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Atomic Structure

REVISION STUDY MATERIAL

ATOMIC STRUCTURE PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
KEY CONCEPT
Constants Symbol SI Value
Speed of light in vaccum c 2.99 ×108 m/s 2.99 × 1010 cm/s
Proton & electron charge e 1.60 × 10–19 C 4.8 × 10–10 esu
Permittivity of vaccum 0 8.85 × 10–12 C2/N-m2
Avogadro constant NA 6.02 × 1023 mol–1 6.02 × 1023 mol–1
Electron rest mass me 9.10 × 10–31 kg 0.000548 amu
Proton rest mass mP 1.67 × 10–27 kg 1.00757 amu
Neutron rest mass mn 1.67 × 10–27 kg 1.00893 amu
Planck constant h 6.62 × 10–34 J s 6.62 × 10–27 erg s
Gas constant R 8.3145 J/mol-K 0.0821 atm-lit / mol / K
Boltzmann constant k 1.38 × 10–23 J/K 1.30 × 10–16 erg/K
Gravitional constant G 6.67 × 10–11 m3/kg -s2 6.67 × 10–8 cm3/g-s2

Energy Conversion Factors

1 erg = 10–7 J
1 cal = 4.184 J
1 eV = 1.602177 × 10–19 J = 1.602177 × 10–12 erg = 23.0605 kcal/mol
1. Rutherford's Model
(a) Electrons, protons & neutrons are the most important fundamental particles of atoms of all elements
(Except hydrogen)

(b) Z
XA , Mass number (A) = Atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons (n)

(c) Rn = R1 (A) 1/3 , R1 = 1.33 ×10–13 cm A = mass number

1 2k .Ze 2
(d) m v2 ; r = distance of closest approach , v = initial velocity of a -particle
2 r

2. Light
(a) Photon is considered massless bundle of energy.
(b) E = mc2
(c) Ephoton = h = hc/ = hc
hc 1240 eV . nm
(d) E=

no. of molecules reacting

(e) Quantum efficiency or Quantum Yield =
no. of quanta absorbed
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3. Bohr’s Model
Kq1q 2 1
(a) Electrostatic force = where K = 4 = 9 × 109 N-m2 / C2
r2 0

Kq1q 2
(b) Potential energy due to electrostatic force =
r
KQ
(c) Potential due to a charge particle (Q) at a distance r =
r
h
(d) Bohr quantization rule = n.
mvr = n·
2
(e) According to newtons second law in a uniform circular motion resultant of all the forces towards

mv 2
centre must be equal to .
r

Kq1q 2 mv 2
(f)
r2 r

2 2 me 4K 2 Z2
2 4 2
E1 2 2 me K
(g) En = Z =– Z2 ; E1 =
n
2 n 2h 2 h2
2 2
h n
(h) rn = 2 2
4 e mK Z
2
2 e K Z
(i) vn =
h n
(j) Revolutions per sec = v/2 r
(k) Time for one revolution = 2 r/v
(l) Ionisation energy = E n – E electron = – E electron

4. Spectral lines

1 1 1 2
(a) Rydberg’s Equation RH
2
—
2
Z ; RH 109700 cm–1
n1 n2

(b) For First line of a series n 2 = n1 + 1

(c) Limiting spectral line (series limit) means n2 =

(d) H line means n2 = n1+1 ; also known as line of longest , shortest , least E

(e) Similarly H line means n2 = n1+ 2

n ( n 1)
(f) Number of spectral line observed in the spectrum =
2
–
when e de-excites to ground state , n = number of higher orbit
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Atomic Structure

(g)

n=5

n=4
Bracket
series
n=3
Paschen
series
n=2
Balmer
series
n=1
H H H

Lyman
series

5. Photoelectric effect
(a) Kinetic energy = = h – w = h – h 0
where w = work function
0
= Threshhold frequency
1
(b) Accelerating potential = eV = KE = mv2
2

