Ontario Source Testing Code

3/16/2021 Ontario Source Testing Code
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Ontario Source Testing Code

The Ontario Source Testing Code (OSTC) provides guidance to industrial facilities which emit contaminants into
the air. This guidance specifies procedures and methods facilities need to follow when collecting air emission
testing data. Data collected is used to determine compliance with the provincial Environmental Protection Act
and its regulations.
June 2010
PIBS # 1310e03
Cette publication technique n'est disponible qu'en anglais.
© Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 2009

This publication may be reproduced for non-commercial purposes with appropriate attribution.
Ontario Ministry of the Environment

Standards Development Branch
40 St. Clair Avenue West, 7th Floor
Toronto, Ontario M4V 1M2
Telephone: 416-327-5519
1.0 Preface
The information provided in this document is based on field experience and existing practices and aimed at
providing consistency in the emission measurements from stationary sources. This document provides a set of
guidelines and required methodologies for the measurement of emissions of air contaminants from stationary
sources when such emissions are required for the purpose of determining compliance with the Environmental
Protection Act and the Regulations thereunder. Where a Director may exercise discretion relating to the
measurement of emissions of air contaminants from stationary sources, this guideline sets out minimum expected
standards that the Director will apply in exercising his or her discretion in considering each situation on a case-
by-case basis.
Readers may reproduce any part of this Code for non-commercial purposes with appropriate attribution. Copies
may be obtained from the MOECC website.
While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this Code, it should not
be construed as legal advice. In the event of conflict with requirements identified in the Regulation, which is
being referenced, then the regulatory requirements shall determine the appropriate approach.
Note: Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement for use by the Ontario
Ministry of the Environment.
2.0 Acknowledgements
This document has been prepared by the working group on Source Testing which was composed of
representatives of the Standards Development Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment. We appreciate the
https://www.ontario.ca/document/ontario-source-testing-code/part-b-method-1-location-sampling-site-and-sampling-points 1/99
comments provided by environmental consulting organizations in Ontario as well as input from the Operations
Division in the Ministry.
Introduction
The Ontario Source Testing Code (OSTC) specifies methods and procedures for the measurement of emissions
of air contaminants (pollutants) from stationary sources when such emission data are required for the purpose of
determining compliance with the Environmental Protection Act of the Province of Ontario and the regulations
thereunder. Strict adherence to the procedures described and reference methods listed is required to eliminate the
possibility of a test being rejected by the Ministry of the Environment due to variations from the procedures
described in this Code.
For the purpose of this Code:
Ministry
means the Ontario Ministry of the Environment
Director
means any Ministry employee appointed by the Minister pursuant to Section 5 of the Environmental
Protection Act, and acting within the designated Region where source testing is being conducted
Provincial Officer
means the Provincial Officer as defined by the Environmental Protection Act
Source Assessment Specialist
means a Ministry specialist in source testing procedures from the Standards Development Branch,
Technology Standards Section.
This Code was developed to provide consistency in emission measurements from stacks, ducts and area sources
in order to accurately estimate emissions from the source. The Code is intended to provide accuracy, consistency,
uniformity and compatibility in stationary source emission measurements among industry users and source
testing consultants. This Code applies only to emission measurements from stationary sources that have batch,
cyclic or continuous processes.
It will also provide guidance to industry, consultants and Ministry staff when conducting emission testing
survey(s) related to the development of emission factor(s) for unique processes and assessing emissions for use
in emissions inventories and Emission Summary and Dispersion Modelling (ESDM) reports completed in
support of Ontario Regulation 419/05 (O. Reg. 419/05).
It should be noted that in cases where a Director may exercise discretion with respect to measurements of
emissions of air contaminants from stationary sources, to the extent that this document sets out that something is
“required” or “shall” be done or sets out a “requirement”, it does so only to identify minimum expected standards
the application of which remain subject to the discretion of the Director.
The Code is divided into nine parts and is intended to facilitate the stationary source emission testing for the user.
Part A: Provides an overall guidance and procedures to be followed including quality assurance and quality
control (QA/QC) for conducting stationary source emission tests and reporting protocols.
Part B: Specifies procedures and methods for selecting a gas sampling location and determining the number of
sampling points required for a stack test (Method ON-1).
Part C: Describes how to calculate stack gas velocity and volumetric flow rate (Method ON-2).
Part D: Specifies methods to be used for calculating the molecular weight of dry stack gas (Method ON-3).
Part E: Describes the methods for the determination of moisture in stack gas (Method ON-4).
Part F: Specifies procedures for determining the particulate concentration of stack gas (Method ON-5).
Part G: Specifies procedures for determining odour emissions from stationary sources (Method ON-6).
Part H: Specifies procedures for determining the particulate matter size distribution of stack gas (Method ON-
7).
Attachments: The attachments include a listing of all reference source testing methods and a guidebook to
prepare a pre-test plan document.
Part A - Guidance and Procedures for Conducting Stationary Source

Emission Measurements
Part A: Guidance and Procedures for Conducting Stationary Source
Emission Measurements
1.0 Introduction
The guideline portion of the Ontario Source Testing Code (Code) covers comprehensively what needs to be done
to generate an accurate, reliable and representative emission measurement from a stationary source.
The methods referred to in this code are the most reliable technical procedures available at the date of issue.
However, as new and improved techniques become available, the methods will be revised, replaced or
supplemented accordingly and the code will be appropriately amended.
Prior to implementing any of the methods referred to or described in this code, it is recommended that this
introductory material be carefully reviewed. Outlined herein are the major requirements concerning the operating
conditions of the process, the proper planning and execution of a source sampling test, the desirable
qualifications of sampling personnel and the requirements for a satisfactory source testing report.
2.0 Purpose and Scope
This document standardizes sampling protocols and methods for stationary source emissions testing which may
be required under Certificates of Approval, Regulation(s), by Provincial Officer’s Orders and Notices or as
requested by the Ministry.
The Ministry, through its Standards Development Branch (Technology Standards Section), must be contacted
prior to conducting a source test if any deviation from the methods and procedures included in this code is
contemplated. Written approval must be obtained from the Ministry if any deviation is made to the methods cited
herein.
3.0 Stack Sampling Team

The recommended qualifications for the stack sampling team are in Attachment 3.
4.0 Compliance Test
A compliance test is a source test conducted for the purpose of determining compliance with the Environmental
Protection Act of Ontario, any other Ontario Act, regulations, or any other legal instrument promulgated
thereunder (such as Certificate of Approval, Provincial Officer’s Order, notices, etc.), performed and reported in
accordance with the requirements of this code.
The Ministry (Standards Development Branch, the appropriate District Office, and any other Ministry unit listed
in the legal instrument requiring the source testing) must be advised, in writing (via email, fax, normal mail or
courier) at least fifteen (15) days in advance of any proposed compliance testing (O. Reg. 419/05, Section 11(1)).
If a shorter notice is required, contact the source testing specialist for guidance.
The proposed source testing strategy needs to be supported by terms of reference, in the form of a pre-test plan,
with relevant process and test information. Following the submission and approval of the pre-test plan (by the
Ministry’s Standards Development Branch), a minimum of fifteen days notice is required (O. Reg. 419/05,
Section 11(1)) prior to the source testing. Also note that the pre-test plan needs to be submitted electronically, to
the Ministry’s Standards Development Branch (email: [email protected]), and to any other Ministry unit
requiring the testing or required to be notified by the legal document imposing the condition to test.
Note that the Ministry’s Standards Development Branch (SDB), or any other unit within the Ministry, is not
responsible for the distribution of documents required to be submitted to the Ministry. The legal instrument,
requiring the source testing, should be consulted to determine the recipients of the documents and the party
responsible to distribute them.
The source test must be performed following the conditions stated in the Certificate of Approval, or as stated by
any other legal instrument. If required, source testing staff from this Ministry’s Standards Development Branch
must be allowed to tour the process, inspect the sampling site and witness the sampling tests.
It should be noted that there are instances where there is a need to improve the emissions data quality; such as,
under the “emission refinement” concept of O. Reg. 419/05. Under this “emission refinement” concept, testing
must be conducted comprehensively across a full range of operating conditions as according to Section 11(1)(2)
of O. Reg. 419/05.
The source (for each set of operating conditions, if applicable) must be tested three times, sequentially, under
similar process conditions after reaching steady state operation. The average of the three test results should be
used to determine compliance and/or to refine the emissions data for that tested source.
A complete final report, prepared as outlined in this code’s Part A, Chapter 9, must be submitted to this
Ministry’s Standards Development Branch and to the appropriate Ministry’s District or Area Office, within 90
days after completing the source test or within the time frame required by the Certificate of Approval condition
or any other legal instrument.
The final source testing report needs to be submitted electronically and in hardcopy, to both the Ministry’s
Standards Development Branch (electronically to: [email protected]) and the appropriate Ministry
District Office. If a copy of the final report is required to be submitted to the Environmental Assessment and
Approvals Branch, the recipient of the final report will be the Certificate of Approval Review Section’s
applicable Unit (Air & Noise, Waste, or Water & Wastewater).
As the Ministry is limited to 10 MB for routine email, if the electronic copy of the report exceeds 10 MB, access
to the Ontario Government’s Enterprise Email Services will be needed. When the source testing report is ready to
be submitted, an email needs to be sent to the Ministry’s Standards Development Branch, to provide the required
invitation to access the Enterprise Email Service.
4.1 Compliance Test under O. Reg. 419/05
Under O. Reg. 419/05, a facility has options on providing emission rates based on the quality of emission data.
Under this data quality approach, two of the conditions that require source testing are highlighted in the
following Chapters 4.1.1 and 4.1.2.
4.1.1 Highest Data Quality
Ontario Regulation 419/05 makes specific reference to the use of source testing for the purposes of determining
an emission rate for use with an approved dispersion model. Specifically, paragraph 2 of Section 11(1), with
respect to source testing must be met in order for the data to be considered of the highest data quality:
1. The testing must be conducted comprehensively across a full range of operating conditions;
2. The testing must be conducted according to a plan approved by the Director as likely to provide an
accurate reflection of emissions;
3. The Director must be given written notice at least fifteen (15) days before the testing and representatives of
the Ministry must be given an opportunity to witness the testing; and,
4. The Director must approve the results of the testing as an accurate reflection of emissions.
It is important to note that the testing must be conducted across a range of operating conditions, such that the
potential variability in emissions with production rate or operating conditions can be determined. Examples of
this could include tests at “maximum” and “typical” production rates, tests with and without a supplementary
process operating (if this is a plausible scenario) and/or tests with varying products or production materials. It
should be noted that consideration of variations in processing rates and operating scenarios could result in a
number of permutations and combinations.
The testing must also be conducted according to an approved pre-test plan, the Ministry must be given the
opportunity to witness the testing, and the Director must accept/approve the results. Proponents are strongly
encouraged to contact the Technology Standards Section Manager, at the Ministry’s Standards Development
Branch, for guidance in selecting the operating conditions for testing and confirmation/approval that the testing
will satisfy Section 11(1) paragraph 2 of O. Reg. 419/05, prior to completion and submission of the pre-test plan.
4.1.2 Above Average Data Quality
The use of source testing to estimate emission rates is, in most cases, consistent with paragraph 1 of Section
11(1) of the O. Reg. 419/05 when:
1. Source tests are validated; and,

2. Source testing at one specific operating condition.
Validated source testing conducted at one specific operating condition is anticipated to provide above-average
data quality of emission rate estimate.
Note: The most current version of O. Reg. 419/05 is required to be used when O. Reg. 419/05 is quoted by any
Ministry issued legal instrument.
5.0 Pre-test Requirements
A preliminary survey should be conducted before proceeding to execute a source testing program. The following
areas should be covered in the preliminary survey:
1. Source and Process Information;

2. Source Test Area Information; and,
3. Preparation of Pre-test Plan (Attachment 2).
A brief outline of the information needed in each of these three areas is given below.
5.1 Source and Process Information
Prior to source testing, the source testing supervisor or leader should tour the plant in order to familiarize him or
herself with the process and to collect and evaluate the pre-test information. From the evaluation of this
information, the supervisor will be able to define the process conditions which must be maintained during the test
and the modifications required at the sampling site to carry out a proper source test. The supervisor’s conclusions
and recommendations regarding these matters must be discussed with the production personnel and the
responsible company official for their concurrence.
The Ministry’s Standards Development Branch should be notified of any pre-test meeting in order to resolve any
potential disagreement and to ensure a mutually satisfactory sampling program. The Ministry representative may
participate in the meeting, if necessary.
5.2 Source Test Area Information
The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code (or codes) is required to be specified in this
portion of the pre-test plan.
In this chapter, provide a brief description of the process under investigation and a flow diagram. The description
should cover the type of process (cyclic, batch or continuous), the rate or capacity at which the process is
normally run, the design rate of the process equipment and the temperature, pressure, characteristics of the
contaminants and gas flow rates at which the contaminants are emitted in the atmosphere, the frequency of start-
ups and shutdowns for continuous processes and an action plan for handling upset situations should also be
mentioned.
This information is required to properly plan the sampling location, the number of points to be sampled, and to
ensure that the location selected is free of flow disturbances and meets Part B requirements of this Code.
To accurately locate the point of emissions of the sources to be tested, provide the geographical coordinates of
the sources to be tested. Two approaches can be used: latitude/longitude system, or the Universal Traverse
Mercator (UTM) system. The UTM system provides coordinates (in meters) on a world wide flat grid for easy
computation; while, the latitude/longitude system provides the location (in angles, minutes or arcs, and seconds
of arcs) based on the Prime Meridian (Greenwich) and the Equator, as the reference planes.
The test area information also provides the source testing supervisor with the opportunity to personally verify the
physical characteristics of the source (site) in order to evaluate potential test locations, considering such factors
as:
i. Safety related issues at the stack sampling site;

ii. Shelter for stack team personnel;
iii. Accessibility to the sampling location;
iv. Sampling platform space and scaffolding requirements; and,
v. Availability of necessary power sources.
Note: It is suggested that the source testing supervisor check that the sampling platform and its access are in
compliance with the Ontario Ministry of Labour (MOL) requirements and regulations if any.
5.3 Preparation of Pre-Test Plan Document
The pre-test plan document should cover:
1. Relevant process information;

2. Appropriate stack gas sampling details; and,
3. Equipment and Methods to be used in stack gas sampling.
A copy of the “Guidebook to Prepare a Pre-Test Plan Document” along with its set of forms is provided in
Attachment 2 for the user. The pre-test plan should be prepared in accordance with this guidebook.
5.3.1 Appropriate Process Information
This chapter of the pre-test plan should indicate the relationship of the source or process under investigation to
the overall or other plant process (i.e., other lines or processes that may affect the emissions of the source or
process under investigation).
5.3.2 Appropriate Stack Gas Sampling Details
The stack gas sampling portion of the pre-test plan should cover the location of the sampling points (supported
with a diagram) and minimum number of sampling points needed for the stack test as per Part B. Also, the stack
gas velocity and flowrate have to be determined as per Part C.
5.3.3 Equipment and Methods Used for Gas Sampling
The pre-test plan document should indicate which methods will be used for sampling specific contaminants (e.g.,
particulate matter, SO2, NOx, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), etc.). It should be noted that molecular
weight of the stack gas (dry basis) and its moisture content must be determined as per Parts D and E respectively.
Specific methods to be used for determining the concentration of particulate, SO2, NOx, CO, VOCs, O2, CO2,
among others, are listed in Attachment 1.
6.0 Conducting a Source Sampling Test
A source sampling test is performed in order to measure the emissions of an air contaminant from an industrial
operation or a process. The rate and magnitude of these emissions vary with changes in the production rate and
the process operating parameters and pollution abatement device. It is therefore crucial for the proper
interpretation of the test results that all parameters affecting the emissions be closely monitored during the
execution of the source sampling.
Standardized forms provided within individual methods should be used to ensure that all required information is
obtained. Models of the formats to be used in the field, laboratory and calculations are included in the various
methods. Ink should always be used to record data. Source testing field data sheets and process data sheets
should clearly indicate the date and the “clock” time that the test took place.
7.0 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
7.1 Planning the Test Program
A Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) program should define the objectives and functional activities
designed to achieve accurate and representative data from a sampling program or a source sampling test.
Detailed and specific QA/QC activities should be developed for each test program, based on the specific
reference method being used.
7.2 Chain-of-Custody Procedure for Source Sampling
As part of the overall quality assurance activities associated with collection and analysis of source samples,
particular attention should be directed to the handling of the sample and the analysis report.
Source test results, and the sample itself, are used to prove the compliance status of the facility. The test results
should show that they accurately represent the conditions that prevailed at the time the test was conducted. This
proof requires the demonstration of the following:
1. The sample being collected properly;

2. The sample being handled properly;
3. The sample being analyzed in accordance with specified test procedures and the calculated results
documented; and,
4. The test report being prepared completely and accurately.
Failure to comply with these requirements may be grounds for the Ministry’s Director to reject the results.
For typical formats of forms used for laboratory, container labels, and on the chain-of- custody receipts, refer to
Parts B to H of this document or to the specific reference sampling method being used.
7.3 Frequently Encountered Errors in Source Sampling
The errors involved in the application of all methods described in this code are, in most cases, random in nature
and will vary from source to source and from sampling team to sampling team. The computation procedure for
the estimation of these random errors is given in the literature.
In addition to these random errors, errors of bias may be associated with methods for specific contaminants due
to either poor collection efficiencies or errors associated with the analytical techniques. If such errors exist, they
are discussed in the description of the individual methods.
When sampling for particulate matter, metal emissions, organic compounds emissions, or gaseous emissions with
moisture saturated streams; it is important to sample the gas stream isokinetically as sub- and super-isokinetic
sampling would result in over or under estimation of the contaminant emission respectively.
To obtain a representative sample for calculating the contaminant emission rate, it is of utmost importance to
position the sampling ports at a suitable location. Failing to take into account the impact of flow disturbance
before and after the sampling location can affect the results.
Also, it is necessary to separate the sample from the parent stream without creating a disturbance and to avoid
any physical and chemical changes in the contaminants collected from the gas sample that may alter its
characteristics.
8.0 Sampling Methods For Measuring Stack Gas Contaminants
This Code is comprised of test Methods ON-1 to ON-7 which describes the apparatus and techniques used to
conduct source testing. Limitations on the applicability of the methods are stated within each method.
A list of acceptable reference test methods for the determination of the emission rates and concentrations of other
contaminants is given in Attachment 1. Where no reference method is listed, or an alternate method is proposed,
the Ministry’s Source Assessment Specialists need to be contacted for guidance.
A testing protocol (that includes the reference test method used, deviations and modifications to the reference,
and sampling strategies), encompassed in the pre-test plan, needs to be agreed upon between the source operator,
source tester and the Ministry’s Source Assessment Specialist to ensure that a common understanding is reached
on what is the acceptable test protocol for a particular application, under a particular set of operating conditions.
9.0 Reporting Requirements

Data collection is the responsibility of the stack sampler or consultant. The source testing supervisor should
ensure that the process and test data is collected and recorded accurately and completely, and included in the
final report along with all pertinent process information recorded during testing.
Source testing reports need to be submitted to the Ministry’s Standards Development Branch, to the appropriate
District or Area Office, and any other Ministry unit listed in the legal instrument requiring the testing, within 90
days after completion of the test (or within the time frame stated in the Certificate of Approval or any other legal
instrument, as it may apply) and should contain the information required in the reference method(s). The final
report should also include a list of problems and process upset conditions encountered during testing, deviations
from the prescribed method(s), and their potential impacts on the final result.
Source testing report organization is provided in Attachment 2, Chapter 7.
The source testing reports, sent to Ministry, are required to be submitted electronically and in hardcopy. The
electronic copy is intended to expedite receiving and processing source testing reports.
Note that in those cases that submission of documents are required by other units within the Ministry, you are
directed to follow instructions on submissions from the issuer of the request.
Electronic routine email (external and internal) is limited to 10 MB. If the electronic copy of the report exceeds
10 MB, you will need to access our Enterprise Email Services. When the source testing report is ready to be
submitted, you will be required to send an email to the Source Assessment Specialist, for him or her to provide
you with the necessary invitation to access the Enterprise Email Service.
10. Limitations To Source Testing

It is recognized that there will be many processes and situations which may limit the application of the methods
described in this code, such as:
i. Corrosive or highly reactive components;

ii. High vacuum or pressure;
iii. High gas temperature;
iv. High gas moisture content;
v. High and low gas velocity;
vi. Very small and very large duct cross-sections;
vii. Complex flow patterns; and,
viii. Fluctuations in velocity, particulate loading, and temperatures, due to uncontrollable process variations
The following are guidelines to overcome some of these adverse conditions:
a. Corrosive or Highly Reactive Components – Use special materials such as glass, quartz or Teflon.
b. High Vacuum Sources – (found before exhaust fans and high natural draft stacks). Operation of sampling
train pump before and after probe insertion to avoid escaping of the impinger solution into the filter holder;
gas volume drawn before and after insertion should not be included in sample volume.
c. High Pressure Sources – Port sealed tightly yet allowance for freedom of movement of the probe; e.g., gas
valve and packing gland incorporated in port.
d. High Temperature Source – Quartz probe liner or water cooled probe with temperature control to avoid
cooling below dew point; shielded and aspirated thermocouple.
e. High Moisture Content Source – Probe temperature maintained above the dew point; probe sheathed with
insulation layer within an outer layer to prevent droplets from impinging on the actual probe, creating
cooling via evaporation; locate filter between third and fourth impinger (Method ON-5).
f. High Velocity Source – Sampling site is relocated or duct or stack expanded to reduce velocity; pumps of
sufficient capacity to maintain the required sampling rates are used.
g. Low Velocity Source – In the range of 1.5 to 3.0 m/s (5 to 10 ft/s) an inclined manometer with a scale of 0
to 0.6 kPa (0 to 2.4 in.H2O) is used; below 1.5 m/s (5 ft/s), the sampling site is relocated or the duct
constricted to increase the velocity.
11.0 References
1. Alberta Environment, Alberta Stack Sampling Code, Publication # Ref.: 89, ISBN: 0- 7732-1406-2, 1995.
2. Alberta Environment, Methods Manual for Chemical Analysis of Atmospheric Pollutants, Second Edition,
1981.
3. Environment Canada, Pollution Measurement Division, Health and Safety Guidelines for Source Testing,
November 1994.
4. Environment Canada, Reference Method EPS 1/RM/8, Reference Methods for Source Testing:
Measurement of Releases of Particulates from Stationary Sources, December 1993.
5. Ministry of Environment and Energy, Province of Ontario, Source Testing Code, Version 2, Report # ARB-
66-80, November 1980.
6. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Province of British Columbia, Stationary Emission Testing
Code, Version 1, September 1994.
7. State of Oregon, Department of Environmental Quality, Source Sampling Manual, Volumes I and II,
January 1992.
8. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40 Part 60, Appendix
A, Method 1, July 1. 1994.
9. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution
Measurement Systems, Volume III, Stationary Source Specific Methods, EPA-600/4-77-027
Part B - Method ON-1: Location of Sampling Site and Sampling Points

Part B: Method ON-1: Location of Sampling Site and Sampling Points
1.0 Purpose
To determine sampling site and number of sampling points and their location based on stack or duct
configuration.
2.0 Limitations
The basic method is not applicable in the following cases:
i. cyclonic or swirling flow;

ii. reverse flow;
iii. stack or duct diameter less than 0.30 mor 0.071 m2 cross-section area;
iv. non-circular and non-rectangular stack or duct cross-section; and
v. sampling site less than two (2) stack or duct diameters downstream from flow disturbance, or less than 0.5
stack diameter upstream from a disturbance.
3.0 Equivalent Diameter for Rectangular Cross-Sections

