if x=2, then y=4; and if x=3,
then y=9.
{(𝟏, 𝟏), (𝟐, 𝟒), (𝟑, 𝟗)}
Input Output
(X) (Y)
1 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 1
2 4
3 9
Functions are often given names such as f(x), g(x), h(x), etc.
For example, “f(x)=x2 + 2”, this means that f(x) refers to the rule that assigns the y = x2
+ 2 to any real numbers x. Same for g(x)= x – 1 or for h(x) = 𝒙𝟑
Example:
Given: f(x) = x2 + 2; g(x) = x – 1; h(x) = 𝑥 3
Find:
1.) f (3)
2.) h (2)
3.) g (5)
4.) f (2) + h (3)

REFERENCES
Reference Book
Cordial, R. et al. (2018). Mathematics in the Modern World. Panday-Lahi
Publishing House, Inc.
LCTG for Grade 8 and Grade 10
Electronic References:
Magic of Fibonacci Numbers. Retrieved from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SjSHVDfXHQ4&list=PLet3ghBI7jhEvurbOP5hk2G
BGXjbycLZL&index=2&t=0s
Function. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OxZ0JL4Bjzk
Function Notation. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3i4MVwChSZc
Composition of Function. Retrieved from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDlWPUEPqBM
Conversion of Binary. Retrieved from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rsxT4FfRBaM&t=44s
Adding of Binary Number Retrieved from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5F6orbqZigI&list=RDCMUCEWpbFLzoYGPfuWU
MFPSaoA&start_radio=1&t=520
Subtracting of Binary Number Retrieved from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OHf0Eg9ZhGQ&t=16s
Multiplication of Binary Number Retrieved from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Va_UvwJULcI&t=19s
Division of Binary Number Retrieved from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubCCemtuZH8&t=16s
Inductive and Deductive. Retrieved from https://study.com/academy/lesson/inductive-

and-deductive
reasoning.html#:~:text=Inductive%20and%20deductive%20reasoning%20both%20str
ive%20to%20construct%20a%20valid%20argument.&text=Therefore%2C%20inducti
ve%20reasoning%20moves%20from,a%20true%20and%20specific%20conclusion.
Introducing Ken-Ken Puzzle. Retrieved from
https://thinkmath.edc.org/resource/introducing-kenken-puzzles
Ken-ken Puzzle. Retrieved from http://www.puzzazz.com/how-to/kenken
Population and Sample Data. Retrieved from

https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Algebra1/StatisticsData/STPopSample.html
Data Presentation. Retrieved from

http://academic.sun.ac.za/emergencymedicine/TRRM/module5/BS1-3.htm
Measures of Central Tendency. Retrieved from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_dE1zDbFAbQ
Measures of Central Tendency (Grouped). Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjHfAhcU6kE
Probability. Retrieved from https://stattrek.com/probability/probability-rules.aspx
Probability. Retrieved from http://onlinestatbook.com/2/probability/basic.html
Probability. Retrieved from https://www.mathsisfun.com/data/probability-events-
mutually-exclusive.html
PHOTOS/IMAGES CREDITS TO
https://www.google.com.ph

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MATHEMATICS

IN THE MODERN WORLD

A well-defined collection of distinct objects and is denoted by an uppercase letter

An object that belongs to a set is called an ELEMENT or MEMBER and it is

1.1 Ways of Describing a Set

Roster form: A = {m, a, t, h, e, m, a, t, i, c, s}

b. The colors of the rainbow

Roster form: A = {red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet}

c. An even prime number

Roster form: A = {2}

✓ FINITE SET - a set with a countable number of elements.

✓ INFINITE SET – a set has uncountable number of elements

1.3 RELATIONSHIPS OF SETS

▪ EQUIVALENT SETS – set with the same number of elements.

Example: Let A = {r, e, a, d}

▪ JOINT SETS - sets with at least one common element

Example: Let E = {1,2,4}

▪ DISJOINT SETS – set have no common element

Example: Let E = {2,4,6,8,10, …}

Example. Let A = {a, b, c, d}

2. INTERSECTION of sets A and B (denoted by A ∩ B) – set whose elements are

3. DIFFERENCE of sets A and B (denoted by A - B) – set whose elements are

Example. Let A = {a, b, c, d}

Example. Let U = {a, b. c, d, e}

Let’s try this!

Given the following the set;

Since this example is combination of two or more operations, always start to

A. How many purchases were for a dog product only?

x- input, independent variable, domain, abscissa

Set of Ordered Pairs: (0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (1,2)

{(𝟏, 𝟏), (𝟐, 𝟒), (𝟑, 𝟗)}

4.) f (2) + h (3)

Magic of Fibonacci Numbers. Retrieved from

Function. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OxZ0JL4Bjzk

Function Notation. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3i4MVwChSZc

Composition of Function. Retrieved from

Conversion of Binary. Retrieved from

Adding of Binary Number Retrieved from

Subtracting of Binary Number Retrieved from

Multiplication of Binary Number Retrieved from

Division of Binary Number Retrieved from

Inductive and Deductive. Retrieved from https://study.com/academy/lesson/inductive-

Population and Sample Data. Retrieved from

Data Presentation. Retrieved from

Measures of Central Tendency. Retrieved from

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