6. De-broglie, Heisenberg & Schrodinger equations

(a) Number of waves = n = principal quantum number
(b) = h/mv = h/p
150
(c) w avel ength of el ectron ( ) Å
Vin volts
(d) x. p h/4
h
(e) Orbital angular momentum = l (l 1)
2
h
(f) Spin angular momentum = S = S(S 1)
2
(g) Magnetic momentum ( ) = n(n 2) B.M. ; n = number of unpaired electron
(h) Radial Nodes = (n – l – 1)
(i) Angular nodes =l
(j) Total nodes = (n–1)

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EXERCISE
SINGLE CORRECT ANSWER TYPE
1. Which is the correct relationship :
(A) E1 of H = 1/2 E2 of He+ = 1/3 E3 of Li2+ = 1/4 E4 of Be3+
(B) E1(H) = E2(He+) = E3 (Li2+) = E4(Be3+)
(C) E1(H) = 2E2(He+) = 3E3 (Li2+) = 4E4(Be3+)
(D) No relation
2. In a certain electronic transition in the hydrogen atoms from an initial state (1) to a final state (B), the
difference in the orbital radius (r1 – r2) is 24 times the first Bohr radius. Identify the transition.
(A) 5 1 (B) 25 1 (C) 8 3 (D) 6 5
3. What is the shortest wavelength line in the Paschen series of Li2+ ion?

R 9 1 9R
(A) (B) (C) (D)
9 R R 4
4. What is the maximum wavelength line in the Lyman series of He+ ion?

1 4
(A) 3R (B) (C) (D) None of these
3R 4R
5. A photon of energy h is absorbed by a free electron of a metal having work function w < h . Then:
(A) The electron is sure to come out
(B) The electron is sure to come out with a kinetic energy (h – w)
(C) Either the electron does not come out or it comes with a kinetic energy (h – w)
(D) It may come out with a kinetic energy less than (h – w)
6. According to Einstein's photoelectric equation, the graph between maximum kinetic energy of photo-
electrons ejected and the frequency of the incident radiation is :

K.E.max. K.E.max. K.E.max. K.E.max.

(A) (B) (C) (D)

7. What possibly can be the ratio of the de Broglie wavelengths for two electrons each having zero
initial energy and accelerated through 50 volts and 200 volts ?
(A) 3 : 10 (B) 10 : 3 (C) 1 : 2 (D) 2 : 1
8. de-Broglie wavelength of electron in second orbit of Li2+ ion will be equal to de-Broglie of wavelength
of electron in
(A) n = 3 of H-atom (B) n = 4 of C5+ ion (C) n = 6 of Be3+ ion (D) n = 3 of He+ ion
9. Uncertainty in position is twice the uncertainty in momentum then uncertainty in velocity is :-

h 1 h 1 h
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2m 2m 4

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Atomic Structure
10. The uncertainty in the position of an electron (mass 9.1 × 10–28gm) moving with a velocity of
3 × 104 cm sec–1 and uncertainity in velocity 0.011% will be:-
(A) 1.92cm (B) 7.68 cm (C) 0.175 cm (D) 3.84 cm
11. What are the values of the orbital angular momentum of an electron in the orbitals 1s, 3s, 3d and 2p :
(A) 0, 0, 6 , 2 (B) 1, 1, 4 , 2 (C) 0, 1, 6 , 3 (D) 0, 0, 20 , 6
12. Correct set of four quantum numbers for valence electron of rubidium (Z = 37) is :-