Equation 1-1
Equivalent diametre, De = (2LW) ⁄ (L + W)
Where:
L
length
W
width
Reference herein to “diameter” includes both diameter of a circular cross-section and equivalent diameter of a
rectangular cross-section.
4.0 Location of Sampling Sites
The preferred location of the site is found in a straight, vertical length of stack or duct, close to the point of
emission into the atmosphere, at least eight (8) diameters downstream and at least two (2) diameters upstream
from any flow disturbance. Deviation from the preferred location is acceptable within the limitations and
compensations stated in this method.
4.1 Circular Stacks and Ducts
For a stack or duct of circular cross-section, at least two sampling ports on the same cross-sectional plane
separated by 90° (degrees) are required. Where applicable, the diameter passing through one port should be
parallel to the centre line of an upstream flow disturbance and the other diameter should be perpendicular to this
centre line.
4.2 Rectangular Stacks and Ducts
For a rectangular cross-section, determine the equivalent diameter and locate the ports on the most convenient
face of the stack or duct. The number of ports corresponds to the number of traverses required to sample at the
requisite number of points, as calculated below. The sampling ports should be located on the same cross-
sectional plane.
5.0 Total Number of Sampling Points
5.1 Particulate Matter Traverses
For sampling sites which are located at least eight (8) diameters downstream and two (2) diameters upstream
from a flow disturbance, the required minimum number of sampling points for a circular or rectangular cross-
section is determined according to Tables 1-1 and 1-2.
5.1.1 Circular Cross-Sections
For sites with circular cross-sections, the total number of sampling points is divided evenly between two (2)
traverses, the traverses being performed in directions perpendicular to each other.
5.1.2 Rectangular Cross-Sections
For sites with rectangular cross-sections, the equivalent diameter, De, is used as the diameter for the purposes of
determining the minimum total number of sampling points.
When the number is determined from Table 1-1, it is compared to the values given for the total number of
sampling points in Table 1-2 and, where necessary, the number is increased to the next greater value in Table 1-2.
In the column titled “Number of Sampling Points per Traverse and Number of Traverses”, it is a matter of
convenience as to which number represents traverses and which represents sampling points.
If the ratio of length to width of the cross-section is greater than 1.5, the layouts of Table 1-2 are not applicable.
In that case the number of traverses and number of sampling points should be chosen such that their ratio most
closely approximates the stack or duct dimensional ratio and provides at least the required minimum number of
points.
In situations where the sampling sites are not located at least eight (8) diameters downstream and two (2)
diameters upstream from a flow disturbance, the required minimum total number of sampling points is
determined from Figure1-1.
1. Determine the distances from the selected sampling site to the nearest upstream and downstream flow
disturbances and divide each distance by the stack or equivalent diameter to determine the distance in
terms of duct diameters.
2. Determine the minimum total number of sampling points from Figure 1-1 for:
a. the number of duct diameters upstream; and,
b. the number of duct diameters downstream.
3. Select the higher of the minimum numbers of traverse points from (a) and (b), or a greater value, so that
for circular stacks or ducts the number is a multiple of four (4), and for rectangular stacks or ducts, the
required number of sampling points corresponds to Table 1-2.
5.2 Velocity Traverses (Non-Particulate Matter)
When only velocity or volumetric flow rate is required to be determined, follow the procedures specified in
Chapter 5.1 for particulate traverses, except that Figure 1-2 may be used instead of Figure 1-1. For determination
of particulate matter emission rates and concentrations Figure 1-1 must be used.
6.0 Location of Sampling Points
Sampling points are located at the centroid of equal areas of the cross-section of the stack or duct.
6.1 Circular Stacks
For a circular cross-section, half of the total number of sampling points is located on each traverse, the spacing
being determined by reference to Table 1-3 or the following equations in this subchapter.
An example of a grid of sampling points is shown in Figure 1-3. The values in Table 1-3 have been calculated
from the following equations. These equations may be used to extrapolate the table.
For points from the port to centre:
Equation 1-2
Equation 1-3
n = N ⁄ 2 + (1 − h)
For points from the centre to the far wall:
Equation 1-4
Equation 1-5
n=h−N⁄2
Where:
percentage of stack or duct diameter from port

h
sampling point number (from port)
N
number of sampling points per traverse
6.2 Rectangular Stacks
For rectangular cross-sections, the area is divided into as many equal rectangular sections as there are sampling
points. These rectangular sections are laid out according to the numbers in the right-hand column of Table 1-2 or
as described in Chapter 5.1.2. Sampling points are located at the centroid of these areas.
For circular stacks with diameter greater than 0.61 m (2.0 ft), if a sampling point is located within 2.5 cm (1.0
in.) of a wall, it must be relocated a distance of 2.5 cm (1.0 in.) away from the wall. For stacks with diameter less
than 0.6 m(2 ft), if a sampling point is located within 1.3 cm (0.5 in.) of a wall it must be relocated to a distance
of 1.3 cm (0.5 in.) away from a stack wall or a distance equal to the inside diameter of the nozzle, whichever is
greater. If a relocated point coincides with another sampling point then the sampling time is doubled at that point.
It is assumed that this problem will not occur with rectangular cross-sections.
7.0 Cyclonic Flow Confirmation
The absence of cyclonic flow confirmation check is mandatory and must be performed for all sampling sites. The
cyclonic flow confirmation check is conducted using the S-type Pitot tube and manometer described in Part C
(Method ON-2) and employing the following procedure:
1. Level and zero a manometer. Connect an S-type Pitot tube to the manometer;
2. Position the S-type Pitot tube at a sampling point so that the planes of the face openings are parallel to the
cross-sectional axis of the stack or duct;
3. Rotate the Pitot tube (up to ±90°) about its longitudinal axis until the manometer reading (ΔP) is zero.
Record the absolute value of the rotational angle to the nearest degree. If the Pitot tube does not have to be
rotated to produce zero ΔP then a rotational angle of 0° is measured. Repeat this procedure for all sampling
points in each traverse; and
4. Calculate the arithmetic average of the recorded angles for each traverse; if the average is less than 15°,
sampling may proceed as normal; if it is greater than 15°, then cyclonic flow is confirmed. If cyclonic flow
is confirmed, refer to Appendix 1C for alternate procedure to follow.
8.0 Reverse Flow Confirmation

Reverse flow confirmation check is mandatory and must be performed for all sampling sites. Reverse flow is
confirmed if, at any sampling site, there are one or more sampling points at which a negative velocity pressure
head (ΔP) is found. If reverse flow is confirmed, refer to Appendix 1C for an alternate procedure to follow.
9.0 Discussion Of Method ON-1
9.1 Purpose
This method is used to ensure collection of representative samples of particulate matter and to measure stack gas
velocities by the use of other methods described later. More particularly, procedures are described for
determination of a preferred sampling site on the duct or stack and for determination of the total number of
sampling points required at that site.
The procedures outlined here account for flow disturbances and various duct or stack configurations. Procedures
are also provided to increase the number of sampling points where a non-ideal sampling site must be used. This
method applies (within the stated limitations) to all stacks and ducts, vertical and horizontal, with circular or
rectangular cross-sections.
9.2 Limitations
9.2.1 Cyclonic Flow
Cyclonic flow must be suspected in cases such as: after inline turbine fans, cyclones, inertial demisters following
Venturi scrubbers, in stacks or ducts having tangential inlets or configurations which tend to induce swirling,
among others.
The procedure in Chapter 7 on cyclonic flow configuration is followed to verify the absence of such flow. If
cyclonic flow is found, the overall flow is indeterminate and Method ON-1 should not be applied.
9.2.2 Reverse Flow
Reverse flow must be suspected in cases where there is an obstruction in the stack or duct (e.g., baffle plates)
upstream of the sampling site. If a negative velocity pressure head is detected, reverse flow is confirmed and
Method ON-1 should not be applied.
9.2.3 Flow Disturbances
Flow disturbances in a stack or duct include: bends, constrictions, expansions, fans, turning vanes, air cleaning
equipment, visible flames, hoppers, exits, etc. Beyond the stated limitations of this method, flow conditions may
be indeterminate and collected data unreliable.
9.3 Location of Sampling Sites
In order to obtain a representative measurement of a flow parameter, the overall sampling conditions must be
stable. This criterion can best be met when there is a steady and relatively uniform velocity profile. In order to
achieve this profile, the effect of disturbances must be minimized.
The preferred site location is eight (8) or more diameters downstream from a disturbance and two (2) or more
diameters upstream from a disturbance. It is assumed that the effects of the disturbances will be minimal at these
distances. If a less than preferable location must be used, increasing the number of sampling points should result
in collection of more accurate data.
Note: Sampling ports located at less than four (4) diameters downstream from a disturbance and/or less than one
(1) diameter upstream from a disturbance are considered non-representative sampling locations. In the case that
the minimum requirement cannot be met, stack extensions may be required. Alternatively, preliminary flow data
may be submitted with the pre-test plan with the consultant’s rationale explaining how the stack gas
characteristics (at this location) support the argument that it will allow for the collection of a representative
sample.
A vertical stack is preferred, especially with respect to particulate matter sampling, since gravity could cause
stratification of the particles at non-vertical sites. Traverses must be conducted in two (2) perpendicular
directions of the same cross-sectional plane when testing at stacks or ducts with circular cross-sections.
Furthermore, one traverse should be parallel and the other perpendicular to the centerline of an upstream flow
disturbance. These procedures are employed for two reasons:
i. to determine the uniformity of the flow across the entire cross-sectional plane; and,
ii. to provide a more accurate measurement of the flow parameters.
10.0 Appendices to Method ON-1
10.1 Appendix 1A: Stack or Duct Diameter Less than 0.3 metres or Greater than 5.0 metres
Use of the standard sampling equipment in small diameter stacks or ducts presents obvious spatial difficulties.
Altering the stack or duct by expanding its cross-sectional area may not be an adequate solution since the
resulting flow velocity may be too low to be measured accurately.
10.1.1 Stack diameter less than 0.3 metres
In all cases where the stack or duct diameter between 0.1 m and 0.3 m(0.0078 m2 and 0.071 m2 in cross-sectional
area, respectively), use Method 1A listed in the US EPA Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 60,
Appendix A. For stacks or ducts with an internal diameter of less than 0.10 m, the Ministry’s Source Assessment
Specialist should be contacted to discuss the matter.
10.1.2 Stack Diameter Greater than 5.0 metres
In the case of diameters larger than 5.0 m, the Ministry’s Source Assessment Specialist should be contacted in
order to determine an acceptable number of sampling points.
Extrapolation, based on Table 1-3, might indicate an unnecessarily large number of sampling points in some
cases.
Some stacks or ducts may be so large that it is impossible to traverse the entire diameter with a commercially
available probe. It may be necessary then to use four ports, equally spaced about the stack or duct, in the plane of
the cross-sectional area of the sampling site. It may also be necessary to construct a probe which would be long
enough to perform a whole or half traverse. In such cases, the Ministry’s Source Assessment Specialist should be
contacted before any sampling procedure is finalized.
10.2 Appendix 1B: Sampling in Non-Circular, Non-Rectangular Stack or Duct Cross-Sections
In the case of a stack or duct with an elliptical cross-section the following procedure is used to determine the
sampling site and sampling points:
1. Determine the location of the sampling site and the number of sampling points per traverse according to
the method, using the major axis as the diameter; an equal number of sampling points are used for the
major and minor axes.
2. For location of sampling points on the major axis, the following equation is used:
Equation 1-6
Y = A(2n − 1) ⁄ N
Where:
Y
distance from centre of elliptical cross-section to sampling point n
n
the number of a sampling point (the points being numbered from the centre outwards)
N
total number of sampling points per traverse
A
half the length of the major axis
3. For location of sampling points on the minor axis, the following equation is used:
Equation 1-7
X = B(2n − 1) ⁄ N
Where:
X
distance from centre of elliptical cross-section to sampling point n
n
the number of a sampling point, the points being numbered from the centre outwards
N
total number of sampling points per traverse
B
half the length of the minor axis
Note: Equations 1-6 and 1-7 are used to calculate the location of pairs of sampling points equidistant from
the centre.
Equivalent diameters of non-circular, non-rectangular and non-elliptical cross-section are obtained by calculating
the ratio 4A/P, where A stands for area and P for perimeter.
10.3 Appendix 1C: Elimination of Cyclonic or Reverse Flow
In some cases it may be practical to eliminate cyclonic or reverse flow in the stack or duct. This may be
accomplished by altering the stack or duct by removal of internal obstructions, relocation of the sampling site,
installing stack extension, addition of straightening vanes, alteration of inlet configuration, etc.
The US EPA 40 CFR 60 Method 5D (Figure 5D-1) provides an example of flow straightening vanes. Note that
any flow disturbance correction alternative must be coordinated with the plant engineer, as it might negatively
affect the process.
If relocating the sampling site or flow disturbance correction alternatives are not practical to correct cyclonic
flows, use the US EPA 40 CFR 60 Method 2F, which determines stack gas velocity and volumetric flow rate with
three dimensional probes.
If stack or duct gas flow problems cannot be overcome, contact the Ministry’s Source Assessment Specialist to
discuss possible solutions.
11.0 References
Measurement of Releases of Particulates from Stationary Sources, December, 1993.
66-80, November 1980.
3. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 60, Appendix
A.
Minimum Number of Sampling Points at a Site (8 Diameters Downstream and 2 Diameters Upstream of a Flow
Disturbance)
Inside Diameter of Circular Stack or Duct Minimum Number of Minimum Number of
or Equivalent Diameter Sampling Points per Test Sampling Points per Test
(Metres) (Circular Duct) (Rectangular Duct)
Inside Diameter of Circular Stack or Duct Minimum Number of Minimum Number of

or Equivalent Diameter Sampling Points per Test Sampling Points per Test
(Metres) (Circular Duct) (Rectangular Duct)
0.3 to 0.61 8 9
> 0.61 12 12
Cross-Sectional Layout for Rectangular Stack or Duct
Number of Sampling Points Number of Sampling Points per Traverse and Number of Traverses
9 3×3
12 3×4
16 4×4
20 4×5
25 5×5
30 5×6
36 6×6
42 6×7
49 7×7
Table 1-3: Location of Traverse Points on Diameters of Cross-sections of Circular Stacks
Percent of stack diameter from inside wall to traverse point

Number of Traverse Points on a Diameter
Traverse Point Number on a Diameter
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
1 14.6 6.7 4.4 3.3 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.1
2 85.4 25.0 14.7 10.5 8.2 6.7 5.7 4.9 4.4 3.9 3.5 3.2
3 75.0 29.5 19.4 14.6 11.8 9.9 8.5 7.5 6.7 6.0 5.5
4 93.3 70.5 32.3 22.6 17.7 14.6 12.5 10.9 9.7 8.7 7.9
5 85.3 67.7 34.2 25.0 20.1 16.9 14.6 12.9 11.6 10.5
6 95.6 80.6 65.8 35.5 26.9 22.0 18.8 16.5 14.6 13.2
7 89.5 77.4 64.5 36.6 28.3 23.6 20.4 18.0 16.1
8 96.7 85.4 75.0 63.4 37.5 29.6 25.0 21.8 19.4
9 91.8 82.3 73.1 62.5 38.2 30.6 26.1 23.0
10 97.5 88.2 79.9 71.7 61.8 38.8 31.5 27.2
11 93.3 85.4 78.0 70.4 61.2 39.3 32.3
12 97.9 90.1 83.1 76.4 69.4 60.7 39.8
13 94.3 87.5 81.2 75.0 68.5 60.2
14 98.2 91.5 85.4 79.6 73.9 67.7
15 95.1 89.1 83.5 78.2 72.8
16 98.4 92.5 87.1 82.0 77.0
17 95.6 90.3 85.4 80.6
18 98.6 93.3 88.4 83.9
Number of Traverse Points on a Diameter

Traverse Point Number on a Diameter
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
19 96.1 91.3 86.8
20 98.7 94.0 89.5
21 96.5 92.1
22 98.9 94.5
23 96.8
24 98.9
Figure 1-1: Minimum Number of Traverse Points for Particulate
This graph illustrates how one derives the appropriate minimum number of traverse points when sampling
particulate matter.
The number of traverse points is dependent on Distance A and Distance B. Distance A and B are represented by
a figure adjacent to the graph. The figure is a schematic drawing of a duct that is being sampled following a
ninety degree bend or any other flow disturbance. Distance B is the length of the duct following the disturbance
to the measurement site and distance A is the upstream length from the exhaust point to the measurement site.
Distance B is several times the length of distance A which allows for the distribution of the flow field following
the disturbance to fully develop prior to sampling.
The bottom x-axis of the graph is titled Duct Diameters Downstream from Flow Disturbance (Distance B) and
ranges from 2 to 10 in increments of one. The top x-axis of the graph is titled Duct Diameters Upstream from
Flow Disturbance (Distance A) and ranges from 0.5 to 2.5 in one quarter increments. The y-axis is Minimum
Number of Traverse Points and ranges from 0 to 50 in increments of 10.
The minimum number of sampling points for particulate is 24 or 25 when Distance B is less than or equal to 5
and Distance A is less than or equal to 1.25. The minimum number of sampling points is 20 when Distance B is
greater than 5 and less than or equal to 6 and Distance A is greater than 1.25 and less than or equal to 1.5. The
minimum number of sampling points is 16 when Distance B is greater than 6 and less than or equal to 7 and
Distance A is greater than 1.5 and less than or equal to 1.75. The minimum number of sampling points is 12
when Distance B is greater than 7 and Distance A is greater than 1.75.
Figure 1-2: Minimum Number of Traverse Points for Velocity
This graph illustrates how one derives the appropriate minimum number of traverse points when sampling for
velocity.
The number of traverse points is dependent on Distance A and Distance B. Distance A and B are represented by
a figure adjacent to the graph. The figure is a schematic drawing of a duct that is being sampled following a
ninety degree bend or any other flow disturbance. Distance B is the length of the duct following the disturbance
to the measurement site and distance A is the upstream length from the exhaust point to the measurement site.
Distance B is several times the length of distance A which allows for the distribution of the flow field following
the disturbance to fully develop prior to sampling.
The bottom x-axis of the graph is titled Duct Diameters Downstream from Flow Disturbance (Distance B) and
ranges from 2 to 10 in increments of one. The top x-axis of the graph is titled Duct Diameters Upstream from
Flow Disturbance (Distance A) and ranges from 0.5 to 2.5 in one quarter increments. The y-axis is Minimum
Number of Traverse Points and ranges from 0 to 50 in increments of 10.
The minimum number of sampling points for velocity is 16 when Distance B is less than or equal to 6 and
Distance A is less than 1.5. The minimum number of sampling points for velocity is 12 when Distance B is
greater than 6 and Distance A is greater than 1.5.
Figure 1-3: Location of Traverse Points on Circular and Rectangular Cross-Sections Divided into 12 Equal
Areas
This figure illustrates the distribution and location of traverse points in a stack or duct on circular and rectangular
cross-sections divided into 12 equal areas.
In a circular duct, twelve sampling points are depicted on the same plane at a vertical and horizontal cross
section. Three points labelled S1, S2, and S3, are located on the vertical line below the horizontal line. Three
points labelled S4, S5, and S6 are located on the vertical line above the horizontal line. Three points labelled E1,
E2, and E3, are located on the horizontal line to the right of the vertical. Three points labeled E4, E5, and E6 are
located on the horizontal line to the left of the vertical.
In a rectangular duct twelve sampling points are depicted in three rows of equal height in the vertical direction.
Each row indicates four sampling points evenly spaced across the width of the duct in the horizontal direction.
Part C - Method ON-2: Determination of Stack Gas Velocity and

Volumetric Flow Rate
Part C: Method ON-2: Determination of Stack Gas Velocity and
Volumetric Flow Rate
1.0 Purpose
To determine the velocity profile, the average gas velocity and volumetric flow rate in a stack or duct. The
method is based on the measurement of the velocity pressure heads and stack gas temperatures. It takes into
consideration the stack gas molecular weight, pressure and the configuration of the stack or duct.
2.0 Limitations
The basic method is not applicable in the following cases:
i. cyclonic or reverse flow (see Part B: Method ON-1);

ii. gas velocity pressure too low to be accurately measured with an inclined manometer or device of
equivalent sensitivity; and,
iii. fluctuating velocity pressure readings.
Where any of the above situations occur, reference should be made to the appendices.
3.0 Apparatus
a. Pitot tube – S-type (Stausscheibe or reverse type) Pitot tube. Alternatively, a standard Pitot tube may be
used where particulate matter or condensate plugging of the static and impact pressure holes will not occur.
Figures 2-1 and 2-2 show a typical configuration of Standard and S-Type Pitot tubes respectively.
b. Differential pressure gauge – Inclined manometer or device of equivalent sensitivity, readable to the
nearest 0.10 mm H2O for velocity pressure (ΔP) values between 0.10 mm and 25 mm H2O and readable to
the nearest 1.0 mm H2O for ΔP values greater than 25 mm H2O. A more sensitive gauge is required if a
ΔP reading covers less than five (5) smallest scale divisions. See Chapter 7.3, Appendix 2C regarding
more sensitive gauges.
c. Temperature sensor – Thermocouple or other calibrated device capable of measuring stack gas
temperature to within 1.5% of the minimum gas temperature. Temperature sensor must be checked
according to the procedure outlined in Chapter 7.5, Appendix 2E.
d. Probe – The combination of a calibrated Pitot tube and temperature sensor rigidly fixed to a sampling
probe, facilitating simultaneous measurement of temperature and velocity pressure head at each point
during sampling. The configuration of this combination is shown in Figure 2-3.
Note: The sampling probe can be omitted when the stack gas velocities only are measured; however, this
combination of temperature sensor fixed to the Pitot tube must be calibrated separately.
e. Stack Gas Pressure Sensor – The static tap of a standard Pitot tube or one leg of an S-type Pitot tube,
with the face opening planes positioned parallel to the gas flow, connected to a manometer capable of
measuring stack pressure to within 2.5 mm Hg or equivalent devices.
f. Barometer – Barometer capable of measuring atmospheric pressure to within 2.5 mm Hg. Alternatively,
the daily atmospheric pressure as provided by Environment Canada may be used with an altitude
adjustment being made for the elevation of the sampling site at a rate of 2.5 mm Hg per 30 meters of
elevation increase or vice versa for elevation decrease.
4.0 Procedure
1. Use a Pitot tube calibrated exactly as it will be used (alone or as part of a probe assembly: thermocouple,
sheathing and nozzles that will be used in sampling). The Pitot tube must be calibrated in accordance with
the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Practice D3796-09 “Practice for
Calibration of Type S Pitot tubes”, or its most recent version. Additional information is also found in
Chapter 7.1, Appendix 2A.
Before each test, the Pitot tube must be examined to determine if it has incurred any damage, especially to
its leading edge. If damaged, or if there is noticeable but non-removable particulate build-up, it must either
be repaired or replaced, and in either case, recalibrated.
Also, if the Pitot tube has shifted in position relative to the other components of the probe assembly since
the last calibration, the Pitot must be recalibrated before use or repositioned exactly.
2. Conduct a leak-check of the Pitot tube and Pitot lines by pressurizing one of the Pitot tube openings until a
minimum pressure head of 75 mm H2O is registered on the differential pressure gauge. Seal off the
selected Pitot tube opening and verify that the pressure remains constant. Similarly, leak-check the other
Pitot tube openings.
3. Level and zero the manometer. Since the manometer level and zero may drift due to vibration and
temperature changes, periodic checks of the manometer level and zero must be made during the
measurement. All data are to be recorded according to the format shown in Table 2-1. If a differential
pressure gauge other than a manometer is used, it must be calibrated every 6 months, in accordance with
Chapter 7.2, Appendix 2B.
4. Determine the stack gas static pressure by connecting one leg of the manometer to the static tap of a
standard Pitot tube or to one leg of an S-type Pitot tube with the face opening planes positioned parallel to
the gas flow. This reading may be positive or negative depending on the conditions in the stack or duct.
Determine the atmospheric pressure using the barometer. The static pressure reading, if necessary, is
converted to the units of the atmospheric pressure reading and added to that pressure to give the absolute
stack gas pressure, in accordance with Equation 2-1.
5. The velocity pressure (ΔP) and temperature are measured at each sampling point. Ensure the face opening
planes of the S-type Pitot tube are maintained perpendicular to the cross-sectional plane of the stack or
duct. The velocity pressure tap of the standard Pitot tube or the face opening planes of the S-type Pitot are
maintained perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the stack or duct. If a ΔP reading is less than 5
smallest scale divisions, a more sensitive gauge must be used at that point (See Chapter 7.3, Appendix 2C).
6. If a ΔP reading fluctuates more than ±20% of the average value at a point, during the preliminary survey,
the stack gas flow needs to be stabilized before proceeding with the testing. If these reading fluctuations
start during sampling, the test should be stopped until the source of the fluctuations are determined. If the
stack gas flow can be stabilized, the test may proceed; otherwise, the test should be abandoned.
Note: If ΔP reading fluctuates more than ±20% of the average value at a point, the data gathered is
unacceptable.
If the high velocity reading fluctuations persist, contact the Ministry’s Source Assessment Specialist to
discuss possible solutions. See Chapter 7.4, Appendix 2D for additional comments on velocity reading
fluctuations.
7. Calculate the stack gas velocity at each sampling point according to Equation 2-2. Calculate the stack gas
volumetric flow rate using Equation 2-3.
5.0 Equations for Method ON-2
Equation 2-1
Ps = Pbar + 0.098Pstatic
Where:
Ps
absolute stack gas pressure, kPa
Pbar
atmospheric pressure, kPa
Pstatic
stack gas static pressure, cm H2O
0.098
factor to convert cm H2O to kPa
Equation 2-2
Where:
Us
stack gas velocity (at a point), m/s
Cp
Pitot tube coefficient
Ts
absolute stack gas temperature, K
ΔP
stack gas velocity pressure head, kPa
Ms
stack gas molecular weight - wet basis, kg/kmol
Ps
Equation 2-3
Qs = 3600Us(avg) As(1 − Bwo) [(TrefPs) ⁄ (Ts(avg) Pref)]
Where:
Qs
stack gas volumetric flow rate (dry basis at reference conditions), m3/h
Us(avg)
average stack gas velocity, m/s (average of Us's determined at each point)
As
cross-sectional area of stack or duct, m2
Bwo
proportion of water in stack gas
Tref
298K
Ts(avg)
average stack gas temperature, K (average of Ts's determined at each point)
Ps
Pref
101.3 kPa
6.0 Discussion of Method ON-2
6.1 Purpose
This method is applied in all cases of representative measurement of enclosed gas flows. Given the gas
composition as determined in Parts D and E (Methods ON-3 and ON-4), with this method the gas velocity is
determined at each point of a cross-sectional area as defined in Part B (Method ON-1). The average velocity of
the stack gas and an overall stack gas volumetric flow rate are then calculated.
6.2 Limitations
6.2.1 Cyclonic or Reverse Flow
Method ON-2 is not applicable if cyclonic or reverse flow is present at the sampling location. The method
requires that the flow at the sampling point be reasonably parallel to the longitudinal axis of the stack or duct and
in the general direction of the gas stream. If cyclonic flow is suspected, its presence is confirmed by the
procedure outlined in Part B (Method ON-1).
6.2.2 Low Gas Velocity
This method is also not applicable in situations where the gas velocity is so low that the differential pressure
gauge is unable to accurately measure the velocity pressure head; the limit is five (5) smallest scale divisions. For
most manometers on stack sampling units, this limit is 1.0 mm H2O, which corresponds to about 3.0 m/s for an
ambient air stream at ambient temperature. Reference should be made to Chapter 7.3, Appendix 2C, concerning
more sensitive pressure gauges.
6.2.3 Fluctuating Gas Velocity
A further limitation to the applicability of Method ON-2 occurs in cases where the stack gas velocity fluctuates
significantly, i.e., ΔP readings at a point vary more than ±20% of the estimated average ΔP reading. A 20% error
with respect to ΔP represents approximately a 10% error in the velocity calculation. At lower velocities, the
inaccuracy of a fluctuating reading is compounded by the greater relative error associated with reading the
pressure gauge at the low end of the scale. If severe fluctuations are encountered, reference should be made to
Chapter 7.4, Appendix 2D.
It is noted that this method is not limited with respect to sampling site selection criteria in relation to upstream
and downstream flow disturbances outlined in Part B (Method ON-1); i.e., this method may be used at any point
in a flowing gas stream to determine the velocity at that point. However, at points closer to a disturbance, there is
a greater likelihood of fluctuating velocities and thus more inaccuracy in the ΔP readings. Thus the same
geometrical limitations outlined in Part B (Method ON-1) may be applicable when determining whether or not a
given sampling site is satisfactory for representative flow measurements.
7.1 Appendix 2A: Configuration of Pitot Tubes
7.1.1 Pitot Tube Calibration
For the purposes of Method ON-2 and any other method where a Pitot tube is required, the Pitot tube must be
properly calibrated. That is, the Pitot tube must be calibrated exactly as it will be used, i.e., if used as part of a
probe assembly (nozzle, temperature sensor and sheathing), the Pitot tube must be similarly fixed in relation to
the other components of the assembly for both calibration and usage.
Furthermore, if there is any noticeable, but very minor damage to the Pitot tube openings or if there is noticeable
but non-removable particulate build-up, either of which has occurred since the last calibration, the Pitot tube
must be recalibrated before use.
The Pitot tube must be calibrated in accordance with the ASTM Standard Practice D3796-09 “Practice for
Calibration of Type S Pitot tubes”, or its most recent version.
7.1.2 Compliance Test
In the case of a compliance test, it is mandatory that the most recent Pitot tube calibration data (done within six
months) and results be included in any report submitted to the Ministry. These data should be dated and signed
by the person(s) performing the calibration.
7.1.3 Pitot Tube Inspection
Prior to use, an inspection should be performed to confirm that the Pitot tube has not been damaged in any
manner. If damaged, the Pitot tube must be repaired and recalibrated. If repair is not practical, the Pitot tube shall
be discarded.
7.1.4 Probe Assembly
Generally, the probe assembly, including the Pitot tube, will have a similar configuration as shown in Figures 2-3
and 2-4. Both goose-neck (buttonhook) type and 90° bend nozzles may be used except in stacks or ducts with
heavy dust loading where only goose-neck nozzles may have to be used. Figures 2-3 and 2-4 indicate
recommended spatial requirements so that aerodynamic interference among components of the assembly is
minimized. However, these distances may only be slightly exceeded since the function of the probe assembly is
to measure stack parameters as close as possible to the point where the sample is drawn into the probe. Figure 2-
5 provides graphical details and equation for estimating the probe sheath blockage area.
The temperature sensor is attached so that the sensor tip does not touch any metal. The tip of the nozzle must
extend at least two (2) nozzle diameters below the tip of the upstream leg of the S-type Pitot tube. The S-type
Pitot tube on a probe assembly can be calibrated with a nozzle of similar shape to the one selected for the testing.
Should a nozzle outside of the typical size range be used (i.e., >13mm), pitot tube calibrations need to be
completed with a nozzle of similar diameter (within 2mm).
7.2 Appendix 2B: Calibration of Differential Pressure Gauges other than Manometers
The calibration is done by comparing ΔP readings obtained with the gauge and an inclined manometer at a
minimum of three (3) different flow velocities which approximate the ΔP's found in the stack or duct. The
readings must agree to within 5% at each point for the gauge to be acceptable (see Equation 2-4). Calibration
results are reported as shown in Table 2-2.
Equation 2-4
Percent Difference = [(ΔPgauge − ΔPmanometer) ⁄ ΔPmanometer] × 100%
7.3 Appendix 2C: Substitutes for Inclined Manometers in the Case of Low Stack Gas Velocities
As stated in Chapter 3(b), if a ΔP reading is found to be less than five (5) smallest scale divisions on the gauge
being used, a more sensitive device must be employed. Such devices include hot wire anemometers, rotating and
swinging vane anemometers, and variable area flow meters.
7.4 Appendix 2D: Fluctuating Velocity Pressure Readings
If a ΔP reading fluctuates more than ±20% of the average value at a point, the data gathered at the point are
unacceptable. Fluctuation of gas velocity generally does not arise due to stack or duct configuration but rather
variations in the process or upstream machinery. If the operation of the process or machinery cannot be
stabilized, it may be possible to dampen the fluctuations in velocity by temporarily extending the stack or duct or
providing a stack gas expansion chamber before the differential pressure gauge.
7.5 Appendix 2E: Calibration and Check of Temperature Sensors
The temperature sensor must be calibrated according to accepted routine procedures and the calibration values
checked every six (6) months. This is done by comparing sensor readings to several known temperatures
covering the range expected in the field. The apparatus used for this purpose are an ice bath, boiling water and a
heated oil bath with a liquid-filled thermometer. If the sensor readings do not compare within 1.5% of the known
absolute temperatures, the sensor must be replaced.
Alternatively, an electronic temperature calibrator may be used for internal calibration of thermocouples. In these
cases the electronic temperature calibrator must have a valid calibration certificate, tied to a primary standard.
Both calibration records need to be provided upon request by the Ministry, and included in an appendix of each
source test report.
8.0 References
1. American Society of Testing and Materials, Standard D3796-90(2004), Standard Practice for Calibration
of Type S Pitot Tubes, 2004.
66-80, November 1980.
A, July 1. 1994.
Table 2-1: Field Sampling Report Template
Download Field Sampling Report Template.
Table 2-2: Differential Pressure Gauge Calibration Data Template
Download Differential Pressure Gauge Calibration Data Template
Figure 2-1: Typical Standard Pitot Tube Configuration
This figure depicts the typical standard pitot tube configuration. It shows a T-junction tube that can be used to
measure the impact and static pressure. This T-junction tube is connected to the pitot tube which curves 90
degrees downward and has static holes approximately 0.1 times the diameter. These holes are located at a length
at least 8 times the diameter of the pitot tube from the 90 degree bend and at least 6 times the diameter of the
pitot tube from the hemispherical tip.
Figure 2-2: Typical S-Type Pitot Tube Configuration
Figure 2-2 depicts a typical s-type pitot tube configuration and includes three views: End view, top view and side
view. The end view shows that the two pitot tubes must be aligned along the transverse tube axis with the faces
opening in the opposite direction. The top view shows that the pitot tubes are aligned along the longitudinal tube
axis and the height of the tubes above this axis is between 1.05 to 1.50 times the diameter of the tubes and they
are equal. The side view shows that the pitot tube assembly must be aligned along a plane.
Figure 2-3: Configuration Of Pitot Tube, Sampling Probe, And Thermocouple
Figure 2-3 shows the combination of a calibrated Pitot tube and temperature sensor rigidly fixed to a sampling
probe that facilitates simultaneous measurement of temperature and velocity pressure head at each point during
sampling. The proper configuration of the thermocouple placement to prevent interference for pitot tube
diameters between 0.48cm and 0.95cm, must ensure that the thermocouple is maintains a distance of at least 1.90
cm from the opening of the pitot tube for at least 1.62cm. Otherwise, if there is no separation distance between
the thermocouple and the pitot tube, the thermocouple must be placed no less than 5.08cm from the centre of the
pitot tube opening. Another figure is also provided which shows the centre of the pitot tube opening must be at
least 7.62cm from the sampling probe to prevent interference when the diameter of the pitot tube is between
0.48cm and 0.95cm.
Figure 2-4: Pitot Tube And Sampling Nozzle Configuration
This figure illustrates the pitot tube and sampling nozzle configuration of a Button-Hook type nozzle. The centre
of the nozzle and Pitot tube’s opening align and the diameter of the type S pitot tube is between 4.8mm and
9.5mm. There are two views provided to depict this configuration the bottom view and the side view. The bottom
view shows that the distance between the pitot tube and sampling nozzle must be greater than 1.9cm, for a
sampling nozzle 1.3cm in diameter. The side view shows that, in order to prevent the pitot tube from interfering
with gas flow streamlines approaching the nozzle, the impact pressure opening plane of the pitot tube shall be
even with or above the nozzle entry plane.
Figure 2-5: Typical Probe Sheath Blockage Area
This figure depicts the typical probe sheath blockage area. It features two images titled image (a) and image (b).
It also includes the Estimated Sheath Blockage (percentage) equation. Both images depict a close up view of a
sampling probe and pitot tube. In image (a) only the sampling probe is encapsulated by a sheath. Whereas, in
image (b) both the sampling probe and the pitot tube are encapsulated. Image (b) includes the words “External
sheath” which denotes that the sheath encapsulates the temperature sensor and the pitot tube. In both drawings,
the length and width of the sheath measured by physical dimensions of the actual size of the sheath whether it
encapsulates only the sampling probe or both the sampling probe and pitot tube. The estimated sheath blockage
percentage is calculated by multiplying the length and width of the sheath, then dividing this value by the duct
area. This results in the percentage estimate of the sheath blockage number once multiplied by 100.
Part D - Method ON-3: Determination of Molecular Weight of Dry

Stack Gas
Part D: Method ON-3: Determination of Molecular Weight of Dry
Stack Gas
1.0 Purpose
To determine the concentrations of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen
(N2) and the dry stack gas molecular weight from a gas stream.
2.0 Limitations
This method is not applicable in the following case:
i. gas streams with significant concentrations of gases other than O2, CO2, CO, N2, argon (Ar) and water
(H2O) – for example, sulfur dioxide (SO2).
Where this situation occurs, molecular weight calculation of all other gases with significant concentrations
should be included.
3.0 Apparatus
Two modes of sampling collection are listed in this method are grab samples and integrated samples.
A grab sample contains a representative portion of a gas stream at a given point in time, with the
representativeness depending on low variability of the characteristics of the gas stream being sampled.
An integrated sample is composed of a mixture of grab samples collected at different times, and it gives average
contaminant concentration values.
Note: The continuous determination instrumental analyzer is the Ministry’s recommended approach; and it will
be requested exclusively, when a more detailed environmental fingerprint of CO2, O2, and CO needs to be
established.
3.1 Grab Sampling
The basic components of a grab sampling train (see Figure 3-1):
a. Probe – stainless steel or borosilicate glass with in-stack (e.g., glass wool plug) or out-stack particulate
matter filter; other materials inert to the sampling gases are acceptable.
b. Pump – one-way squeeze bulb or equivalent device.
c. Moisture Removing Device – (optional, if moisture content of stack gas is not greater than that of ambient
air) - a device to remove water from gas stream without removing the gaseous components.
d. Gas Analyzer – calibrated analyzer based on electrochemical principle, calibrated continuous gas
analyzer, gas chromatograph, Fyrite, or other device(s) provided that gas component percentage is
measurable to at least 0.2% and is determined on a dry basis.
3.2 Integrated Sampling
Basic components of an integrated sampling train (see Figure 3-2):
a. Probe – same as 3.1(a).

b. Condenser – same as 3.1(c).
c. Pump – leak free, diaphragm pump or equivalent; surge tank between pump and rotameter to dampen
diaphragm pulsation effect.
d. Valve – needle valve to adjust sample gas flow rate.
e. Flow Rate Meter – rotameter or equivalent device capable of measuring flow to within ±2% of the
selected flow rate.
f. Flexible Bag – leak free, inert, plastic (e.g., Tedlar®, Mylar, Teflon) or plastic coated aluminum (e.g.,
aluminized Mylar) or equivalent; capacity consistent with flow rate and sampling time (recommend at least
30 litres).
Note: A flexible bag is not needed when the sample is continuously extracted using an instrumental
procedure. In this case, a portion of the gas stream is conveyed to an instrumental analyzer(s) for
continuous determination of O2, CO2 and CO concentration(s). In this case, refer to the US EPA 40 CFR
60 Method 3A (for O2 and CO2 determination) and Method 10 (CO determination) for sampling train
configuration, performance specifications and test procedures.
g. Gas Analyzer – same as 3.1(d).
4.0 Procedure
4.1 Grab Sampling
If the stack gas flow is non-stratified and its composition remains uniform, the following procedure is used to
determine the dry molecular weight:
1. Assemble the grab sampling train as shown in Figure 3-1; a pump may be necessary if the source is under
a vacuum. Ensure that all connections ahead of the analyzer are secure and leak-free.
2. Assemble the analyzer, calibrate, and leak-check it according to the manufacturer’s instructions or
accepted standard procedure.
3. Position the probe at the centre of the stack or duct when the diameter is smaller than 2.0 mor at a point no
closer than 1.0 mto the walls of larger stacks or ducts. Purge the sampling system and then draw a sample
into the analyzer and immediately analyze for the percentages of CO2, CO, O2 and N2.
4. Calculate the dry molecular weight according to Equations 3-1 to 3-3 (found in Chapter 5). Repeat the
sampling and analysis two more times. Individual values should not deviate from their mean by more than
0.3 kg/kmol. If they do, repeat the procedure three more times and select three determinations which
satisfy the above criterion of deviation. Report the mean value to the nearest 0.1 kg/kmol.
Note: The concentrations of the individual components are used only to determine the molecular weight.
They are not necessarily representative of the true values as a stricter criterion of precision should be used
for individual component analysis.
5. Results for stack gas composition determination are recorded on a data gathering form similar to Table 3-1.
4.2 Integrated Sampling
If the stack gas flow is non-stratified but its composition varies with time or if the precision criterion for grab
sampling cannot be met, the following procedure is used to determine the dry molecular weight:
1. Leak-check the sample bag prior to use, according to the following procedure: connect the bag to a
manometer and pressurize it to 5 to 10 cm H2O; allow to stand for 10 minutes; any displacement of the
manometer indicates a leak. Alternatively, allow the pressurized bag to stand overnight; a deflated bag
indicates a leak.
2. Assemble the integrated sampling train as shown in Figure 3-2. The configuration of the train is optional
provided that a dry sample can be drawn into a non-reactive sample bag at a constant rate. Ensure that all
connections are secure and leak-free.
3. Assemble the analyzer, calibrate and leak-check it according to the manufacturer’s instructions or accepted
standard procedure.
4. Position the probe at the centre of the stack or duct when diameter is smaller than 2.0 mor at a point no
closer than 1.0 mto the walls of larger stacks or ducts. Continuously draw a sample into the bag, at a
constant rate, throughout the stack gas velocity traverse or the particulate matter test. The sampling rate is
fixed to provide a full sample bag at the completion of the test. The recommended sample volume is no
less than 30 litres.
5. Analyze the integrated sample within 8 hours of collection and calculate the dry molecular weight
according to Equations 3-1 to 3-3 (found in Chapter 5). Repeat the analysis until the molecular weights of
any three determinations differ from their mean by no more than 0.3 kg/kmol and report the mean value to
the nearest 0.1 kg/kmol.
4.3 Stratified Gas Flow
Stratification of gases does occur where the gas mixture has a significant difference in density from the
surrounding air.
Gas stratification in the stack or duct may be present where there is an ambient air intake close to the sampling
site, mixing of exhausts from different processes, or possibly in horizontal ducts carrying a mixture of gases, one
or more of which is relatively heavier than the others, etc. Where stratification is known or suspected to exist, the
following procedure is used to determine the dry molecular weight:
1. Choose a traverse such that a gas concentration profile across it would reveal any stratification. For
example, the traverse should be parallel to the centre line down through the normal at the point of entry of
the inlet gases into the duct or stack. In the case of horizontal inlet bends into the duct or stack, the traverse
is usually horizontal, while in the case of vertical inlet bends, the traverse is usually vertical.
2. In the case of stacks or ducts with diameters less than 1.0 m, select 4 equally spaced points along the
traverse; in the case of stacks or ducts having larger diameters, select 6 equally spaced points along the
traverse.
3. Perform at least 3 molecular weight determinations according to the grab sampling techniques at each
point. Average the results at each point and determine the value to the nearest 0.1 kg/kmol. Then average
these values to determine the overall mean value. If the average values at each of the points are within
±5% of the overall mean value, then the molecular weight may be determined by the integrated sampling
technique. If one or more of the point values is not within ±5% of the overall mean value, significant
stratification is indicated and a specified technique will be required for molecular weight determination.
Note: Significant gas stratification in a stack or duct presents difficulties with regards to accurate source
sampling, since the velocity determination depends on the molecular weight and the fixing of an isokinetic
sampling rate depends on the calculated velocity. It may be necessary to determine the molecular weight at each
individual sampling point. It may also be possible to use a multi-nozzle probe to obtain an integrated sample.
Equation 3-1
%(N2 + Ar) = 100 − (%CO2 + %O2 + %CO)
Equation 3-2
%Ar = 0.0119(%N2)
Where:
%
percent by volume
Ar
argon (molecular weight, M.W. = 40)
N2
nitrogen (M.W. = 28)
CO2
carbon dioxide (M.W. = 44)
CO
carbon monoxide (M.W. = 28)
O2
oxygen (M.W. = 32)
Note: Argon is included in the calculations only if the main source of nitrogen is air.
Equation 3-3
Md = 0.44(%CO2) + 0.32(%O2) + 0.40(%Ar) + 0.28(%N2 + %CO)
Where:
Md
molecular weight (dry basis), kg/kmol
6.1 Purpose
This method is applied in all cases where it is necessary to determine the stack gas composition with respect to
O2, CO2, CO and N2. Stack gas composition data are used to calculate the stack gas molecular weight and this
value is ultimately used to calculate the stack gas flow rate.
6.2 Limitations
6.2.1 Presence of Other Gases
The presence of significant concentrations of gases other than O2, CO2, CO, NO2 and Ar (ambient
concentration) may interfere with the accurate operation of the equipment outlined in this method. These gases
may interfere with the action of the analyzer or they may cause a dilution of the sample which is unaccounted
for.
6.2.2 Effects of Gas Components on Analyzers
Other types of analyzers are also susceptible to interference. This may include co-absorption in spectral
absorption devices, quenching effects, etc. The specific analyzer must be examined with respect to the effects of
the various stack gas components on its operation.
6.3 Apparatus
The configurations of the grab sampling and integrated sampling apparatus should resemble Figures 3-1 and 3-2.
However, the use of other devices is permitted, provided the overall function of the apparatus is maintained; i.e.,
a representative sample of clean stack gas is transferred, without chemical change, from the source to the
analyzer.
7.0 References
66-80, November 1980.
A, July 1. 1994.
Table 3-1: Gas Composition Data Template
Download Gas Composition Data Template.
Figure 3-1: Grab-Sampling Train
This image illustrates how to assemble a sampling train of the grab style variety. The five pieces which are
connected in this sequence are:
1. Filter (Glass Wool);

2. Probe;
3. Flexible Tubing;
4. Squeeze Bulb;
5. Flexible tubing to the analyzer
The filter tip is the end which is inserted into the gas stream that is being sampled and the exhaust port from the
squeeze bulb is connected to the analyzer using flexible tubing.
Figure 3-2: Integrated Gas Sampling Train
This image illustrates how to assemble an integrated gas sampling train. The eight pieces which are connected in
this sequence are:
1. Filter (Glass Wool);

2. Probe;
3. Air cooled condenser equipped with drain valve;
4. Valve;
5. Pump;
6. Rotameter;
7. Quick Disconnect;
8. Bag enclosed in a rigid container;
The filter tip is inserted into the gas stream that is being sampled.
Part E - Method ON-4: Determination of Moisture Content of Stack