1 1 1 1
(A) 5, 0, 0, + (B) 5, 1, 0, + (C) 5, 1, 1, + (D) 6, 0, 0, +
2 2 2 2

13. The e/m ratio is maximum for :-

(A) D+ (B) He+ (C) H+ (D) He2+
14. Angular momentum in 2nd Bohr orbit of H-atom is x. Then find out angular momentum in Ist excited
state of Li+2 :–
(A) 3x (B) 9x (C) x/2 (D) x
15. Which of the following electron transition will require the largest amount of energy in a hydrogen
atom:-
(A) From n = 1 to n = 2 (B) From n = 2 to n = 3
(C) From n = to n = 1 (D) From n = 3 to n = 5
16. If the potential energy (PE) of hydrogen electron is –3.02eV then in which of the following excited
level electron is present :-
(A) 1st (B) 2nd (C) 3rd (D) 4th
17. The ratio of energies of hydrogen atom for first and second excited state is :-
(A) 4/1 (B) 1/4 (C) 4/9 (D) 9/4
18. In the following transition which statement is correct
E3
3 2
E2
1
E1

(A) E3 – 1 = E3–2 – E2–1 (B) 3 = 1 + 2

(C) 3 = 2 + 1 (D) All of these
19. An electron is in one of 4d orbital. Which of the following orbital quantum number value is not possible
(A) n = 4 (B) = 1 (C) m = 1 (D) m = 2
20. If = 3 then type and number of orbital is :–
(A) 3p, 3 (B) 4f, 14 (C) 5f, 7 (D) 3d, 5
21. Which orbital has two angular nodal planes :-
(A) s (B) p (C) d (D) f
22. The de-Broglie wavelength associated with a material particle is :-
(A) Directly proportional to its energy (B) Directly proportional to momentum
(C) Inversely proportional to its energy (D) Inversely proportional to momentum
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23. Choose the incorrect statement:

(A) Increasing order of wavelength is
Micro waves > Radio waves > IR waves > visible waves > UV waves
(B) The order of Bohr radius is (rn : where n is orbit number for a given atom)
r1 < r2 < r3 < r4
(C) The order of total energy is (En : where n is orbit number for a given atom)

E4 > E3 > E2 > E1

(D) The order of velocity of electron in H, He+, Li+, Be3+ species in second Bohr orbit is
Be3+ > Li+2 > He+ > H
24. Which of the following graphs of radial part of wave function ( ) v/s distance from nucleus is not
correctly labelled ?

1s 3s 3p 2p
(A) (B) (C) (D)

r r r r

2
25. The correct plot for (r) vs. r for the orbital 3s is :
(r)

(r)
(r)
(r)
2

2
2
2

(A) (B) (C) (D)

r r r r
NUMERICAL BASED TYPE
26. The magnetic moment of transition metal ion is 15 B.M . Find out the number of unpaired electrons
in it.
27. H-atoms in ground state (13.6 eV) are excited by monochromatic radiations of photon of energy 12.1
eV. Find the number of spectral lines emitted in H-atom.
28. The number of waves made by a Bohr electron in an orbit of maximum magnetic quantum
number + 2 :
29. A light source of wavelength illuminates a metal and ejects photo-electrons with (K.E.)max = 1 eV

Another light source of wavelength , ejects photo-electrons from same metal with
3
(K.E.)max =4 eV.
Find the value of work function (in eV) ?
30. The Bohr orbit radius for the hydrogen atom (n = 1) is approximately 0.530 Å. The radius
(in Å) for the first excited state (n = 2) will be :-
31. An hydrogen atom (ionisation energy 13.6 eV) jumps from third excited state to first excited state.
The energy of photon (in eV) emitted in the process is-
32. Given that in the H– atom the transition energy for energy state n = 1 to n = 2, is 10.2eV. The energy
(in eV) for the same transition in Be3+ is :-
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Atomic Structure
ANSWER KEY
1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (C) 4. (B) 5. (D) 6. (C)
7. (D) 8. (B) 9. (C) 10. (C) 11. (A) 12. (A)
13. (C) 14. (D) 15. (A) 16. (B) 17. (D) 18. (C)
19. (B) 20. (C) 21. (C) 22. (D) 23. (A) 24. (D)
25. (A) 26. 3.00 27. 3.00 28. 3.00 29. 0.50 30. 2.12
31. 2.55 32. 163.20

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 7