Gas
Part E: Method ON-4: Determination of Moisture Content of Stack
Gas
1.0 Purpose
To determine the moisture content of stack gas.
2.0 Apparatus
a. Probe – Probe made of stainless steel, glass tubing or other material (stack conditions permitting) capable
of being maintained at a minimum temperature of about 120°C and equipped with a heated filter bypass.
b. Condenser – Condenser comprising of four impingers connected in series with leak-free fittings (e.g.,
ground glass). The first, third and fourth impingers are of the Greenburg-Smith design modified by
replacing the tip with a glass tube about 1.3cm I.D. extending to about 1.3 cm from the bottom of the flask.
The second impinger is of the standard Greenburg-Smith design. A sensor capable of measuring
temperature to within 1°C is placed at the outlet of the fourth impinger. Known volumes of water are
placed in the first and second impingers and a known weight of desiccant is placed in the fourth impinger.
The impingers are maintained in an ice bath. Alternatively, functionally equivalent systems are acceptable.
c. Metering System – Metering system comprising of a vacuum gauge, leak-free pump, calibrated dry gas
meter capable of measuring volume to within 2% and including an inlet and an outlet temperature sensor
capable of measuring temperature to within 1°C or temperature compensation, an orifice meter for
checking the instantaneous sampling rates and the dry gas meter calibration factor in the field, and
additional equipment as shown in Figure 4-1.
d. Barometer – Barometer capable of measuring atmospheric pressure to within 2.5 mm Hg. Alternatively
the daily atmospheric pressure as provided by Environment Canada may be used, with an altitude
adjustment for the sampling site at the rate of minus 2.5 mm Hg per 30 meters of elevation increase or vice
versa for elevation decrease.
e. Graduated Cylinder – Graduated cylinder with subdivisions no greater than 2 ml.
f. Balance – Balance capable of weighing to the nearest 0.5 g.
Note: The sampling train configuration is similar to that in Part F (Method ON-5), but without the filter.
3.0 Procedure
A moisture determination performed according to the following procedure is required for any compliance test. In
Chapter 6.1, Appendix 4A, several methods for determining an approximate moisture content which may be used
for setting isokinetic sampling are discussed.
1. In general, a multi-point traverse is required for the purposes of this method. Sampling site location,
number of sampling points and their location are determined according to Part B (Method ON-1).
However, methods for determination of specific pollutants may allow for moisture determination at a
single sampling point.
2. Place 100 ml of water in each of the first two impingers and transfer 200 to 300 g of pre-weighed desiccant
into the fourth impinger. A tared weighing procedure for desiccant plus impinger may be used. Volume is
recorded to the nearest ml and weight to the nearest 0.5 g.
3. Assemble the moisture sampling train as shown in Figure 4-1. The orifice meter may be used to maintain a
constant sampling rate. The dry gas meter must be calibrated according to the procedure specified in
Chapter 6.2, Appendix 4B and the calibration checked before each test series according to the procedure
outlined in Chapter 6.3, Appendix 4C.
4. A total sampling time is selected such that a minimum total gas volume of 0.60 STD m3 will be collected
at a rate approximating the normal pollutant sampling rate. If performed simultaneously with a pollutant
emission test using the same train, the moisture determination shall be continuous and for the same length
of time as the emission test. If this method is being performed simultaneously with a particulate matter test
using the same train, the sampling rate is isokinetic.
5. Pre-heat the probe and out-stack filter heating system, if applicable, to a temperature of at least 120°C to
prevent water condensation ahead of the condenser. Allow time for the temperature to stabilize. Fill the ice
bath just prior to sampling.
6. A pre-test leak-check is mandatory and is performed according to the following procedure:
Pre-Test Leak Check
a. Plug the nozzle or inlet to the probe.

b. Draw a vacuum of 380 mm Hg, or the highest vacuum anticipated during the test. The recommended
procedure for drawing a vacuum is to start the pump with the bypass valve fully open and the coarse
adjust valve completely closed. Partially open the coarse adjust valve and slowly close the bypass
valve until the desired vacuum is reached. Do not reverse direction of the bypass valve, as this may
cause water to flow into the filter holder.
c. Maintain the vacuum for at least 1 minute. A leakage rate of 0.00057 m3/min or greater is
unacceptable and, if so found, the sampling train must be dismantled and reassembled until the leak
is adequately reduced or eliminated.
d. When the leak-check is completed, first slowly remove the plug from the nozzle or inlet to the probe
and immediately turn off the vacuum pump. This prevents the water in the impingers from being
forced into the filter holder or probe and silica gel from being entrained into the third impinger.
7. To begin sampling, position the probe inlet at the first, or sole, sampling point. Immediately start the pump
and adjust the flow to the desired rate as determined in Chapter 3, Step 4. Traverse the cross-section, if
required, and sample at each point for an equal length of time. The sampling rate is maintained within 10%
of a constant rate, or 10% of isokinetic rate when this method is being performed in conjunction with a
pollutant test that requires isokinetic sampling.
8. Ensure that the temperature of the gas leaving the last impinger is less than 20°C. More ice and perhaps
some salt may have to be added during the test to maintain a low gas temperature. Data are recorded
according to the format shown in Table 4-1. The dry gas meter volume readings are recorded at the
beginning and the end of each sampling increment. Other required readings are taken at least once during
each sampling increment.
9. After sampling for the required length of time, a post-test leak-check must be performed according to the
procedure described in Chapter 3, Step 6 and modified in that the test vacuum is equal to or greater than
the highest vacuum drawn during the test. If the leak-check is unacceptable, the test results must be
discarded and the test repeated.
10. Measure and record the volume of the condensed moisture to the nearest ml or grams and the increase in
weight of the desiccant to the nearest 0.5 g. Data are recorded according to the format shown in Table 4-1.

The following equations are used to calculate the moisture content and stack gas molecular weight. If there are
water droplets in the gas stream, it is assumed that the gas is saturated. In such a case the moisture content is
determined from psychrometric tables and compared with the value determined by this method. The lower of the
two values is the one used as the moisture content.
Equation 4-1
Ww = Wc + Wd
Where:
Ww
weight of moisture collected by the condenser, g or ml
Wc
weight of moisture condensed in the impingers, g or ml
Wd
weight of moisture captured by the desiccant, g or ml
Equation 4-2
Vw(ref) = ( 1.36 × 10−3 )Ww
Where:
Vw(ref)
volume of H2O, as gas, at 101.3 kPa and 298K, m3
Equation 4-3
Vm(ref) = (2.94γ Pm Vm) ⁄ Tm(avg)
Where:
Vm(ref)
volume of gas sample at 298K and 101.3 kPa, m3
γ
dry gas meter correction factor (see Equation 4-6 in Chapter 6.2, Appendix 4B)
Vm
volume of gas sample recorded on dry gas meter, m3
Pm
absolute pressure at dry gas meter, kPa (for this method use barometric pressure)
Tm(avg)
absolute temperature at dry gas meter, K. (The average of inlet and outlet temperatures recorded during
each sampling increment or, if applicable, the meter compensation temperature.)
Equation 4-4
B(wo) = Vw(ref) ⁄ [ Vm(ref) + Vw(ref) ]
Where:
Bwo
volume fraction of H2O in stack gas
Equation 4-5
Ms = Md (1 − B(wo) + 18B(wo)
Where:
Ms
molecular weight of stack gas, kg/kmol
Md
molecular weight of dry stack gas, kg/kmol
5.0 Sample Calculations

The sample data for one traverse are recorded in Table 4-1. Normally a second traverse is done and calculations
are based on total sample volume and moisture collected on both traverses. Moisture data are recorded in Table
4-2.
Vm = 57.5630 − 56.5800
= 0.983m3
Pm = P(bar)
= 100.5 kPa
Vm(ref) = (2.94γ Vm Pm) ⁄ Tm(avg)

= (2.94 × 0.991 × 0.983 × 100.5) ⁄ 297
= 0.969m3
Vw(ref) = 0.00136Ww
= 0.00136 × 146.6g
= 0.199m3
B(wo) = Vw(ref) ⁄ (Vm(ref) + Vw(ref))

= 0.199 ⁄ (0.969 + 0.199)
= 0.170
If the molecular weight of the dry stack gas is determined to be 29.66 kg/kmol then:
Ms = Md (1 − B(wo)) + 18B(wo)
= (29.66 × 0.830) + (18 × 0.170)
= 27.68 kg/kmol
Therefore the molecular weight of the stack gas is 27.7 kg/kmol.
6.1 Appendix 4A: Approximation Methods for the Determination of Moisture Content
The following procedures may be used to determine the moisture content of stack gas for the purposes of setting
isokinetic sampling rates.
i. Previous tests conducted on the source under scrutiny;

ii. Mass balance calculations;
iii. Drying tubes;
iv. Wet and dry bulb thermometer technique – can be used if stack gas temperature is less than 100°C, the
gas stream velocity is greater than 5 m/s and the gas stream does not contain water droplets or acid mist;
and,
v. Condensation techniques – for example, two (2) midget impingers in an ice bath, as shown in Figure 4-2.
Note that if the silica gel tube moisture content is not determined, the calculated value for Bwo must be
increased by the moisture content of saturated gas at the temperature of the gas leaving the second
impinger. Twenty-one degrees Celsius (21°C) may be used as an estimate or a temperature sensor can be
placed at the outlet of the second impinger. At 21°C, the moisture content of saturated gas is 0.025.
6.2 Appendix 4B: Calibration of Dry Gas Meter and Determination of Orifice Coefficient
The dry gas meter is calibrated at least once every six (6) months against a standard capable of measuring
volume within ±1% accuracy, at a rate approximating that of the dry gas meter. The standard is either a primary
standard or a device calibrated against a primary standard. For example, a calibrated wet test meter may be used,
as illustrated in the following procedure:
1. Assemble the components as shown in Figure 4-3. The components within the broken lines are usually
integrated in the control unit of a standard particulate matter sampling train.
2. Operate the equipment with the orifice manometer set at 10 mm H2O (0.5 in. H2O) for at least 15 minutes
to ensure that the pump is at operating temperature and all interior surfaces of the wet test meter are
wetted.
3. Perform tests and record data according to the requirements of Table 4-3, i.e., draw the required volume of
air at the stated orifice manometer setting and record the volume through the gas meter, the time required
to draw the required volume and the other parameters.
4. Moisture content of the air may be determined by any practical means, e.g., the wet and dry bulb technique
sufficiently accurate for ambient air.
5. Calculate γ for each test volume by using Equation 4-6:
Equation 4-6
γ = [ Vw (P(bar) + 0.098 ΔM)(td + 273)(1 − B(wo)) ] ⁄ [ Vd (P(bar) + 0.098 ΔH)(tw + 273) ]
Where:
γ
dry gas meter correction factor
Vw
volume recorded by standard, m3
Vd
volume recorded by dry gas meter, m3
Pbar
barometric pressure, kPa
ΔM
standard wet test meter manometer reading, cm H2O
ΔH
dry gas meter orifice manometer reading, cm H2O
td
average of inlet and outlet temperature at dry gas meter, °C
tw
temperature at primary or secondary standard, °C
Bwo
moisture fraction of air
6. Calculate the average γ by graphing Q(standard) versus Q(dry), where Q(standard) equals the numerator of
Equation 4-6 divided by the time (θ, defined below) and Q(dry) equals the denominator of the respective
equation divided by time (θ). The slope of the best fitting line is the average γ. A more accurate means of
determining the average γ is to determine the best fitting line by first order linear regression. If all
individual values of γ are within ±2% of the average, then the calibration is acceptable. If this criterion
cannot be met, it may be necessary to have the dry gas meter internally adjusted and recalibrated.
7. Calculate Ko for each test volume by using Equation 4-7 (below) from data used to calculate an acceptable
γ.
Equation 4-7
Where:
Ko
orifice coefficient
γ(avg)
average dry gas meter correction factor
M
molecular weight of air
θ
time, minutes
8. Calculate the average Ko arithmetically.
6.3 Appendix 4C: Dry Gas Meter Calibration Check
Before each test series, the dry gas meter correction factor must be checked on the sampling site according to the
following procedure:
1. At no less than three different orifice manometer settings approximately covering the range of values
expected in the test series, draw ambient air sample volumes, each for a duration of at least three minutes.
Record the dry gas meter volume, the time period, the ΔH, the orifice temperature (equal to temperature
leaving the dry gas meter) and the dry gas meter temperature.
2. Determine the ratio, R, of the dry gas meter volumetric flow rate versus the orifice flow rate using the
values for γ(avg) and Ko as determined in Chapter 6.2, Appendix 4B. Use Equation 4-8 below.
Equation 4-8
If the value of R is 1.0 ±0.05, the meter correction factor is acceptable for use in the following test series.
Otherwise, the meter must be recalibrated before use.
7.0 References
66-80, November 1980.
A, July 1. 1994.
Table 4-1: Field Sampling Report (Example)
Plant*:
Location*:
Date*:
Operators*:
Run No.*:
Pitot Coefficient*: 0.850
Dry Gas Meter (γ) Factor*: 0.991
Initial Leak Check (m3/min):
Final Leak Check (m3/min):
Ambient Temperature (°C): 23
Barometric Pressure (kPa)*: 100.5
Assumed Moisture Content (%):
Static Pressure (mmH2O)*: 10.9
Stack Diameter (m)*: 2.30
Nozzle Diameter (mm): 7.75
Probe Length (m):
Probe Liner:
Gas Stack Molecular Weight (kg/kgmol): 29.66
Schematic of Stack Cross-section
Traverse Number and Direction - 1, N-S
Dry
Dry
Gas
Velocity Orifice Gas
Stack Dry Gas Meter Sample Impinger
Sampling Sampling Temp. Head Pressure Meter
Temp. Probe Vacuum
ΔP 'Drop Meter Temp. Box Outlet
Point Time TS Outlet Temp. mm
Number* (Min.) (mm ΔH' (cm Reading Inlet Temp. Temp.
(°C) Hg)
(°C) H O) (Litres) T in Tm (°C) (°C)
2 H2O) m
out
(°C)
(°C)
1 0 234 1.09 3.56 000.000 19 19 120 18 118 76
3 236 1.09 3.56 062.90 22 19 120 18 118 76
2 6 236 1.09 3.56 124.90 21 21 120 19 120 76
9 237 1.07 3.56 186.60 21 21 120 19 117 76
3 12 237 1.17 3.81 247.80 23 22 120 20 125 76
15 237 1.14 3.81 312.70 24 22 120 19 120 76
4 18 237 1.14 3.81 377.30 24 22 120 19 120 76
21 237 1.19 3.81 441.90 25 23 120 18 119 76
5 24 237 1.02 3.05 506.50 27 23 120 19 120 76
27 238 1.02 3.30 564.60 27 24 120 20 118 76
6 30 238 1.02 3.56 623.80 28 24 120 19 119 89
33 238 1.02 3.56 685.00 28 25 120 19 117 89
7 36 238 1.02 3.56 745.90 28 26 120 20 120 89
39 238 0.99 3.43 806.80 29 27 120 19 121 89
8 42 238 0.94 3.30 867.10 29 28 120 18 120 89
45 237 0.97 3.30 925.20 29 28 120 18 122 89
Dry
Dry
Gas
Temp. Probe Vacuum
(°C) Hg)
2 H2O) m
out
(°C)
(°C)
48 983.50
avg. avg. avg. avg.
avg. 3.53
237 1.06 26 23
Table 4-2: Moisture Data (Example)
Final Weight (g) Tare Weight (g) Weight of Moisture (g)

Impinger #1: 828.1 696.6 131.5
Impinger #2: 447.0 436.2 10.8
Impinger #3: 417.7 417.5 0.2
Impinger #4: 685.7 681.6 4.1
Total 146.6
Table 4-3: Field Sampling Report Template
Download Field Sampling Report Template
Figure 4-1: Moisture Sampling Train
This image illustrates the assembly of a moisture sampling train which is comprised of nine main components.
The first component is the probe which is inserted into the sampling port located in the stack wall. The probe
includes a filter which may be in the stack or out of the stack. Following the probe is a condenser ice bath system
which includes the use of silica gel. This condenser system is connected to a vacuum system. The vacuum
system has six parts. The first part is a vacuum gauge followed by a main valve which is connected to a bypass
valve. The bypass valve is in parallel with an air-tight pump. The bypass/pump assembly is followed by two
thermometers and then an orifice.
Figure 4-2: Midget Impingers Moisture Sampling Train
This image illustrates the assembly of a midget impingers moisture sampling train. There are ten parts organized
in the following sequence. The first component is the heated probe which is equipped with a filter (glass wool)
and inserted into the stack. The gas sample is then passed through two midget impingers which are immersed in
an ice bath. Following this cooling step, the sample is passed through a silica gel tube which is connected to a
valve that controls the flow of the pump. Following the pump is a surge tank, rate meter and dry gas meter.
Figure 4-3: Assembly for Calibration of Dry Gas Meter

This image depicts the assembly of gas sampling devices for the purpose of calibrating a dry gas meter. The first
component is a wet test meter that measures the reference temperature and pressure using a thermometer and u-
tube manometer, respectively. The wet test meter is connected to a drying tube; leading to a leakless pump by a
direct valve. It is also equipped with a bypass valve. Next is the dry gas meter that includes two thermometers for
reference. Finally, the flow passes through orifice meter that measures the pressure using an inclined manometer.
Part F - Method ON-5: Determination of Particulate Emissions from

Stationary Sources
Part F: Method ON-5: Determination of Particulate Emissions from
Stationary Sources
1.0 Purpose
To determine the particulate matter concentration of a gas stream in a stack or duct and the particulate emission
rate, using an isokinetic sampling technique and an out-stack glass fibre filter which is maintained at a
temperature of 120°C.
Particulate matter refers to any filterable material, with an aerodynamic diameter between 44 µ and 0.3 µ, that
maintains its solid state properties at 120°C, under ambient atmospheric pressure.
Note: The Ministry may require condensable particulate matter to be included in the determination of particulate
matter emissions. If condensable particulate matter is required to be tested, it will be clearly indicated by the
Ministry in the Certificate of Approval or any other legal document being used by the Ministry.
The Source Assessment Specialist needs to be contacted for guidance, if condensable particulate matter is
required to be included in the calculation of particulate matter emissions.
2.0 Limitations
This method is not applicable in the following cases:
i. Gas streams containing significant concentrations of one or more substances with a dew point greater than
120°C;
ii. For condensable matter determination;
iii. Non-continuous processes;
iv. Positive pressure baghouses;
v. Low particulate matter concentrations (less than 5 mg catch); or
vi. Cyclonic flow.
Where any of the above situations occur, reference is to be made to Chapter 9 Appendices.
3.0 Apparatus
3.1 Sampling Train
Commercially available sampling trains generally are comprised of the individual components shown in Figure
5-1. Such trains are acceptable for use with this method. Specifically, the required components for this method
are:
a. Probe Nozzle – Stainless steel (316, seamless), glass or quartz, with a sharp, tapered leading edge; button-
hook or elbow design. A range of nozzles should be available to allow for isokinetic sampling at sources
with different gas velocities, e.g., 0.3175cm to 1.270cm.
b. Probe – Structurally stable, long enough to traverse at least half of the stack diameter, capable of
maintaining a gas temperature of 120°C at the exit end during sampling and including a probe temperature
sensor. The probe is lined with borosilicate or quartz glass, if the stack temperature is less than 480°C.
However, the probe is lined with quartz glass, if the stack temperature is more than 480°C and less than
900°C. For stack gas temperatures lower than 250°C, a Teflon liner may be used where length and strength
limitations prevent the use of glass or quartz, or corrosion resistant metal liners for higher temperatures
(Probe is usually sheathed for protection and insulation and water cooled, if required).
c. Pitot tube – S-type (Stausscheibe or reverse type) or standard type. Reference should be made to Part C
(Method ON-2) concerning Pitot tube and probe assembly (Pitot tube, temperature sensor and nozzle)
configuration and calibration.
d. Temperature Sensor – Thermocouple or other calibrated device capable of measuring stack gas
temperature to within 1.5% of the minimum temperature. Temperature sensor is fixed to the probe
assembly so that the tip of the sensor extends beyond the probe sheath and does not touch any metal. The
temperature sensor must be checked according to the procedure outlined in Part C (Method ON-2, Chapter
7.5, Appendix 2E).
e. Differential Pressure Gauges – Two inclined manometers or devices of equivalent sensitivity, readable to
the nearest 0.10 mm H2O for ΔP values between 0.10 and 25 mm H2O and readable to the nearest 1.0 mm
H2O for ΔP values greater than 25 mm H2O. A more sensitive gauge is required if a ΔP reading is found to
be less than five (5) smallest scale divisions. See Part C (Method ON-2, Chapter 7.2, Appendix 2B)
regarding calibration of differential pressure gauges other than manometers and Part C (Method ON-2,
Chapter 7.3, Appendix 2C) regarding more sensitive gauges.
f. Filter Holder – Borosilicate glass with a glass or sintered stainless steel frit filter support and silicone
rubber gasket (other inert materials may be used); designed to avoid leakage around the filter.
g. Miniature Cyclone – Optional, although it should be used when the particulate catch is expected to
exceed 100 mg.
h. Filter and Cyclone Heating System – Capable of maintaining a temperature of 120°C around the filter
holder and cyclone (if used) during sampling and including a temperature gauge capable of measuring to
within 1°C to enable monitoring and regulation of the temperature.
i. Condenser – Comprising of four impingers connected in series with leak-free fittings (e.g., ground glass).
The first, third and fourth impingers are of the Greenburg-Smith design modified by replacing the tip with
1.3cm I.D. glass tubing extending to about 1.3cm from the bottom of the flask. The second impinger is of
the standard Greenburg-Smith design. A temperature sensor capable of measuring temperature to within
1°C is placed at the outlet of the fourth impinger. Known volumes of water are placed in the first and
second impingers and a known weight of desiccant is placed in the fourth impinger. The impingers are
maintained in an ice bath. Alternatively, functionally equivalent systems are acceptable.
j. Metering System – Comprising of a vacuum gauge, leak-free pump with coarse and fine control valves,
calibrated dry gas meter capable of measuring volume to within 2% and including an inlet and an outlet
temperature sensor capable of measuring temperature to within 1°C or temperature compensation and a
calibrated orifice meter.
k. Barometer – Mercury aneroid or other barometer capable of measuring atmospheric pressure to within 2.5
mm Hg. Alternatively, the daily atmospheric pressure as provided by Environment Canada may be used
with an altitude adjustment for the sampling site at the rate of minus 2.5 mm Hg per 30 meters of elevation
increase or vice versa for elevation decrease.
l. Gas Composition Determination Equipment – See Parts D and E (Methods ON-3 and ON-4).
3.2 Sample Recovery and Analysis Equipment
a. Brushes – Sized and shaped to clean out probe and nozzle; nylon bristles with stainless steel wire handle
and extensions of stainless steel, Nylon, Teflon, or other inert material.
b. Wash Bottles – Glass or polyethylene; acetone should not be stored in polyethylene bottles for longer than
one month.
c. Liquid Sample Storage Containers – Glass or polyethylene (500 or 1000 ml) with leak-free acetone
resistant caps. Acetone samples should not be stored in polyethylene longer than one month.
d. Petri Dishes – Glass or polyethylene, large enough to hold an unfolded filter.
e. Graduated Cylinder – With subdivisions no greater than 2 ml.
f. Balance – Capable of weighing to the nearest 0.5 g.
g. Desiccant Containers – Air tight.
h. Funnel and Rubber Policeman.
i. Dessicator.
j. Analytical Balance – Capable of weighing to the nearest 0.1 mg.
4.0 Reagents And Materials
4.1 Sample Collection
The following items are required for sample collection:
a. Filters – glass fibre without organic binder, exhibiting at least 99.95% efficiency (<0.05% penetration) on
0.3 micron dioctyl phthalate smoke particles (manufacturer’s test data are sufficient).
b. Water – distilled or de-ionized. Run blank prior to field use to eliminate a high background on test
samples.
c. Silica Gel – new or fully regenerated, 6 to 16 mesh indicating type. To regenerate silica gel, dry at 175°C
for 2 hours.
d. Stopcock Grease – heat-stable silicone grease insoluble in acetone.
e. Crushed Ice.
4.2 Sample Recovery
The following items are required for sample recovery:
a. Acetone – reagent grade, 0.001% residue, in glass bottles.

b. Water – distilled or de-ionized. Run blank prior to field use to eliminate a high background on test
samples.
4.3 Sample Analysis
The following items are required for sample analyses:

b. Desiccant – new or fully regenerated, self-indicating, e.g., 6 to 16 mesh indicating type silica gel,
anhydrous calcium sulphate.
5.0 Procedure
5.1 Sampling Equipment Preparation
1. The Pitot tube (probe assembly), dry gas meter and orifice meter must be maintained in accordance with
standard accepted procedures and calibrated prior to testing, in accordance with the procedures specified in
Part C (Method ON-2, Chapter 7.1, Appendix 2A) and Part E (Method ON-4, Chapter 6.2, Appendix 4B).
Such calibration data must be available on request, prior to or during the actual testing and also must be
submitted with the final report.
2. Filters are checked visually against a light for irregularities and flaws or pinhole leaks. They are identified
by appropriate labelling of their shipping containers (Petri dishes).
3. Filters are desiccated at 20°C ±6°C and ambient pressure for at least 24 hours and then weighed at
intervals of at least 6 hours to a constant weight, i.e., 0.5 mg change from the previous reading. Weight of
filters is recorded to the nearest 0.1 mg. Record the filter weighing room relative humidity which must not
exceed 50% during weighing. The filter should not be exposed to the ambient atmosphere for longer than 2
minutes.
4. Weigh the cyclone collection flask, if used, and record the weight to the nearest 0.1 mg.
5. Select the sampling site location and number of sampling points in accordance with Part B (Method ON-
1).
5.2 Preliminary Survey
A preliminary survey must be performed to determine gas flow parameters in order to prepare for actual
sampling at isokinetic rates. Gas temperature, molecular weight, static pressure and the velocity profile
(including cyclonic and reverse flow checks) are required parameters for this purpose. It is also important to
know the range of particulate matter loading so that a sampling period can be established.
The parameters noted above can be determined by completing Parts C to F (Methods ON-2 to ON-5). For this
purpose, Method ON-5 may be modified. For example, total sampling time may be reduced by decreasing the
number of sampling points or the sampling time per point. The information learned from such a test would
include the gas temperature, velocity profile, moisture content and particulate matter loading. From this
information, assuming the parameters of the source remain constant, isokinetic sampling rates can be calculated
and the proper nozzle size determined. Also, the sampling period can be determined so as to meet the minimum
criteria for particulate matter catch or total gas volume sampled.
5.2.1 Preliminary Survey Omissions
Portions of the preliminary survey do not have to be performed, if it can be shown that the respective parameters
are known to a satisfactory degree of accuracy. Written documentation should be provided.
5.2.2 Nozzle Size
The nozzle size must be selected so that it is not necessary to change the nozzle during the sampling test in order
to achieve isokinetic sampling. As well, the probe liner and probe length should be suitable for the conditions of
the gas stream and the size of the stack or duct. With very large cross-sections it may be necessary to perform
four half-diameter traverses.
5.2.3 Testing Period Criteria
The minimum criteria for the actual testing period are:
1. Sampling for five (5) minutes per traverse point, and a minimum of two (2) readings per point; and
2. 25 mg of particulate catch with at least 1.7 dry standard m3 of stack gas, or 3.4 dry STD m3 of stack gas
with less than 25 mg particulate catch.
Notes:
1. more than 5 minutes per point may be necessary to achieve criterion, and
2. The Ministry’s Source Assessment Specialist is required to be contacted for approval of any
deviations from the requirement to sample for five (5) minutes and a minimum of two (2) readings
per point.
5.3 Preparation of Sampling Train
1. Place about 100 ml of distilled or de-ionized water in each of the first two impingers and weigh each of the
first three impingers and record to the nearest 0.5 g or measure the volume of water in each impinger to the
nearest 1 ml.
2. Place 200 to 300 g of desiccant in the fourth impinger, the weight being taken either directly or as the tared
weight of desiccant and impinger and recorded to the nearest 0.5 g.
3. Place a weighed and identified filter in the filter holder using a pair of tweezers or clean disposable
surgical gloves; the filter must be centered and the gasket properly placed so as to prevent the sample gas
stream from circumventing the filter.
4. Assemble the sampling train, keeping all openings where contamination could occur covered until just
prior to assembly or until sampling is about to begin. A very light coating of silicone grease should be
applied to all ground glass joints, greasing only the outer portion to avoid the possibility of contamination
by the silicone grease.
5. A pre-test leak-check is required and it is performed according to the following procedure:
Pre-Test Leak-Check

b. Draw a vacuum of 380 mm Hg or the highest vacuum anticipated to occur during the test. The
recommended procedure for drawing a vacuum is to start the pump with the bypass valve fully open
and the coarse adjust valve completely closed. Partially open the coarse adjust valve and slowly
close the bypass valve until the desired vacuum is reached. Do not reverse direction of the bypass
valve; this will cause water to back up into the filter holder.
c. Maintain the vacuum for at least 1 minute. A leakage rate of greater than 0.00057 m3/min or 4% of
the estimated average sampling rate, whichever is less, is unacceptable and, if so found, the
sampling train must be dismantled and reassembled until the leak is adequately reduced or
eliminated.
d. When the leak-check is completed, slowly remove the plug from the nozzle or inlet to the probe and
immediately turn off the vacuum pump. This prevents the water in the impingers from being forced
into the filter holder and silica gel from being entrained into the third impinger.
6. Mark the probe with heat-resistant tape or other suitable means to enable the exact positioning of the probe
at the sampling points, as determined in Chapter 5.1, Step 5.
7. Clean the portholes prior to the test run to minimize the chance of sampling deposited material.
5.4 Sampling Train Operation
1. Start the probe and filter heating systems. Before commencing the test, verify that both units are
maintained at a temperature of 120°C. Place crushed ice around the impingers (if this type of condensing
apparatus is used).
2. Remove any protective covering from the nozzle and position the nozzle at the first sampling point,
ensuring that all components of the probe assembly are properly oriented with respect to the gas stream,
i.e., nozzle and Pitot tube face opening planes are perpendicular to the direction of flow. Block off
openings around the probe and porthole to prevent dilution of the gas stream.
3. Immediately start the pump and adjust the flow rate to isokinetic conditions. The various methods for
calculating isokinetic rates are discussed in Chapter 9.1, Appendix 5A. If the stack is under significant
negative pressure (several centimetres of H2O) take care to close the coarse adjust valve before inserting
the probe into the stack to prevent water from backing into the filter holder. If necessary, the pump may be
turned on with the coarse adjust valve closed.
4. Traverse the stack cross-section as required by Part B (Method ON-1). It is recommended to start at the
furthest point from the port. Ensure that the probe nozzle does not make contact with the stack wall or
ports, thus minimizing the chance of extracting deposited material. Sample at each sampling point for 5
minutes or longer if necessary. As soon as the probe has been moved to the next point adjust the flow rate
to isokinetic conditions.
5. For each traverse, data are recorded according to the format shown in Table 5-1. These data shall be
recorded at least twice for each sampling point and the length of the time period between recordings shall
be between 2.0 and 3.0 minutes (When the point velocities and temperatures are not fluctuating the time
period can be increased, pending the permission by the Source Assessment Specialist.) The dry gas meter
volume is recorded at the start of the test and at the end of each of these time periods. The other
information in the various columns is recorded at some time during each of the periods. During each of
these periods, the sampling rate through the train must be 100% ±10% of the isokinetic sampling rate.
Each time the probe is moved to a different point with another velocity pressure reading; the sampling rate
must be adjusted. Similarly, the sampling rates must be adjusted, and a record of such adjustment made,
whenever significant step changes in point velocities or temperatures are noted. Deviations from the ideal
isokinetic sampling rate may be determined using Equation 5-5 (found in Chapter 6).
6. During the test run, ensure that the probe and filter housing are maintained at 120°C ±10% and that the
temperature at the outlet of the impingers is less than 20°C. It may be necessary to add more ice and
possibly salt to attain the required temperature. Periodically check the level and the zero of the manometer.
7. If the pressure drop across the filter becomes too high, making isokinetic sampling difficult to maintain,
the filter may be replaced in the midst of a sampling run; similarly, a full cyclone flask or spent silica gel
must be replaced. Another complete filter assembly should be used rather than attempting to change the
filter itself. Leak-checks must be conducted both before a new component is installed and also before
sampling is resumed. The original and substituted components are added together to determine the total
moisture content and/or particulate matter catch weight.
8. At the end of the traverse, turn off the course adjust valve, record the final dry gas meter reading, remove
the probe and nozzle from the stack, turn off the pump, and conduct a post-traverse leak-check.
9. Repeat Steps 4 to 9 for the second (or more) traverses except that a pre-traverse leak-check is not
mandatory. However, it is recommended that pre-traverse leak-checks be performed, since the movement
of the sampling train from one port to another may cause leaks.
10. A post-test leak-check is mandatory and is performed according to the following procedure:
Post-Test Leak-Check
a. Allow the probe to cool until safe to handle. Plug the nozzle or inlet to the probe.
b. Draw a vacuum equal to or greater than the maximum vacuum observed during the test. The
c. Maintain the vacuum for at least 1 minute. Record the actual leakage rate. A leakage rate of greater
than 0.00057 m3/min or 4% of the sampling flow rate, whichever is less, is not acceptable and, if so
found, void the sampling run.
d. If the leakage rate is acceptable, slowly remove the plug from the nozzle or inlet to the probe and
immediately turn off the vacuum pump and proceed with recovering the sample.
5.5 Sample Recovery
1. Upon removing the probe from the port, and having conducted the mandatory post-test leak-check, wipe
off all external particulate matter near the tip of the probe nozzle and place a cap over it to prevent the loss
or contamination of the sample. The probe tip should not be tightly capped while the sampling train is
cooling as this would create a vacuum in the filter holder, thus drawing water from the impingers into the
filter holder.
2. Remove the probe from the sampling train and cover the exposed end, being careful not to lose any sample
in the probe. Remove the umbilical cord. Wipe any silicone grease from the filter or cyclone inlet and last
impinger outlet and cover these openings. If a flexible line is used between the first impinger or condenser
and the filter holder, disconnect the line at the filter holder and let any condensed water or liquid drain into
the impingers/condenser.
3. The probe and filter-impinger assembly should be removed to a clean and sheltered area; inspect the
components. Note and report any damage or abnormalities.
4. The filter is carefully removed from the fitter holder, using a pair of tweezers and clean disposable surgical
gloves, and placed in a Petri dish (for the purposes of this procedure, hereinafter referred to as Container
No. 1). Any particulate or filter matter adhering to the filter holder gasket must also be removed with a
brush and a sharp edge and placed with the filter. Label and seal the sample container.
5. If a cyclone was used, remove the cyclone collection flask and seal and label it.
6. Completely recover particulate matter and any condensate from the front end (i.e., the probe nozzle,
fittings, probe liner, cyclone (if used) and front half of the filter holder) by washing these components with
acetone and placing the wash in a container designated as Container No. 2. Specifically: carefully remove
the nozzle and fittings and clean the inside surfaces by rinsing with acetone from a wash bottle and then
brush. The procedure is continued until the washings show no visible particles.
7. The probe liner is cleaned by first tilting and rotating the probe while squirting acetone into the upper end
as the probe brush is being pushed with a twisting action through the probe. The acetone washing is
collected in Container No. 2. This brushing action is repeated until the washing shows no visible particles.
8. After ensuring that all the silicone grease has been removed, clean the front half of the filter holder by
rubbing the surfaces with a brush and rinsing with acetone repeatedly until the washing shows no particles.
The cyclone is similarly washed and rinsed. These washing are also collected in Container No. 2. After
completing the recovery of the front half of the train, seal and label Container No. 2 and mark the liquid
level.
9. Disassemble the impinger train and remove any silicone grease from the joints. If a tared weighing
procedure is initially used, immediately weigh the impingers and their content or seal the impingers for
later weighing. Note and report the condition of the silica gel (i.e., the extent of saturation), transfer the
silica gel to Container No. 3, and label and seal Container No. 3. Rubber policeman may be used to aid in
the complete transfer of material from the sampling train to the container.
10. Measure and record the amount of liquid caught in the first three impingers to the nearest 0.5 g or 1.0 ml.
5.6 Laboratory Analysis
1. Transfer the filter and any loose particulate matter and filter material from Container No. 1 to a tared
weighing dish. Desiccate the sample and the cyclone collection flask, if used, for 24 hours at 20°C ± 6°C
and ambient pressure. Then weigh them at intervals of at least 6 hours to a constant weight (i.e., <0.5 mg
change from the previous reading, and report the weights to the nearest 0.1 mg.) Record the weighing
room relative humidity, which must not exceed 50%. Samples should not be exposed to the ambient
atmosphere for longer than 2 minutes.
If the sampled particulate matter is hygroscopic, a constant weight may be impossible to achieve. If this
situation is encountered, the dry weight may be determined by weighing the sample at specific time
intervals after removal from the dessicator (e.g., every 30 seconds), plotting the weight versus the time
from removal and then extrapolating the graph to time zero to determine the desiccated weight.
2. Transfer the contents of Container No. 2 to a tared beaker and evaporate to dryness under ambient
temperature and pressure. Desiccate and weigh the beaker to a constant weight in accordance with the
weighing procedure outlined in Step 1 of this chapter and record the weights to the nearest 0.1 mg.
3. Weigh the silica gel from Container No. 3 or the impinger containing the silica gel (if it was not done on
site) and report the weight to the nearest 0.5 g.
4. Retain all samples for at least 6 months after the test series. They are to be made available upon request by
the Ministry. Analysis data are recorded as shown in Table 5-2. Note that the content of the impingers need
not to be analyzed for particulate matter.
5. Determine and report the particulate concentration and particulate emission rate using equations in Chapter
6.
Equation 5-1
Pm(avg) = P(bar) + 0.098 ΔH(avg)
Where:
Pm (avg)
average absolute pressure at the dry gas meter throughout the test, kPa
Pbar
barometric pressure, kPa
ΔH(avg)
average of recorded orifice pressure differentials, cm H2O
Equation 5-2
Vm(ref) = (2.94 γPm(avg)Vm) ⁄ Tm(avg)
Where:
Vm(ref)
volume of gas sample at 298K and 101.3 kPa, m3
γ
dry gas meter correction factor
Vm
volume of gas sample recorded on dry gas meter, m3
Tm(avg)
absolute temperature at dry gas meter, K (the average of inlet and outlet temperatures recorded during each
sampling increment or if temperature compensation, that temperature)
Equation 5-3
Cs = (10−6 Mp) ⁄ Vm(ref)
Where:
Cs
concentration of particulate matter in stack gas on a dry gas basis at 298K and 101.3 kPa, in kg/m
Mp
weight of particulate matter from nozzle, probe liner, cyclone, front half of filter holder and filter (may
include back half and impingers if requested by the Source Assessment Specialist, mg
Equation 5-4
ERp = CsQs
Where:
Cs
concentration of particulate matter in stack gas on a dry gas basis at 298K and 101.3 kPa in kg/m3
Qs
volumetric flow rate of dry stack gas at 298K and 101.3 kPa; m3/h (see Part C, Method ON-2, Equation 2-
3)
ERp
emission rate of particulate matter, kg/h
Equation 5-5
Where:
%I
percentage of isokinetic sampling rate
DGMV
incremental volume increase on dry gas meter during period t, m3
t
incremental sampling period, minutes
Bwo
volume proportion of water in stack gas
ΔH
orifice pressure differential during period t, cm H2O
Ts
absolute stack gas temperature during period t, K
Dn
diameter of nozzle opening, cm
Tm
absolute temperature at dry gas meter (average of temperatures at inlet and outlet) during period t, K
Ps
Us
stack gas velocity, m/s (See Part C, Method ON-2, Equation 2-2)
Note: %I is calculated for each set of readings and used to obtain the average %I for the test.
7.1 Purpose
This method is applied to determine the particulate matter concentration in an enclosed gas stream. A
representative sample of stack gas and particulate matter is withdrawn isokinetically from the source using a
heated probe, filter, condenser and metering devices.
The particulate matter is collected on an out-of-stack filter (quartz or glass fibre) and in the front half of the
sampling apparatus. This method is designed to collect particulates which are greater in size than 0.3 µm at a
temperature of 120°C, under ambient atmospheric pressure.
The Source Assessment Specialist needs to be contacted for guidance, if condensable particulate matter is
required to be included in the calculation of particulate matter emissions.
7.2 Isokinetic Sampling
An issue, when taking fractions from a gas stream for particle sampling, is to obtain isokinetic sampling. When
the velocity through the sample nozzle is equal to the velocity of the surrounding fluid, the sample is said to be
taken isokinetically.
The importance of isokinetic sampling depends on the size of the particles, and their density.
If the sample velocity is too slow, sampling is said to be under-isokinetic (see illustration below). The small
particles follow the fluid streamlines, which are bent away from the nozzle. The larger particles tend to follow
straight lines due to their inertia. This makes them overrepresented in the sample, and the total particle load per
gas volume will be higher, than that of the main gas stream.
If the sample velocity is too high, sampling is over-isokinetic (see illustration below). The streamlines bend into
the nozzle, with the big particles following straight lines due to their inertia. This makes the larger particles
underrepresented in the sample, and the particle load per gas volume will be lower than that of the main gas
stream.
7.3 Limitations
As noted above, the standard temperature at which particulate is collected by this out- stack method is 120°C. It
is assumed that normally particulate matter does not volatilize below that temperature. This temperature is
selected so as to be above the boiling point of water yet not so high as to volatilize particulate matter.
It is important to ensure that water does not condense on the filter and cause an excessively high pressure drop.
However, there are sources which contain substances which can condense at temperatures above the standard
(e.g., acid mist), and thus load the filter. For this reason and others, sources containing significant amounts of
such substances may not be able to be sampled using the apparatus and procedure described in this method.
Chapter 9.2, Appendix 5B outlines some alternate approaches for use at sources where such conditions exist.
7.3.1 Non-Continuous Sources
Sources which are not in continuous operation, e.g., batch operations, plant shutdowns of short duration, etc., can
be sampled with some modifications to the procedure of this method. This is discussed in Chapter 9.3, Appendix
5C.
7.3.2 High Volume Sampling
Positive pressure baghouses and other sources that have low concentrations of particulate matter (less than 5 mg
expected catch), low humidity, and non-corrosive gases can be sampled using the High Volume sampling
procedure, as outlined in the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Method D6331-98(2005):
Standard Test Method for Determination of Mass Concentration of Particulate Matter from Stationary Sources at
Low Concentrations (Manual Gravimetric Method).
7.4 Procedure
The steps of this procedure are separated into several chapters, each chapter of activities being distinct by virtue
of its position in the sequence of events and the physical location of the activity. Thus, the preparation procedures
are performed in a laboratory. The preliminary survey is usually performed on site a day before the actual testing.
The sampling apparatus preparation and sample recovery are done usually in both the laboratory and on site,
whereas the analytical procedures are performed in a laboratory at some time after the actual testing.
The procedure is designed so that a representative sample will be obtained from the stack gas; therefore, care
must always be taken to ensure that all the components are properly cleaned and that no extraneous matter is
picked up in the nozzle or on the filter. Also, the cleanup procedure must be done scrupulously and leak-checks
must always be performed to ensure that only stack gas is being sampled.
To ensure that the sample is representative, it must be drawn at an isokinetic rate. This requirement is necessary,
because aerodynamic and inertial effects will cause an overestimation of the particulate matter concentration, if
sampling sub-isokinetically, or an underestimation for super-isokinetic sampling.
Method ON-5 incorporates the apparatus and procedures of Part E (Method ON-4) and reference should be made
to that Part for equations and calculations to determine the moisture content. For each Method ON-5 test run a
moisture content analysis and molecular weight analysis (Method ON-3) must be performed.
8.0 Sample Calculations

Sample data for one traverse are recorded in Table 5-1. Normally, a second traverse is done and calculations are
based on total sample volume and moisture for both traverses. Respective portions of these data have been used
in the sample calculations in Parts C and E (Methods ON-2 and ON-4). Moisture and particulate collection data
are recorded in Table 5-2.
From the sample calculations in Parts C and E (Method ON-2 and 4), the following parameters were determined:
Us(avg) = 15.1 m/s
Qs = 30.2 Std m3/s
B(wo) = 0.1708
Assuming that a molecular weight of dry stack gas, Md = 29.66 kg/kg-mole
Ms = 27.67 kg/kg-mole
From Table 5-1 the following data is obtained:
ΔH(avg) = 3.53 cm H2O
Ts(avg) = 510 K
Tm(avg) = 297 K
P(bar) = 100.5 kPa
Vm = 0.983 m3
γ = 0.991
Pm(avg) = P(bar) + 0.098 ΔH(avg)

= 100.5 + (0.098 × 3.53)
= 100.8 kPa
Vm(ref) = (2.94 γ Pm(avg) Vm) ⁄ (Tm(avg))

= (2.94 × 0.991 × 100.8 × 0.983) ⁄ 297
= 0.972 m3
Therefore the volume of the gas sample is 0.972 m3 at 298 K and 101.3 kPa.
Note: In comparing the calculated values of Vm(ref) in this example and in Part E (Method ON-4), there is a
slight discrepancy which is explained by the fact that it is permissible to use Pm = Pbar for moisture
determination for Method ON-4, whereas for this method Pm must be the true value which is Pbar + 0.098ΔH.
However, the slight difference between the two values does not significantly alter the value of Bwo or Ms.
Particulate matter concentration:
Cs = Mp ⁄ Vm(ref)
= 34.7 ⁄ 0.972
= 35.7 mg/STD m3
Particulate matter emission rate:
ERp = (Cs Qs) ⁄ 1000 mg)/g

= (35.7 × 30.21) ⁄ 1000
= 1.08 g/s
Percentage isokinetic sampling rate:
For the first point, first reading:
= 100.7%
Listed in Table 5-3 are the calculated velocities and percentage isokinetic for the sample points.
9.1 Appendix 5A: Determination of Nozzle Size and Setting Isokinetic Sampling Rates
As stated in this method, it is necessary to sample at a rate such that the velocity of the gas entering the sampling
nozzle equals the velocity of the undisturbed gas at the sampling point. The ratio of nozzle to stack gas velocity
must be 100% ±10%. This ratio is calculated using the stack gas conditions at the time of sampling.
Since some of these conditions, such as moisture content, can only be determined after the test, it is necessary to
estimate them as closely as possible for the purposes of choosing the proper nozzle size.
9.1.1 Nozzle Size Determination
A nozzle size must be determined so that it is neither too large, i.e., beyond the ability of the train to draw sample
isokinetically at high ΔP's, nor too small, i.e., requiring an impractical small ΔH setting at low ΔP's. The smallest
(practical) nozzle is 4.763 mm in diameter.
One method for determining the proper nozzle size is as follows: for true isokineticity,
velocity in nozzle ⁄ velocity in stack = 1

from that:
Equation 5-6
Where:
ΔH
orifice pressure differential, cm H2O
ΔP
stack gas velocity pressure head, cm H2O
Dn
nozzle diameter, cm
Cp
Pitot tube coefficient
Bwo
moisture content
Md
dry stack gas molecular weight, kg/kg-mole
Ms
stack gas molecular weight, kg/kg-mole
Tm(avg)
average temperature at orifice, K
Ts(avg)
average stack gas temperature, K
Ps
Pm
absolute orifice pressure, kPa
Ko
orifice coefficient
These values are estimated or calculated, usually being based on experimental values from a preliminary survey
(the nozzle used for that test is picked by approximation). By substituting numerical values for all of the
variables of the equation except ΔH, Dn and ΔP, a value for K in the following equation may be determined:
Equation 5-7
ΔH = ΔPKDn4
Having determined K, to obtain the correct nozzle diameter:
1. Choose for ΔH the maximum ΔH obtainable or readable from the sampling train.
2. Choose for ΔP the maximum ΔP obtained or expected based on the preliminary survey.
3. By rearranging the above equation so that:
Dn = [ΔH ⁄ (K ΔP)]¼
and substituting accordingly, Dn may be calculated.
4. The nozzle size next smaller to the calculated Dn is the appropriate size.
9.1.2 Isokinetic Sampling Rate Determination
There are several methods used to determine isokinetic sampling rates. One method is as follows:
1. if the variables of the above equations are determined at a particular instant the following relationship is
found:
Equation 5-9
ΔH = (k' ΔPTm) ⁄ Ts
Where:
k' = (Ts(avg) K Dn4) ⁄ Tm(avg)
Tm
instantaneous absolute meter temperature, K
Ts
instantaneous absolute stack gas temperature, K
ΔH
orifice pressure differential, cm H2O
ΔP
stack gas velocity pressure head, cm H2O
2. Calculate k'.
3. If k'' = k'(Tm ⁄ Ts) by substituting expected values of Tm and Ts, a table of values for k'' may be prepared.
4. The above equations simplify to:
Equation 5-10
ΔH = k'' ΔP
Another common method is the use of nomographs, usually commercially prepared. Nomographs are easy to
operate and are reasonably accurate. However, most nomographs are pre-set for a pitot coefficient of 0.85 and
manufacturers instruction on the use of these nomographs can be modified so that the location of pivot point will
correspond to true coefficient; ΔP is multiplied by Cp ⁄ 0.85 and the new ΔP used to set the pivot point. As well,
the nomograph must be readjusted during sampling as the meter temperature and stack gas temperature change.
9.2 Appendix 5B: Gas Streams having Significant Concentrations of Substances with Dew Point Greater
than 120°C
There is an almost infinite variety of sources and components of gas streams. Some components may have dew
points above 120°C, i.e., above the probe and filter heater temperature. The concentration of the component is
significant if the component condenses on the filter and this condensate causes such a high pressure drop that the
pump is unable to draw at isokinetic rates.
To overcome this problem, the probe and filter must be maintained above the dew point of the component.
However, increasing the temperature may volatilize some or all of the particulate matter thus allowing it to pass
through the filter to be caught in the impingers. In such cases it may be necessary to install an additional backup
filter after the impingers and include the impinger catch and the particulate matter on the backup filter in the
calculation of the emission rate.
Another problem possibly encountered with increasing the filter temperature is that reactions may occur on the
filter itself which may result in a non-representative particulate matter sample.
The Source Assessment Specialist should be contacted where there is a problem of condensible components so
that an appropriate sampling methodology can be agreed upon.
9.3 Appendix 5C: Non-Continuous Sources
Some sources are non-continuous by their nature, e.g., batch processes. As well, some processes slow down or
stop at certain times, e.g., lunch break or process interruptions. When this type of problem occurs it is necessary
to halt sampling, remove the probe from the gas stream and seal the nozzle tip. Recommence sampling when the
process operations return to their usual level.
Since non-continuous processes pose problems with respect to sampling and cannot be generalized, the Source
Assessment Specialist should be contacted to discuss the particular situation.
9.4 Appendix 5D: Particulate Matter Sampling in Cyclonic Flow
Particulate matter emission sampling in stacks or ducts with cyclonic flow patterns present significant problems
in obtaining representative measurements of concentrations and flow rates. Difficulties also arise in establishing
the correct velocity for determining the isokinetic sampling rate.
Cyclonic flow has two angle components identified as the “yaw” and “pitch” angle. The yaw angle is a measure
of the degree of tangential flow in the stack. The Ministry uses the yaw angle as the reference to determine if the
flow is cyclonic. If the average yaw (based on absolute values) is greater than 15°, the flow is considered
cyclonic.
The pitch angle is a measure of the degree of radial flow in the stack. The pitch angle can be visualized as the
extent (angle) of stack gas flow towards or away from a person standing (facing) the stack.
A 3-dimensional (3-D) Pitot tube is used to accurately measure the axial stack gas velocity (and volumetric flow
rate) in stacks with both yaw angle and pitch angle components. The sampling point determination is done
similar to the non-cyclonic sampling point selection approach (equal area method). Refer to US EPA 40 CFR 60
Method 2F for the procedures to determine stack gas velocity and volumetric flow rate with 3-D probes.
For the particulate matter sample collection approach, a null Pitot tube is attached to the typical probe setting
used in Method ON-5 trains (Figure 5-1). The face of the null Pitot tube is oriented at right angles to the face of
the probe’s S-type Pitot tube. To minimize flow disturbances, the tips of the null Pitot tube are located
approximately 5 cm above (downstream) and 10 cm beyond the tips of the probe’s S-type Pitot tube.
This typical probe setting with the null Pitot tube attached measures the yaw angle and, the velocity pressure at
that angle, at each point during isokinetic sampling. This approach is suitable only to align the probe nozzle with
the obtained yaw angle for collecting the particulate matter sample. The stack gas velocity and flow rate is to be
determined using the 3-D Pitot tube.
The position of the nozzle with respect to the yaw angle is determined by rotating the probe/Pitot tube on its axis
until the pressure differential across the null Pitot tube is zero. The yaw angle is measured with a protractor with
readability of 0.5°. The protractor needs to be solidly fixed to the probe so that when the protractor is reading 0°,
the faces of the null Pitot tube are parallel to the axis of the stack or duct.
The rest of the sampling train has the same configuration of the standard Method ON-5 sampling train.
10.0 References
1. American Society for Testing and Materials, D6331-98(2005): Standard Test Method for Determination of
Mass Concentration of Particulate Matter from Stationary Sources at Low Concentrations (Manual
Gravimetric Method), 2005.
2. Connor Pacific Environmental Technologies Inc., INCO Super Stack Source Testing Report, Copper Cliff,
Ontario, May 2000.
66-80, November 1980.
A, July 1. 1994.
Table 5-1: Field Sampling Report (Example)
Plant*:
Location*:
Date*:
Operators*:
Run No.*:
Pitot Coefficient*: 0.850
Dry Gas Meter (γ) Factor*: 0.991
Initial Leak Check (m3/min):
Final Leak Check (m3/min):
Ambient Temperature (°C): 23
Barometric Pressure (kPa)*: 100.5
Assumed Moisture Content (%):
Static Pressure (mmH2O)*: 10.9
Stack Diameter (m)*: 2.30
Nozzle Diameter (mm): 7.75
Probe Length (m):
Probe Liner:
Gas Stack Molecular Weight (kg/kgmol): 29.66
Schematic of Stack Cross-section
Traverse Number and Direction - 1, N-S
Dry
Dry
Gas
Stack Meter
Sampling Sampling Temp. Head Pressure Dry Gas Meter Sample Impinger
Probe Vacuum
Meter Temp. Temp. Box Outlet
Point Time ΔP 'Drop Temp. mm
TS Outlet
(°C) Hg)
2 H2O) m
out
(°C)
(°C)
1 0 234 1.09 3.56 000.000 19 19 120 18 118 76
3 236 1.09 3.56 062.90 22 19 120 18 118 76
2 6 236 1.09 3.56 124.90 21 21 120 19 120 76
9 237 1.07 3.56 186.60 21 21 120 19 117 76
3 12 237 1.17 3.81 247.80 23 22 120 20 125 76
Dry
Dry
Gas
Temp. Probe Vacuum
(°C) Hg)
2 H2O) m
out
(°C)
(°C)
15 237 1.14 3.81 312.70 24 22 120 19 120 76
4 18 237 1.14 3.81 377.30 24 22 120 19 120 76
21 237 1.19 3.81 441.90 25 23 120 18 119 76
5 24 237 1.02 3.05 506.50 27 23 120 19 120 76
27 238 1.02 3.30 564.60 27 24 120 20 118 76
6 30 238 1.02 3.56 623.80 28 24 120 19 119 89
33 238 1.02 3.56 685.00 28 25 120 19 117 89
7 36 238 1.02 3.56 745.90 28 26 120 20 120 89
39 238 0.99 3.43 806.80 29 27 120 19 121 89
8 42 238 0.94 3.30 867.10 29 28 120 18 120 89
45 237 0.97 3.30 925.20 29 28 120 18 122 89
48 983.50
avg. avg. avg. avg.
avg. 3.53
237 1.06 26 23
Table 5-2: Moisture and Particulate Matter Catch Data (Example)
Final wt. Tare wt. Particulate
(mg) (mg) wt. (mg)
(a) Filter 756.3 738.1 18.2
(b) Beaker containing washing from nozzle, probe, cyclone (if used)
104709.7 104693.2 16.5
and front half of filter holder
(c) Cyclone collection flask n/a n/a n/a
(d) Beaker containing impinger contents and washing from
101385.0 101368.2 16.8
impingers and back half of filter holder
pre-test = 42%
Weighing room relative humidity:
post-test = 39%
total wt. of particulate (excluding impinger contents) 34.7 mg
Final wt. (g) Tare wt. (g) wt. of H2O (g)

Impinger #1: 828.4 696.3 132.1
Impinger #2: 447.0 436.2 10.8
Impinger #3: 417.7 417.5 0.2
Impinger #4: 685.7 681.6 4.1
Desiccant saturation level < ¼
total wt. of H2O 147.2 g
Table 5-3: Calculated Velocities and Percentage Isokinetic

(Example)
Sampling Point Number Velocity (m/s) % Isokinetic
1 15.3 100.8
15.3 99.2
2 15.3 98.8
15.1 99.0
3 15.8 100.3
15.7 100.9
4 5.7 100.9
16.0 98.8
5 14.8 96.2
14.8 98.1
6 14.8 101.3
14.8 100.8
7 14.8 100.8
14.6 101.2
8 14.2 100.0
14.4 99.2
Average 15.1 99.8
Figure 5-1: Particulate Matter Sampling Train
There is a long rectangular probe with an s-type pitot tube and a nozzle attached at the end, located inside the
stack wall. The probe extends from inside the stack wall to the right where it is attached to a hot box. Just before
the hot box, there is a probe thermocouple and a stack thermocouple. The pitot tube lines extend the length of the
probe and are connected to the two ends of the pitot tube manometer.
Inside the hot box is a cyclone flask, filter holder and thermocouple.
The outside of the hot box has the outlet of the filter holder connected to an impinger by specialized glassware.
There are four impingers connected in series by u-tubes. All impingers are inside an ice bath. The final impinger
outlet is connected to a thermocouple and a vacuum line down to a vacuum gauge.
The vacuum gauge has a fine valve and a coarse valve and is connected to an air tight pump with a bypass valve.
The bypass valve is connected to a dry gas meter that has two thermocouples on the inlet and outlet. The dry gas
meter is connected to an orifice with an orifice manometer.
Part G - Method ON-6: Determination of Odour Emissions from

Stationary Sources
Part G: Method ON-6: Determination of Odour Emissions from
Stationary Sources
1.0 Introduction
This chapter outlines three traditional methods of sampling for odours (dynamic pre-dilution, evacuated lung and
flux chamber methods) and one modified method specific to sampling open bed biofilters. Assessors must
choose the most appropriate sampling method based on a preliminary assessment of each individual source.
Certain source parameters may dictate that a non-traditional method may be required to ensure accurate,
representative data. Several non-traditional methods that have been successfully applied in the past are outlined
in the appendix of this chapter. When developing and/or using a non-traditional method, it is necessary that the
Source Assessment Specialist be contacted to discuss sampling strategies.
Methods for quantifying fugitive odour concentrations and emission rates have not been outlined in this
document. Fugitive odours can be a major contributor to a facility’s aggregate odour impact; as such, these
emissions are required to be addressed. The unique nature of facilities and the way in which fugitive odours may
be emitted requires that the sampling strategy for sampling fugitive odour emissions be dealt with on an
individual basis.
2.0 Purpose
This method is intended to determine the odour concentration and emission rate of undefined mixtures of
gaseous odorants of a gas stream in a stack, duct and area source. The samples are collected by dynamic dilution
with neutral gas, undiluted by evacuated lung, or via flux chamber sampling procedures and are evaluated using
dynamic olfactometry with a panel of human assessors (odour panel evaluation technique).
3.0 Limitations
The methodology outlined within this chapter is not applicable to measuring odours from solid odour emitting
particles or droplets of odorous fluids within a “supersaturated” gas stream. The Source Assessment Specialist
should be contact to discuss sample strategies when it is deemed that a customized (non-traditional) sampling
strategy is necessary.
4.0 Definitions
Listed in this chapter are the more frequently referenced definitions. For a complete list of definitions, refer to
the European Standard EN13725: 2003 Determination of Odour Concentration by Dynamic Olfactometry or its
most recent version.
Detection threshold (Sample)

Dilution factor at which the sample has a 50% probability of being detected by a human assessor.
Dilution factor
The ratio between sample flow or volume after dilution (Total Sample Volume) and the flow or volume of
the odorous gas (“Undiluted” Sample Volume).
Dynamic dilution
Dilution achieved by mixing two known flows of gas; odorous sample and neutral gas, respectively. The
rate of dilution is calculated from the flow rates.
Field Blank
odourless air sample collected at the sampling site, treated as a sample in all respects, including contact
with the sampling devices and exposure to sampling site conditions, storage, preservation, and all
analytical procedures.
Flux Chamber
A device used to isolate a surface area for collecting gaseous emissions being generated as neutral gas is
being passed over the enclosed area.
Maximum dilution factor
Maximum achievable dilution factor of the olfactometer; an instrument property.
Minimum dilution factor

Minimum achievable dilution factor of the olfactometer; an instrument property.
Neutral gas (diluent)
Air or nitrogen that is treated in such a way that it is as odourless as technically possible (nitrogen of 4.8
Grade or higher is recommended) and that does, according to panel members, not interfere with the odour
under investigation.
safety warning: Nitrogen is only used to predilute the sample itself. For the olfactometer, the neutral gas
which is used to dilute the sample and present a reference shall be air.
Odour emission rate

The quantity of odour units (ou) which crosses a given surface divided by time. It is the product of the
odour concentration Cod, and the wet reference volumetric flow rate (at standard temperature and standard
atmospheric pressure, 298 K and 101.3 kPa respectively). It is typically expressed as ou/s.
Odour concentration
Number of odour units per volume of gas at wet standard conditions. It is typically expressed as ou (m3
basis).
Odour unit (O.U. Dimensionless)
Number of unit volumes of odourless gas required to dilute one unit volume of odorous gas (under
standard conditions) to reach the odour panels detection threshold. The accepted reference value is
equivalent to 123 µg n-butanol (CAS 71-36-3). Evaporated in 1 cubic metre of neutral gas (at standard
conditions) this produces a concentration of 0.040 µmol/mol.
Odour Panel
Composed of 8 assessors who are qualified to judge samples of odorous gas using dynamic olfactometry.
Each assessor must be appropriately screened and meet the selection criteria outlined in the EN
13725:2003 standard.
Pre-Dilution
Drawing a sample of stack gas while simultaneously diluting it with neutral gas for the purpose of
preventing condensation and/or sorption of odours upon sample collection and to reduce sample gas
temperature.
Sample
The amount of gas which is assumed to be representative of the gas mass or gas flow under investigation
and which is examined for odour concentration.
Standard Conditions for Olfactometry
Room temperature (298K) and normal atmospheric pressure on a wet basis.
Sweep gas
Neutral gas which is introduced at a low velocity into a flux chamber.
5.0 Dynamic Pre-Dilution Sampling

Source parameters may result in the necessity to “pre-dilute” a sample prior to collection in a sample container.
In all cases pre-dilution of stack gas is required if:
1. It is determined that the stack gas temperature may degrade the sample container;
2. The moisture content of the stack gas will result in condensation forming in the sample container;
3. It is determined that the odour intensity is great enough that it results in a positive response at the highest
dilution factor of the olfactometer.
5.1 Apparatus
The odour sample collection system must be capable of dynamically pre-diluting the stack gas with odour free
purified nitrogen. The quantity of nitrogen shall be sufficient to prevent condensation and sorption of odours
upon sample collection and cooling to ambient temperatures.
A sketch of an acceptable dynamic pre-dilution odour sample collection system is shown in Figure 6-1a. Other
odour sample collection systems may be used, provided it can be demonstrated that they are effective in
preventing condensation upon sample collection and cooling to ambient temperature.
a. Probe – structurally stable stainless steel, Teflon®, borosilicate or quartz glass. The distance between the
probe and the sample container shall be kept to a minimum.
b. Velocity & Flow Measurement Device – with a resolution of 0.01 m/s such as an anemometer or pitot-
tube; reference should be made to Method ON-2 concerning pitot tube configuration and calibration.
c. Temperature Sensor – thermocouple or other calibrated device capable of measuring stack gas
temperature with a maximum acceptable error of 1.5%. The sensor must be checked according to the
procedure outlined in Method ON-2 (Chapter 7.5, Appendix 2E).
d. Differential Pressure Gauges – to use with Pitot tube and orifice meter. Inclined manometer or devices of
equivalent sensitivity, readable to the nearest 0.10 mm water column for differential pressure (ΔP) values
between 0.10 mm and 25 mm WC, and readable to the nearest 1.3 mm WC for ΔP values greater than 25
mm WC; a more sensitive unit will be required if a ΔP reading is found to be less than 5 smallest scale
divisions, see Method ON-2 (Chapter 7.3, Appendix 2C).
e. Sample Line – made of Teflon®, stainless steel or glass; the distance between the probe and the sample
container shall be kept to a minimum. All fittings shall be clean and odour free and preferably of Telfon®
or stainless steel composition.
f. Sample Containers – material of construction shall be Tedlar®, Teflon® or any other materials (such as
Nalophan®) which will not compromise the integrity of the sample. When such other materials are
proposed, approval from the Source Assessment Specialist is required. The sample container shall be of
sufficient volume to carry out a minimum of an eight member odour panel evaluation.
g. Heated Sample Box – a heated enclosure (or heated probe assembly) shall be used to maintain the
temperature of the stack gas, up to a maximum temperature of 120°C, from the point at which it is drawn
from the stack, to the point when it has been diluted with pre-purified nitrogen. Maintaining the sample gas
stream at the stack temperature prevents the formation of condensation within the sample apparatus prior
to the point of dilution.
h. Valves – capable of metering the dilution air flow and the sample flow; material of construction shall be
Teflon®, glass or stainless steel.
i. Orifice Meters – capable of accurately measuring the flow ranges required for pre-dilution flow, sample
flow and total flow. The material of construction shall be glass, Teflon® or stainless steel.
j. Pre-Dilution Odourless Gas – nitrogen (4.8 grade or higher).
5.2 Preparation
1. The Pitot tube and orifice meters must be maintained in accordance with the standard accepted procedures
and calibrated prior to testing, in accordance with Method ON-2 (Chapter 7.1, Appendix 2A) and Method
ON-4 (Chapter 6.2, Appendix 4B). The orifices shall be calibrated in the flow ranges required for the tests.
2. The probe and the sample transfer line must be clean and free of residual odour. If any contamination is
observed on the sample transfer line, the sample transfer line must be replaced. A new and/or clean odour
free sample line should be used for each source being measured.
3. The sample containers are required to be preconditioned by heating to 70°C (158°F) and flushed
continuously with odourless air for a minimum of 8 hours. All containers should be checked for residual
odours prior to use. Note that materials other than Tedlar® and Telfon® may not require such
preconditioning. However, guidance in this issue is required from the Source Assessment Specialist.
4. The sampling site or location should be selected where odours are expected to be uniform, well mixed and
in gaseous form, but note that the flow measurements need to be conducted at a location that meets the
minimum requirements listed in Method ON-1.
5. The odour collection system must be calibrated for its complete range of pre- dilution ratios, across the
units’ range of operating temperatures, using a tracer gas and a flame ionization detector (FID). This
calibration shall be completed at a minimum frequency of 6 months (see Hydrocarbon Calibration
procedure in Chapter 10.1, Appendix 6A). Prior to utilizing equipment in the field, complete flow checks
on each sample collection system and compare the results to data collected during most recent tracer gas
calibration. Anomalies shall be flagged and the system shelved until it is recalibrated.
All calibration data must be available on request prior to or during the actual testing, and must be
6. The odour sampling collection system must be leak-checked prior to mobilization to ensure sample
integrity and is performed according to the following procedure:
Odour Sampling Leak-Check
a. Plug both the inlet to the probe and the dilution gas inlet.
b. Using a metering system comprised of a vacuum gauge, leak-free pump, and a calibrated dry gas
meter (or calibrated pump) draw a vacuum of 380 mm Hg.
c. Maintain the vacuum for at least 1 minute. A leakage rate of 4% of the undiluted sample flow or
greater is unacceptable and if found, the sampling train should be dismantled and reassembled until
the leak is adequately reduced or eliminated.
5.3 Volumetric Flow Rate Determination
Volumetric flow rate must be determined in accordance with Method ON-2. Molecular weight and stack gas
moisture determination should be completed following Method ON-3 and ON-4 respectively.
The exhaust gas stream should be checked for stratification. Please see the chapter titled “Stratification Test
Procedure” in Environment Canada’s Report EPS 1/PG/7, December 2005 (or the most recent version) if further
guidance is required.
If stack gas stratification is identified, contact the Source Assessment Specialist to discuss the most
appropriate strategy for sample collection.
5.4 Pre-Dilution Ratio Determination
The odour sample is “pre-diluted” with odourless gas (nitrogen) during sampling to prevent condensation and
absorption of odours upon sample collection and transport; therefore, preliminary tests must be carried out at the
source(s) to determine the required pre-dilution ratio.
When an odour sample is collected from a source that exhausts gas containing water vapour, there is the potential
for this water vapour to condense. The condensed water, called dew has the potential to absorb odorous
compounds in the sample gas and negatively bias the odour analysis results.
The sample “dew point” is the temperature at which the gaseous sample becomes saturated with water vapour. If
the sample temperature is maintained at a level higher than the dew point temperature, water vapour remains
gaseous. If the sample cools to a temperature below the dew point, water vapor will condense and the odour
sample is deemed invalid. Pre-diluting the gas sample with dry nitrogen will lower the total moisture content in
the sample container, therefore lowering the dew point temperature. This procedure is used to avoid the
formation of condensation which can occur as the sample gas cools after being extracted from the exhausts gas
stream.
The following procedure defines the method for calculating the pre-dilution ratio (dry nitrogen to stack gas)
necessary to prevent the formation of condensation in a sample container and is based on the measured stack gas
moisture content and the lowest temperature at which the gaseous sample is expected to reach during transport
and analysis.
5.4.1 Procedure for Calculation of the Pre-Dilution Ratio
1. Determine the stack gas moisture content following the procedures outlined in Part E, Method ON-4.
Record the sample volume (m3 of dry exhaust gas) and total condensed moisture collected (mL or g) and
calculate the moisture content in g/m3.
2. Determine the lowest temperature that the sample gas will reach during transport and/or analysis (i.e.,
ambient temperature or the odour evaluation laboratory temperature), and record the temperature of the
exhaust gas.
3. From Table 6-1 obtain the amount of water in air (g/m3), assuming 100% relative humidity, for the
ambient temperature or the expected temperature of the odour evaluation laboratory; which ever is lower.
4. If the total condensed moisture per cubic metre obtained in Step 1 (g/m3) exceeds that obtained in Step 3
(g/m3) sample pre-dilution is required.
Note: For supersaturated gas streams, it is necessary to use the actual water condensate volume collected;
5. To determine the optimum pre-dilution ratio, divide the measured stack gas moisture content (g/m3) from
Step 1 by the amount of water in air at the dew point temperature selected in Step 3.
For example, if the stack gas moisture content is measured to be 45 g/m3 and the lowest temperature the
sample will reach is assumed to be that of the ambient temperature of 18°C; based on Table 6-1 the stack
gas sample must be diluted to contain a maximum of 15.4 g of water per cubic metre of air to prevent
condensation. By dividing the stack gas moisture condensate of 45 g/m3 by the water content at the
selected dew point temperature (15.4 g/m3), the dilution ratio required to prevent condensation is estimated
at 3 volumes of nitrogen by 1 volume of exhaust gas sample.
6. The pre-dilution ratio used in the field should be a maximum of 20% or 10 dilution factors higher than that
calculated based on this methodology. A dilution level lower than that calculated shall not be used, as it is
likely to result in the formation of condensation. Sample teams should strive to use dilution factors as close
as possible to the calculated optimum pre-dilution ratio.
7. In cases when the odour concentration is high enough to elicit a positive response from panelists when the
olfactometer is diluting the odour sample in its upper dilution range, the odour assessment results are
rejected as inconclusive. A new set of samples need to be collected, making sure that a suitable pre-
dilution ratio is selected that will accommodate the minimum number of dilution step presentations
required by the odour evaluation facility. Preliminary source assessment data may be presented in the pre-
test plan for prior approval from the Source Assessment Specialist to increase the dilution ratio beyond the
pre- dilution ratio limits outlined above.
5.4.2 Alternate Methods for the Determination of the Optimum Pre-Dilution Rates
The following procedures may be used to determine the dew point of odour samples for the purposes of setting
pre-dilution rates. They can be used in lieu of Method ON-4’s moisture determination, if stack gas temperature is
less than 100°C, and the gas stream does not contain water droplets. Deviation from the 100°C criteria may be
considered acceptable however pre-consultation with the Source Assessment Specialist is necessary.
5.4.2.1 Relative Humidity
The relative humidity is the ratio of the actual water vapour pressure to the saturation water vapour pressure
(100% humidity) at a selected temperature. Using a commercially available electronic sensor relative humidity
can be easily measured.
In order to use relative humidity measurements for pre-dilution ratio determination, the following steps are
required:
1. Using an electronic sensor measure the relative humidity of the stack gas (following the manufacturer’s
instructions).
2. Measure the stack gas temperature; Ts (refer to Method ON-2).
3. Obtain the amount of water in air (g/m3), assuming 100% relative humidity, at the stack gas temperature.
4. Multiply the water in air value (obtained from Step 3) by the percent relative humidity (obtained from Step
1). This will determine the stack gas moisture content (g/m3).
5. From Table 6-1 obtain the amount of water in air (g/m3), assuming 100% relative humidity, for the
ambient temperature or the expected temperature of the odour evaluation laboratory; which ever is lower.
7. Follow Steps 5 to 7 of the pre-dilution determination procedure (Chapter 5.4.1) to calculate the required
dilution rate.
5.4.2.2 Psychrometer (Wet and Dry Bulb Thermometer)
Wet and dry bulb thermometer technique can be used if:
i. stack gas temperature greater than 0°C and less than 100°C;
ii. the gas stream velocity is greater than 5 m/s; and
iii. the gas stream does not contain water droplets or acid mist.
In order to use the wet and dry bulb thermometer technique, for pre-dilution determination, the following steps
are required:
1. Measure the dry stack gas temperature (refer to Method ON-2).

2. Simultaneously measure the wet bulb stack gas temperature.
3. Based on the stack gas wet and dry bulb temperatures, use a psychrometric chart to determine the volume
of water vapour in the stack gas.
4. From Table 6-1 obtain the volume of water in air (g/m3), assuming 100% relative humidity, for the
ambient temperature or the expected temperature of the odour evaluation laboratory; whichever is lower.
6. Follow Steps 5 to 7 of the pre-dilution determination procedure (Chapter 5.4.1) to calculate the required
dilution rate.
The results of the pre-dilution ratio determination must be made available upon request during collection of the
“optimum dilution” ratio samples and shall be included in the final report.
If uncertain on what approach to use to determine the “optimum dilution” ratio, the Ministry’s Source
Assessment Specialists need to be contacted for guidance.
5.5 Sampling Procedure (Non-Stratified Gas Stream)
1. Assemble the odour sample collection system. Place the probe at a single point near the centre of the stack
or duct. If the stack or duct exceeds 2.0 min diameter, the sample probe can be placed at any single point,
greater than 1.0 maway from the stack or duct wall.
2. Ensure that all sample ports, including the area around the sample probe, are covered to prevent the
dilution of the gas stream.
3. Heat the front end of the sample apparatus (between the stack and the point of dilution) to the temperature
of the stack gas, or 120°C whichever is lower. To prevent the formation of condensation in the sample line
prior to the stack gas being diluted with nitrogen, the sample apparatus must be heated to a temperature
equal to or no more than 20% higher than the measured stack temperature; not to exceed 120°C.
4. To condition the sample container, start the flow of nitrogen and adjust the stack gas sample flow rate to
obtain the proper predetermined pre-dilution ratio. Fill the sample container with the pre-diluted stack gas,
and then empty the sample container. Repeat the procedure. The sample container is now conditioned for
the collection of an odour sample.
5. Adjust the sample flow rate such that the sample container is filled over a 10 minute sampling period.
Connect the sample container, obtain sample and record all data according to Table 6-2.
6. The operator must watch over the sampling trains flow/pressure measuring device(s) throughout the entire
test period to ensure a consistent pre-dilution rate is being achieved for the duration of the test.
7. A minimum of three separate samples shall be collected from each source at the optimum dilution rate.
5.6 Sample Recovery
After completion of the ten (10) minute sample collection, the sample container is immediately sealed, labelled
and shielded from direct sunlight. To protect from photo- chemical degradation samples shall be placed in an
opaque container for storage and transport.
Samples shall be analyzed within 24 hours of sample collection by an odour analysis laboratory that is acceptable
to the Source Assessment Specialist.
Note: Caution should be taken when using stickers, tapes or other adhesive/solvent based products to label
sample containers as there is the potential for odours to migrate into the sample container.
6.0 Undiluted – Evacuated Lung Sampling Procedure
In the case that stack temperatures and moisture content are low and if it is determined that the stack gas odour
concentration is within the dilution range of the olfactometer, the evacuated lung sampling procedure may be
utilized.
6.1 Apparatus
The odour sample collection system must be capable of drawing a sample at a steady sampling rate spanning a
10 minute sample period. A pump is used to evacuate a rigid leak-free vessel creating negative pressure which
draws a sample of stack gas from the gas stream, through a sample probe, into a sample bag contained within the
vessel.
A sketch of an acceptable evacuated lung odour sample collection system is shown in Figure 6-1b. Other odour
sample collection systems may be used, provided it can be demonstrated that they are effective in obtaining a
sample with minimal possibility of contamination.
a. See Chapter 5.1 (a to f).

b. Sample Lung – rigid vessel or container, capable of maintaining a vacuum sufficient to pull the sample
from the exhaust stream, within the time required.
c. Pump – Leak free diaphragm-type pump (with adjustable flow) or equivalent, which is capable of
delivering at least 1 litre/minute under a steady sampling rate lasting 10 minutes.
Note: When sampling a stack or duct with significant negative pressure, a pump with a higher capability
will be required.
d. Flow meter - 0 to 5 litre flow range
6.2 Preparation
See Chapter 5.2 (Steps 1 to 4).
6.3 Volumetric Flow Rate Determination
See Chapter 5.3.
6.4 Sample Procedure
1. Assemble the odour sample collection system. Place the probe at a single point near the centre of the stack
or duct. If the stack or duct exceeds 2.0 min diameter, the sample probe can be placed at any single point,
greater than 1.0 maway from the stack or duct wall.
2. Ensure that all sample ports, including the area around the sample probe, are covered to prevent the
dilution of the gas stream.
3. To condition the sample container, connect the sample container to the sample line, seal the rigid vessel
and start the pump. Fill the sample container with the stack gas. Empty the sample container and repeat the
above procedure. The sample container is now conditioned for the collection of odour samples.
4. Reconnect the conditioned sample container, seal the rigid vessel and begin sampling by starting the pump;
adjusting the sample flow rate such that the sample container is filled over a 10 minute sampling period.
Record all data according to Table 6-2.
5. If sampling a gas stream of negative static pressure, it is important to disconnect and seal the sample
container immediately following sample collection to ensure the sample is not drawn back into the stack or
duct. When sampling a stack or duct with a high negative pressure it may be necessary to incorporate a
clean odour free stainless steel needle valve between the sample probe and sample container. This valve
can be closed immediately following sample collection to prevent sample loss.
6. A minimum of three separate samples shall be collected from each source.
6.5 Sample Recovery
See Chapter 5.6.
7.0 Area Source – Flux Chamber Sampling Procedure
This method is applicable to sampling for odours from area sources with no induced flow, including but not
limited to: waste water lagoons, sewage treatment settling tanks/clarifiers, landfills and compost piles. This
method is not applicable to open bed biofilters.
Area sources are rarely homogeneous in nature. As a result, it is important that a well developed sampling
strategy is employed to ensure that the samples collected provide a fair representation of the odour emission
potential of the source as a whole. This may require sampling to be completed at multiple locations, for each
individual source.
A sketch of an acceptable area source odour sample collection system is shown in Figure 6-1c. Other odour
sample collection systems and procedures may be used, provided it can be demonstrated that they are suitable for
their intended purpose and have been approved by a Source Assessment Specialist.
Note that sampling using this approach is not to be conducted on rainy days (or when rain occurs within 24 hours
prior to the scheduled sampling); as the rain will interfere with the normal generation and release of the odorous
emissions (odour scrubbing effect).
7.1 Apparatus
a. Sample Line – made of Teflon®, or glass; the distance between the probe and the sample container shall
be kept to a minimum. All fittings shall be clean and odour free and preferably of Telfon® or stainless
steel composition.
b. Sample Containers – material of construction shall be Tedlar®, Teflon® or any other materials (such as
Nalophan®) which will not compromise the integrity of the sample. When such other materials are
proposed, approval from the Source Assessment Specialist is required. The sample container shall be of
sufficient volume to carry out a minimum of an eight member odour panel evaluation.
c. Sample Lung – rigid vessel or container, capable of maintaining a vacuum sufficient to pull the sample
from the exhaust stream, within the time required.
d. Pump – Leak free Teflon® coated diaphragm-type pump (with adjustable flow) or equivalent, which is
capable of delivering at least 1 litre/minute under a steady sampling rate lasting 10 minutes.
e. Flow meter – Two (2) flow meters with a 0 to 5 litre flow range.
f. Odourless Gas – Nitrogen (4.8 grade or higher).
g. Flux Chamber – Enclosure with a cylindrical shaped base and a spherical top, constructed of stainless
steel or plexiglass. The unit shall be equipped with odour free fittings which will allow for the introduction
of neutral (sweep) gas, the extraction of a gaseous sample and the relief of sweep gas pressure (i.e., with a
bleed valve). See Figure 6-2 for a diagram. The flux chamber may be equipped with a floatation device for
sampling liquid surfaces.
7.2 Preparation
1. The sample containers are required to be preconditioned by heating to 70°C (158°F) and flushed
continuously with odourless air for a minimum of 8 hours. All containers should be checked for residual
odours prior to use. Note that materials other than Tedlar® and Telfon® may not require such
preconditioning. However, guidance in this issue is required from the Source Assessment Specialist.
2. The flux chamber shall be clean and free of residual odour prior to each use.
3. The sample transfer line must be clean and free of residual odour. If any contamination is observed on the
sample transfer line, the sample transfer line must be replaced. A new and/or clean odour free sample line
should be used for each source being measured.
7.3 Sample Procedure
1. Assemble the odour sample collection system and place the flux chamber over the surface area to be
tested. Ensure that the cylindrical walls of the flux chamber are slightly below the sampling surface
thereby preventing the introduction of ambient air into the chamber.
2. Start the flow of metered sweep gas into the flux chamber. The flow rate shall be metered at 0.00064 m3/s
based on one square metre of coverage. Using an EPA style flux chamber with a diameter of 40.6 cm and
area coverage of 0.13 m2, sweep gas flow rates shall be metered at 5 L/min.
Flux chambers covering a larger surface area will require a higher sweep gas flow rate. In such cases, the
sweep gas flow rate results will need to be normalized to 0.00064 m3/s based on one square metre of
coverage.
3. Allow a minimum of 4 air exchanges to occur within the chamber prior to drawing a sample. Each air
exchange represents passing a volume of sweep gas into the flux chamber that is equal to the chamber
volume.
4. To condition the sample container, connect it to the sample line within the rigid vessel. Seal the vessel and
start the pump. Fill the sample container and stop the pump. Empty the sample container and repeat the
above procedure. The sample container is now conditioned for the collection of odour samples.
5. Reconnect the conditioned sample container to the sample line within the rigid vessel, seal the vessel and
begin sampling by starting the pump. The sample flow rate is required to be such that the sample container
is filled over a 10 minute sampling period. The sweep gas volumetric flow rate must exceed that of the
sample flow rate. Record all data according to Table 6-3.
6. A minimum of three separate samples shall be collected from each source; but as indicated previously, area
sources are rarely homogeneous in nature. The number of separate samples may be higher than three;
depending on the number of selected locations that will provide a fair representation of the odour emission
potential, of the source as a whole.
Note that when using the flux chamber approach, for collecting odour samples, the odour flux (ou/s/m2) is
calculated based on the sweep gas rate. See Equations 6-3 and 6-4.
The flux chamber sweep gas flow rate and its normalization are used for convenience to standardize the
sampling strategy and emission rate calculations. In actuality the rate of odorant release from a surface
area will depend upon many parameters, some of which include: temperature and porosity of the surface,
ambient temperature and relative humidity, substance chemical and physical composition, surface tension
between the odorant and the surface area as well as the sweeping effect of the wind on the surface area.
The flux chamber sampling method is being adopted to assist in standardizing sampling strategies and
providing repeatable results.
7.4 Sample Recovery
See Chapter 5.6.
8.0 Open Bed Biofilter Sampling Method
Open bed biofilters have characteristically low air flow velocities over a large surface area. It is this induced air
flow that makes sampling using area source odour sampling methods (i.e flux chamber sampling) unsuitable. If
used, a flux chamber would trap air exiting the biofilter and build positive pressure within the chamber. This
positive pressure at the surface of the biofilter would disturb the natural flow of the unit diverting air around the
chamber in the path of least resistance. This would in-turn result in an inaccurate, non-representative odour
samples.
This sample method utilizes a passive sampling hood designed to produce minimal resistance to the biofilters
natural air flow, while funnelling the gas stream through a diameter of ducting small enough to produce
measureable flow rates. An evacuated lung sampling apparatus is used in conjunction with the sampling hood to
draw odour samples from its exhaust duct.
A sketch of an acceptable open bed biofilter odour sample collection system is shown in Figure 6-1d. Other
odour sample collection systems and procedures may be used, provided it can be demonstrated that they are
suitable for their intended purpose and have been approved by a Source Assessment Specialist.
8.1 Apparatus
A well designed sampling hood is essential to the success of this procedure. The following three items need to be
considered when constructing the sample hood:
i. The size of the capture hood and diameter of its exhaust duct needs to be sufficient to provide measureable
velocity readings.
ii. The angle of the capture hood (inverted funnel) must provide minimal resistance to the natural flow of the
biofilter exhaust.
iii. The entry angle from the capture hood to the exhaust duct needs to be designed to provide a smooth
transition, minimizing the possibility of positive pressure build-up in the capture hood.
It is imperative that the sample hood is designed to minimize the loss of gas stream velocity and prevent the
build-up of pressure as the biofilter emissions pass through the apparatus. A high positive pressure within the
sampling hood (created by a poorly designed sampling apparatus) has the potential to alter the natural air flow of
the bed; providing inaccurate non-representative sampling results. Pressure build-up within the sample hood,
resulting in entry losses, will vary depending on the angle of the capture hood in relation to the biofilter bed. It is
recommended that a hood height to base diameter ratio of 3 to 1 be used.
In addition to limiting losses due to the potential pressures and disturbances between the biofilter bed, capture
hood and exhaust duct, the duct should be designed to allow gas velocity readings of 0.2 m/s or higher. Velocity
readings can typically be measured accurately at levels as low as 0.2 m/s by commercially available air velocity
meters.
8.2 Sampling
Odour sampling locations are established by conducting an initial airflow survey over the surface area being
assessed. This survey should be completed by obtaining flow measurements using twelve (12) or more equal area
quadrants. This survey will reveal any airflow trends; preferential air flow, possible breakthrough zones, dead
spots or relative uniformity across the bed.
If the biofilter displays relative uniformity across the bed (considered to be less than 20% variance from the
average measured velocity) sampling should be completed at a minimum of three separate locations across the
bed.
If there is significant variance in measured velocity (> ±20%), sampling zones need to be established. These
zones are based on quadrants with similar flow characteristics. The number of sampling zones defined will be
subject to the amount of flow variation and the flow patterns observed. A minimum of three odour samples
should be collected from each of the defined zones.
Odour samples and temperature/flow measurements are taken from the straight vertical section of duct extending
above the capture hood (see figure 6-1d for a sketch of the apparatus). An evacuated lung sampling system is
used to draw the odour sample into the sample container (see Chapter 6). A pre-dilution sampler may be needed
if high moisture levels and/or very high odour concentrations are encountered (see Chapter 5).
The resultant odour concentration is assigned to each quadrant within the defined sample zone. The product of
the zones average velocity (calculated to reflect that of the bed surface), total area and the resulting odour
concentration provides the odour emission rate. Emission rates for biofilters are typically entered into the air
dispersion model as a point source. If there is significant variation in the biofilter velocity profile and numerous
sample zones are identified, it may be necessary to model the biofilter as more than one point source – utilizing a
diameter of equal area – and assigning relative emission rates and flow characteristics.
If the velocity profile of the biofilter is relatively uniform an inlet flow measurement is preferred for calculating
volumetric flow rates and surface velocity, as it is likely to be more accurate. If this method is employed it is
necessary to adjust the flow rate to reflect the temperature and moisture characteristics of the gas flow as it exits
the biofilter (typically at saturation).
Note that sampling using this approach is not to be conducted on rainy days (or when rain occurs within 24 hours
of the scheduled sampling); as the rain will interfere with the normal generation and release of the odorous
emissions (odour scrubbing effect).
9.0 Field Blanks
Field blanks are required to be collected immediately prior to commencing source sampling. A minimum of one
field blank is required for each test date.
Field blank samples are collected to determine the existence and magnitude of contamination problems and to
assess the level of quantification of the sampling system and analytical procedure.
Blanks reflect the amount of contamination introduced into the odour samples during sample collection, transfer
or analysis. They are used to determine whether (1) equipment-cleaning protocols adequately remove
residual/background contamination from the sampling trains and containers, (2) equipment handling and
transport periods introduce contamination, and (3) sampling, transport and sample-processing procedures result
in contamination.
The procedure for obtaining a field blank requires that the blank be exposed to the same environmental
conditions as all other odour samples. The basic steps for the collection of a field blank follow:
1. At the sampling site (and immediately prior to drawing samples from the exhaust) connect an odour-free
air source to the end of the sample probe.
2. Connect the sample container to the odour sampler.
3. Obtain a sample “blank” following the same procedures used when collecting other odour samples. The
sampling apparatus must draw air from the supplied odour-free source, through the entire sample train and
into the sample container.
4. Record the field blank collection information in the field data sheets. Label the field blank appropriately
with the time, date and sample ID prior preparing it for transport. Field blanks should be shipped in the
same manner and at the same time as the other samples collected.
5. Analytical procedures for field blanks shall be identical to those used for all other odour samples.
Note: The odour samples associated with each blank (laboratory and field blanks) shall not be corrected for
blank contamination.
10.0 Odour Evaluation

Evaluation of odour concentrations of gaseous samples should be completed following the European Standard
EN13725: 2003 (or its most recent version) with the following exceptions:
A minimum of an 8 member panel is required for odour analysis in Ontario.

Analysis is not required to be completed twice for each sample.
Analysis is required to be completed within 24 hours of sample collection. Besides the above mentioned
deviations all other criteria, as outlined in the EN 13725 document needs to be followed.
11.1 Appendix 6A: Hydrocarbon Calibration Method – Calibrating Pre-Dilution Sampling Apparatus
1. Assemble the pre-dilution sampling apparatus without sample container or sample lung.
2. Attach the sample inlet of the pre-dilution sampling apparatus probe to a hydrocarbon source of known
concentration, i.e., certified calibration gas (Propane or Methane).
Note: hydrocarbon concentration should be sufficiently high so as not to exceed the detection limit of
continuous analyzers equipped with a flame ionization detector at the highest pre-dilution ratio anticipated
for the tests.
3. Assemble a continuous hydrocarbon analyzer (flame ionization detector) to draw a slip stream from the
pre-dilution apparatus sample collection outlet. Hydrocarbon concentrations shall be recorded on a
continuous basis (1 second intervals) and logged electronically via data acquisition system across a range
of dilution settings. The hydrocarbon analyzer and data acquisition system shall be maintained and
operated according the manufacturer’s specifications and the analyzer shall meet the performance criteria
outlined in the US EPA 40CFR60 Method 25A.
4. Start the flow of neutral gas and adjust the sample apparatus to achieve the desired pre-dilution ratio.
Record the data according to Table 6-2, excluding the stack temperature. Maintain this operation for a
minimum of 1 minute. Record the undiluted hydrocarbon concentration on the data sheet and calculate the
actual dilution factor based on the analyzer readings for each dilution setting. Readings obtained during the
1 minute interval should be stable. Differences exceeding ±5% during the 1 minute reading indicates that
the sampling system is faulty and is in need of repair.
Repeat Step 4 over the range of pre-dilution ratios and at unit temperature increments anticipated to be used
during field testing. The acceptable linear response over the operating range of the pre-dilution sampling
apparatus is set at ±5 percent.
11.2 Appendix 6B: Equations and Sample Calculations
11.2.1Stratification (%) Equation
Equation 6-1
STi = [(Ci − C(avg)) ⁄ C(avg)] × 100
Where:
STi
stratification (%)
Ci
concentration of the measured species at point
Cavg
geometric average of all measured concentrations
The flow in the stack or duct is considered to be stratified if any calculated value using Equation 6-1 exceeds
10%.
11.2.2 Point Source - Odour Emission Rate Equation
Equation 6-2
Where:
Average Detection Threshold Value (geometric average odour concentration value - defined by geometric
average of triplicate odour sample analysis)
Qw
Stack gas volumetric flow rate - wet basis at reference conditions (25°C and 101.3 kPa)
ER
Source Emission Rate (ou/s)
11.2.3 Area Source - Odour Emission Rate Equation
Equation 6-3
Where:
Average Detection Threshold Value (geometric average odour concentration value - defined by geometric
average of triplicate odour sample analysis)
SG
Sweep Gas Flow Rate (m3/s)
CA
Chamber Area (m2)
OF
Odour Flux (ou/s/m2)
Equation 6-4
ER = OF × SA
Where:
SA
Total Source Area (m2)
ER
Source Emission Rate (ou/s)
11.2.4 Pre-Dilution Ratio Determination Equation
Equation 6-5
R = Ww ⁄ Vm
Where:
Ww
weight of moisture collected by the condenser (g)
Vm
volume of dry gas sample (m3)
R
stack gas moisture content (g/m3)
Equation 6-7
PD = R ⁄ Dp
Where:
PD
pre-dilution ratio (volume of dry nitrogen to stack gas)
Dp
ambient temperature moisture content at saturation (g/m3)
Moisture content data for this calculation is based on the data used in the sample calculation in Method ON-4.
This data can be seen in Part E (Tables 4-1 and 4-2).
11.2.4.1 Pre-Dilution Ratio Sample Calculation
Ww = 146.6 g
Vm = 0.975 m3
By using Equation 6-4, we obtain:
R = 146.6 ⁄ 0.975
R = 150.3 g/m3
For the purpose of finding Dp we will assume that that lowest temperature that the sample will reach is an
ambient temperature of 18°C. Dp is then defined using Table 6- 1.
Dp = 15.4 g/m3
PD = 150.3 ⁄ 15.4
PD = 9.8 : 1
Based on the calculation, the pre-dilution ratio used would be 10:1 (10 parts dry nitrogen to 1 part stack gas) by
volume.
11.3 Appendix 6C: Conditional Odour Sampling Methods
This chapter describes some of the successful non-traditional odour sampling methods that have been applied in
the past. These “Conditional Odour Sampling Methods” are intended to provide some guidance in dealing with
some non-traditional odour sources. Please note that this chapter is for guidance purposes only. It is necessary to
contact the Source Assessment Specialist prior to implementing these methods for compliance testing purposes.
11.3.1 Sampling Truck Trailers and Bins
Sampling large area sources such as a truck trailer or a large bin presents several challenges. The following is a
brief description of a sampling method which has been successfully applied in the past.
To facilitate the measurement of odours coming from truck trailers or bins, build an enclosure to accommodate
the largest truck trailer or bin of raw material. Equip this enclosure with a passive air intake at one end and an
exhaust system used for the venting of odorous air at the other end. The air inlet should be placed above the
odour source and the outlet should be placed lower for the purpose of inducing a cross draft. The exhaust will
discharge odorous air from within the enclosure through a straight section of a duct which will provide an ideal
sampling location for both odour and volumetric flow rate. Refer to Figure 6-3 for a view of the enclosure.
Once the truck trailer or bin is placed within the enclosure and the door tightly closed, the exhaust system is
activated. Fresh air is allowed to enter the opposite end of the enclosure through the passive air intake, which is
an opening equivalent in diameter to the exhaust duct diameter. The enclosure is allowed to stabilize for a period
sufficient to give at least two (2) air exchanges prior to sample collection.
Once the enclosure is stabilized, odour samples are collected from the exhaust duct with an evacuated lung
sampling system (see Chapter 6). Care must be taken to ensure that samples are not collected while there are
ambient odours around the enclosures, as this will bias the results.
At the beginning and at the end of each sampling day, a sample is collected while the enclosure is empty to
evaluate background levels.
11.3.2 Fugitive Odour Sampling
When assessing a facility’s aggregate odour impact it is necessary to address the issue of fugitives. Fugitive
sources of odour are elusive and difficult to identify, such as leaky valves, flanges or passive ventilation
apertures. These sources may even release quantities of odorants intermittently making them even more difficult
to quantify.
In certain instances fugitive sources may comprise the majority of a facility’s aggregate odour emission rate; as
such, it is essential that these sources are quantified and included in a site-wide assessment of potential odour
impacts.
There are several sampling methods which can be used to quantify fugitive odours. Due to the unique nature of
odour emitting facilities, it is often necessary to adapt one or more of these methods to best suit each individual
situation. Having a qualified person develop a comprehensive strategy for quantifying fugitive odour emissions
is a key element to completing a successful odour assessment. A Source Assessment Specialist should always be
contacted to discuss proposed sampling strategies prior to initiating a program.
12.0 References
1. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Industrial Ventilation – A Manual of
Recommended Practice. 27th Edition. Cincinnati, Ohio, 2010.
2. American Society for Testing and Materials, ANSI/ASTM E679-04. Standard Practice for Determination
of Odor and Taste Threshold by a Forced-Choice Ascending Concentration Series Method of Limits, 2004.
3. Canadian Ortech Environmental Inc., Odour Evaluation Methodology. Mississauga, Ontario. 2005.
4. Environment Canada, Report EPS 1/PG/7, Protocols and Performance Specifications for Continuous
Monitoring of Gaseous Emissions from Thermal Power Generation. December 2005.
5. European Community for Standardization, Standard EN 13725: 2003 – Air Quality – Determination of
Odour Concentration by Dynamic Olfactometry, 2003.
6. Gnyp A. et. al. (1974). Development procedures for determining industrial odour thresholds. University of
Windsor: Department of Chemical Engineering, Windsor, Ontario.
7. Hopton, F., and Laughlin, R. (1974). Industrial odour measurement and control. Ontario Research
Foundation, Mississauga, Ontario.
8. Klopping, H.L. (1971). Olfactory theories and the odours of small molecules. Journal of Agricultural and
Food Chemistry, # 19.
9. Murphy, Scott (2009) Missoula Odor Characterization Study. Morrison-Maierle Inc. & Bowker &
Associates Inc.
10. Ontario Ministry of Environment (1989). Source sampling for odours (Draft). Toronto, Ontario.
11. Pinchin Environmental Ltd., Odour Evaluation Methodology. Mississauga, Ontario. 2005.
12. Primer Environmental Services Inc., Source Sampling for Odours on an Open Single-Bed Biofilter.
Kitchener, Ontario. January 2001.
13. Schulman L. et. al., Development and Evaluation of the PRIME Plume Rise and Building Downwash
Model. Earth Tech Inc., Concord, Massachusetts.
14. United States Environmental Protection Agency Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40 Part 60, Appendix
A.
15. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1986). Measurement of gaseous emission rates from land surfaces
using isolation flux chamber - User’s Guide. Las Vegas, Nevada.
Table 6-1: Amount of Water in Air at Saturation

(Using Standard Atmospheric Pressure 101.325 Kpa)
Vapour Vapour Vapour Vapour
Temperature Conc. Temperature Conc. Temperature Conc. Temperature Conc.
(°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
(g/m3) (g/m3) (g/m3) (g/m3)
−20 0.9 1 5.2 22 19.4 43 59.3
−19 1.0 2 5.6 23 20.6 44 62.2
−18 1.1 3 5.9 24 21.8 45 65.3
−17 1.2 4 6.4 25 23.0 46 68.6
−16 1.3 5 6.8 26 24.4 47 71.9
−15 1.4 6 7.3 27 25.8 48 75.4
−14 1.5 7 7.7 28 27.2 49 79.0
Vapour Vapour Vapour Vapour

Temperature Conc. Temperature Conc. Temperature Conc. Temperature Conc.
(°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
(g/m3) (g/m3) (g/m3) (g/m3)
−13 1.7 8 8.3 29 28.7 50 82.8
−12 1.8 9 8.8 30 30.3 51 86.7
−11 2.0 10 9.4 31 32.0 52 90.8
−10 2.1 11 10.0 32 33.8 53 95.1
−9 2.3 12 10.7 33 35.6 54 99.5
−8 2.5 13 11.3 34 37.6 55 104
−7 2.8 14 12.1 35 39.6 60 130
−6 3.0 15 12.8 36 41.7 65 160
−5 3.2 16 13.6 37 43.9 70 197
−4 3.5 17 14.5 38 46.2 75 240
−3 3.8 18 15.4 39 48.6 80 291
−2 4.1 19 16.3 40 51.1 85 350
−1 4.5 20 17.3 41 53.7 90 419
0 4.8 21 18.3 42 56.4
2009 ASHRAE Handbook, Fundamentals, Chapter 1, Psychrometrics
The satuaration pressure over ice for the temperature range of −100 to 0 degrees celcius is given by:
ln p(ws) = C1 ⁄ T + C2 + C3T + C4T2 + C5T3 + C6T4 + C7 ln T
Where:
C1 = -5.674 535 9 E +03
C2 = 6.392 524 7 E +00
C3 = −9.677 843 0 E −03
C4 = 6.221 570 1 E −07
C5 = 2.074 782 5 E −09
C6 = -9.484 024 0 E −13
C7 = 4.163 501 9 E +00
T = absolute temperature, K
pws = saturation pressure, Pa
The satuaration pressure over liquid water for the temperature range of 0 to 200 degrees celcius is given by:
ln p(ws) = C8 ⁄ T + C9 + C10T + C11T2 + C12T3 + C13 ln T
Where:
C8 = −5.800 220 6 E +03
C9 = 1.391 499 3 E +00
C10 = −4.864 023 9 E −02
C11 = 4.176 476 8 E −05
C12 = −1.445 209 3 E -08
C13 = 6.545 967 3 E +00

T = absolute temperature, K
pws = saturation pressure, Pa
Table 6-2:Odour Sample Data Sheet Template
Download Odour Sample Data Sheet Template
Table 6-3: Flux Chamber Odour Sample Data Sheet Template
Download Flux Chamber Odour Sample Data Sheet Template
Figure 6-1a: Sketch of an Acceptable Sampling Train for Odour Sampling (Dynamic Dilution Approach)
This figure shows an arrow on the left hand side pointing to the right representing stack gas. The arrow is
pointing to a probe, which is represented by a long thin rectangle. There is a line extending vertically through the
middle of the probe representing an orifice. Above the probe there is a diagram of a nitrogen gas cylinder with a
valve, which passes through an orifice and then to the right hand side of the probe orifice.
At the other end of the probe is a Teflon line, which turns ninety degrees and is connected to a valve that
exhausts to the right. The bend is also connected to a valve at a ninety degree angle and is connected to a Tedlar
bag.
Figure 6-1b: Sketch of an Acceptable Sampling Train for Odour Sampling (Evacuated Lung Approach)
This figure shows an arrow on the left hand side pointing to the right representing stack gas. The arrow is
pointing to a probe, which is represented by a long thin rectangle. At the other end of the probe is a Teflon line
connected to a Tedlar bag inside a sampling lung. There is another Teflon line connected to the outlet of the
sampling lung and to a pump.
Figure 6-1c: Sketch of an Acceptable Sampling Train for Odour Sampling (Flux Chamber Approach)
This figure shows the sampling train for a flux chamber. There is a compressed gas cylinder of neutral gas
(nitrogen) on the left hand side, with a regulator on top. There is a Teflon line coming from the regulator,
connected to a flow meter. There is another Teflon line on the other side of the flow meter which is connected to
the top of the flux chamber on the left side. The flux chamber has a round stainless steel dome and a
thermocouple on the top and is connected to a floatation collar. The stainless steel dome has a diameter of 16
inches, with a Teflon sampling line connected to the top of the dome on the right side. This line leads to a Tedlar
bag that is inside a vacuum chamber. The vacuum chamber has a Teflon line connected to a sampling pump with
a flow meter.
Source - Diagram modified for Ontario specifications based on the following document: Murphy, Scott (2009)
Missoula Odor Characterization Study. Morrison-Maierle Inc. & Bowker & Associates Inc.
Figure 6-1d: Sketch Of An Acceptable Sampling Train For Odour Sampling (Biofilter Bed Sample Train)
This figure shows a sampling train for a biofilter bed. The bottom of the figure represents a biofilter bed, with
squiggly arrows representing odour coming from the bottom to the top. There is an upside down “Y” shaped
sample hood on top of the biofilter bed with a long narrow stem representing the sample port. There is a Teflon
line in the stem part of the sample hood approximately one third the way from the top. The Teflon line is
connected to a sample bag inside a rigid sample vessel. There is another Teflon line from the rigid sample vessel
connected to a flow meter and to a sample pump.
Figure 6-2: Odour Sampling Flux Chamber Configuration
This figure shows parts of a flux chamber in a deconstructed view. The top layer is a top gasket with quarter inch
holes evenly placed around the gasket. The cylinder-shaped gasket is hollow, with an inner diameter of
approximately 16 inches. The top gasket has two, quarter inch bolts that are inserted on the right and left ends of
the cylinder. The next layer is the flux chamber dome. The dome has three holes evenly spaced on the top for
quarter inch bulkheads and Teflon washers. The hole on the left has a Teflon inlet carrier gas line. The hole in the
middle has a thermocouple and the hole on the right has a Teflon line for the outlet carrier gas line. There are 20
holes evenly spaced on the dome lip that align with the top gasket. The next layer is a perforated sweep air wrap
with four inlet holes at 90 degrees to each other. The next layer is a sealing washer with 20 holes evenly spaced
as the same as the top gasket and dome lip. The final layer is the flux chamber base with a support ring flange.
This flange has the same 20 evenly spaced holes. The quarter inch bolts that are inserted into the top gasket
connect to all the layers except the perforated sweep air wrap.
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1986). Measurement of gaseous emission rates from land
surfaces using isolation flux chamber - user’s guide.
Figure 6-3: Trucks Odour Sampling Station
This figure shows a picture of a truck enclosure for a truck odour sampling station. The enclosure is large enough
to fit a tractor trailer sized truck and has a rectangular base with a pointed top. It is fully enclosed and sealed to
the outside environment. There is a circular tube made of sheet metal that extends outwards from inside the
building along the ground.
This figure shows the inside of the truck enclosure. It has a circular sheet metal tube to attach to the truck to
exhaust the fumes outside of the truck enclosure.
This figure shows a truck inside the truck enclosure. The entrance is lifted up and the truck is fully inside the
truck enclosure.
Part H - Method ON-7: Determination of Size Distribution of

Particulate Matter from Stationary Sources
Part H: Method ON-7: Determination of Size Distribution of

Particulate Matter from Stationary Sources
Acknowledgement
This document is based on the State of California’s Air Resources Board - Method 501 (Determination of Size
Distribution of Particulate Matter from Stationary Sources). It has been adapted to reflect requirements specific
to Ontario.
1.0 Purpose
To determine the size distribution of particulate matter of a gas stream in a stack or duct, withdrawn under
isokinetic conditions, segregated by size through inertial separation (cascade impactor) and determined
gravimetrically.
2.0 Principle
An aerosol stream passes through a nozzle and impacts upon collection plates. Particles in the aerosol stream
having large enough inertia will impact upon the collection plates while the other particles will follow the airflow
through the impaction region.
Impaction occurs when the particle’s inertia overcomes the aerodynamic drag. Otherwise, the particle remains in
the air stream and proceeds to the next stage. To keep the cut-point for each stage constant, the impactor is
operated at a constant flow rate. At each stage, the particle impacts on a desiccated, tared glass fibre mat.
Each stage gives a cut-point based on aerodynamic diameter of the particle and the flow rate/face velocity.
Aerodynamic diameter is defined as the diameter of a sphere of unit density (1.0 g/cm3) that attains the same
terminal settling velocity as the actual particle under consideration.
Following sampling, the samples are cooled in a dessicator and weighed to 0.1 mg.
Note that for mathematical modeling purposes, it is convenient to express the behaviour of an irregularly shaped
particulate specimen as if it were a spherical particle. Use of such common denominators makes it easier to
predict, compare and correlate various materials. The Stokesian, or Equivalent Diameter is the diameter of a
sphere having the same terminal settling velocity and density as the particle under consideration. Typically, the
density of a particulate sample is not known during field sampling. All calculations in the field are therefore
performed assuming unit particle density (1 g/cm3).
The assumed most significant negative bias with this approach is that spheres have the unique feature of being
the most compact shape for the volume or surface area they possess. More irregular shaped (normal) particles
will possess more surface than the sphere and will therefore fall more slowly because of the increased drag than
their equivalent spherical diameter.
3.0 Applicability
This method is applicable to ducted source sampling environments with:
i. a particulate mass concentration range of 0.00001 g /m3 (10 ug/m3) to 100 g/m3 (based on a pressure range
between 125 to 500 mm of water gauge);
ii. a temperature range between 0°C and 450°C; and,
iii. a velocity between 3.0 and 30 m/s.
In general, the applicable range of solid particle separation using cascade impactors is between 0.30 and 20
microns in diameter.
This method is not applicable to high temperature, moisture saturated gas streams or fibrous material.
This method may be used as a screening tool for the determination of filterable PM10 and PM2.5 while
conducting standard Method ON-5 sampling for total suspended particulate matter determination. The mass
fractions obtained (from the cascade impactor sampling) are multiplied by the total PM emissions (minus the
residual PM obtained from the back filter and probe/filter holder sample recovered).
Note: This variation of Method ON-5 accounts only for the PM10 and PM2.5 filterable fraction, and not the
condensable fraction. For the condensable fraction, the US EPA Method 202 needs to be followed.
When using this method for PM10 and PM2.5 compliance testing, the Source Assessment Specialist needs to be
contacted to approve its use.
Alternatively, the primary reference for PM10 and PM2.5 determination are the US EPA methods based on cut off
cyclones to determine the filterable fractions, and the US EPA method 202 for the PM condensable fraction.
4.0 Apparatus
4.1 Sampling Train
A schematic diagram of the source test sampling train is presented in Figure 7-1. This train is similar to the
Method ON-5 particulate sampling train. The schematic diagram shows the basic parts of the sampling train,
including the right angle pre-collector and the cascade impactor mounted on a modified probe of a Method ON-5
sampling probe.
a. Right Angle Pre-collector – serves to turn the sample stream through a 90° angle and help prevent
overloading of first impactor stage. The curved nozzles used with Method ON-5 are not acceptable for use
with particle sizing devices because of high particulate losses in the nozzle. Figure 7-2 shows a view of a
right angle pre-collector.
b. Cascade Impactor – consists of a threaded cylindrical casing, with up to 11 impaction jet stages, particle
collection plate, threaded inlet and outlet sections, and a filter holder in the outlet section (for a 47 mm
diameter final filter). It provides for up to 12 particle size classifications.
The preferred configuration is to use the single jet inlet followed by six (6) multi- jet stages with the
collection plates and a filter.
Figure 7-3 shows a cross-section of the University of Washington 11-stage impactor, and Figure 7-4
illustrates the individual parts of a 7-stage impactor.
c. Probe – Structurally stable, lined corrosion resistant metal liner, long enough to traverse at least half of the
stack diameter, and capable of maintaining a gas temperature of 120°C at the exit end during sampling and
including a probe temperature sensor.
d. Pitot tube and Differential Pressure Gauge – S-type (Stausscheibe or reverse type) or standard type with
tubing to connect the two pressure taps to inclined manometers or devices of equivalent sensitivity,
readable to the nearest 0.10 mm H2O for ΔP values between 0.10 and 25 mm H2O. Velocity profile
information is obtained prior to the sampling run by performing a velocity traverse using Method ON-2.
The sampling flow rate, nozzle and sampling points are selected based on this velocity traverse.
e. Temperature Sensors – Thermocouple or other calibrated device capable of measuring stack gas
temperature to within 1.5% of the minimum temperature. Temperature sensor is used to measure the
impactor exit gas temperature, the stack gas temperature, and the temperature of the gas in last impinger of
the sampling train.
f. Condenser – comprised of four impingers connected in series with leak-free fittings (e.g., ground glass).
The first, third and fourth impingers are of the Greenburg-Smith design modified by replacing the tip with
1.3 cm I.D. glass tubing extending to about 1.3 cm from the bottom of the flask. The second impinger is of
the standard Greenburg-Smith design. Known volumes of water are placed in the first and second
impingers and a known weight of desiccant is placed in the fourth impinger. The impingers are maintained
in an ice bath.
g. Metering System – comprised of a vacuum gauge, leak-free pump with coarse and fine control valves,
calibrated dry gas meter capable of measuring volume to within 2% and including an inlet and an outlet
temperature sensor capable of measuring temperature to within 1°C or temperature compensation and a
calibrated orifice meter.
h. Barometer – mercury aneroid or other barometer capable of measuring atmospheric pressure to within 2.5
mm Hg. Alternatively, the daily atmospheric pressure is provided by Environment Canada may be used
with an altitude adjustment for the sampling site at the rate of minus 2.5 mm per 30 meters of elevation
increase or vice versa for elevation decrease.
i. Gas Composition Determination Equipment – see Parts D and E (Methods ON-3 and ON-4)
4.2 Sample Recovery and Analysis Equipment
a. Brushes – sized and shaped to clean out probe and nozzle; nylon bristles with stainless steel wire handle
and extensions of stainless steel, Nylon, Teflon, or other inert material.
b. Wash Bottles – glass or polyethylene; acetone should not be stored in polyethylene bottles for longer than
one month.
c. Liquid Sample Storage Containers – glass or polyethylene (500 or 1000 ml) with leak-free acetone
resistant caps. Acetone samples should not be stored in polyethylene longer than one month.
d. Storage Cylinder – for taking plates and stages from impactor.
e. Petri Dishes – glass or polyethylene, large enough to hold unfolded substrate.
f. Graduated Cylinder – with subdivisions no greater than 2 ml.
g. Balance – capable of weighing impingers to the nearest 0.1 g.
h. Dessicator.
i. Analytical Balance – capable of weighing to the nearest 0.1 mg.
5.0 Reagents And Materials
5.1 Sample Collection
The following items are required for sample collection:
a. Cascade Substrate – substrate material used depends on the sampling situations and the type of impactor
used. The most commonly used are bare metal, greased metal, polypropylene coated metal, fibreglass and
quartz.
Glass or quartz fibre mats are generally the Ministry’s preferred substrate choice. These mats provide a
light-weight impaction surface, reducing re- entrainment due to particle bounce.
In hot gases containing sulphur oxides, glass fibre often exhibits gains in weight due to reaction with
sulphur oxides and the formation of sulphates. In this case, (sulphuric) acid treated substrates need to be
used. The manufacturer should be contacted when these filters are needed or the glass fibre mat can be
acid treated following the procedure outlined in the State of California’s Air Resources Board - Method
501 (Chapter 4.1.2.3).
b. Water – distilled or deionized. Run blank prior to field use to eliminate a high background on test samples.
c. Silica Gel – new or fully regenerated, 6 to 16 mesh indicating type. To regenerate silica gel, dry at 175°C
for 2 hours.
d. Crushed Ice.
5.2 Sample Recovery
The following items are required for sample recovery:

b. Water – distilled or deionized. Run blank prior to field use to eliminate a high background on test samples.
5.3 Sample Analysis
The following items are required for sample analyses:

b. Desiccant – new or fully regenerated, self-indicating, e.g., 6 to 16 mesh silica gel.
6.0 Procedure
6.1 Sampling Equipment Preparation
1. The Pitot tube, dry gas meter and orifice meter must be maintained in accordance with standard accepted
procedures and calibrated prior to testing, in accordance with the procedures specified in Part C (Method
ON-2, Chapter 7.1, Appendix 2A) and Part E (Method ON-4, Chapter 6.2 and Appendix 4B). Such
calibration data must be available on request, prior to or during the actual testing and also must be
2. Glass and quartz fibre substrates are checked visually against a light for irregularities and flaws or pinhole
leaks. They are identified by appropriate labelling of their shipping containers (Petri dishes).
3. Substrates are desiccated at 20°C ±6°C and ambient pressure for at least 24 hours and then weighed at
intervals of at least 6 hours to a constant weight, i.e., 0.5 mg change from the previous reading. Weight of
substrates is recorded to the nearest 0.1 mg. Record the substrates weighing room relative humidity which
must not exceed 50% during weighing. The filter should not be exposed to the ambient atmosphere for
longer than 2 minutes.
4. Clean all parts of the cascade impactor of any dirt and soiling material, and inspect the material for
plugged jets by holding the jet stage up to the light to determine if plugging exists. Then, assemble the
impactor to check for missing parts.
6.2 Preliminary Survey
1. Select the sampling site location and number of sampling points in accordance with Part B (Method ON-
1).
2. Determine gas flow parameters in order to prepare for actual sampling at isokinetic rates. Gas temperature,
molecular weight, static pressure and the velocity profile (including cyclonic and reverse flow checks) are
required parameters for this purpose. It is also important to know the range of particulate matter loading so
that a sampling period can be established.
The parameters noted above can be determined by performance of methods outlined in Parts C to F
(Methods ON-2 to ON-5). For this purpose Method ON-5 may be modified. For example, total sampling
time may be reduced by decreasing the number of sampling points or the sampling time per point.
The information learned from such a test would include the gas temperature, velocity profile, moisture
content and particulate matter loading. From this information, assuming the parameters of the source
remain constant, isokinetic sampling rates can be calculated and the proper nozzle size determined. Also,
the sampling period can be determined so as to meet the minimum criteria for particulate matter catch or
total gas volume sampled.
The recommended isokinetic error limit for the above procedure is that each point sampled by an impactor
should have a point velocity that is within 20% of the impactor inlet velocity. Each of the traverse points
which would be used in a standard Method ON-5 run should be sampled. If the ratio of the minimum
velocity to the maximum velocity is greater than 1.5, multiple impactor runs are required.
3. Select a nozzle size and adjust the initial guess at the impactor flow rate so as to obtain the required
sampling velocity for each traverse region.
4. Make a preliminary guess for the impactor flow rate by calculating the time to collect a total sample of 50
mg particulate (sum of pre-collector, all stages and filter weights). The following equation is used for this
calculation:
Equation 7-1
T50mg = 0.83335 ⁄ (Qi Ga)
Where:
Qi
actual impactor flow rate (m3/s)
Ga
mass loading (mg/m3)
When possible, 1-hour test-runs should be conducted; but, the minimum criteria for the actual testing
period depends on the mass loading of the stack gas, the size distribution of the particles, and the gas flow
rate in the sampler. If the results of a mass test are available, the mass loading can be obtained from them.
If not, an estimate should be made based on the pre-test survey or other information. Given the mass
concentration, an estimate of the sampling time for initial tests can be obtained from the nomograph shown
in Figure 7-5.
The desired particle deposition on each of the collection plate substrate needs to be sufficient to weight
(not less than 0.05 mg), but not too much that the particles overload the substrate (not more than 20 mg).
The amount of particles that can be collected on a collection plate depends on the type of particles and the
particle diameter. The larger particles are more likely to bounce or re-entrain.
5. Depending on the gas stream particulate loading, multi-stage impactors can be assembled adding a pre-
collector to knock out large diameter particles. Note that the pre-collector should only be used when heavy
particulate loading is expected.
Select the stages that will give the desired stage cuts at this flow rate without resulting in particle bouncing
or a very low Reynolds number. Most commercially available impactors come with fixed set of stages
which are used at all times and no decision as to which stages to use is required. In some cases, a variety of
stages are available and those most suitable to the sampling condition should be used.
If data regarding a particular particle diameter is desired, the cut point of two stages should bracket this
diameter for reliable interpolation of the mass less than this diameter. If the target diameter is large, the cut
point of the largest stage should be as close to the desired diameter as possible to reduce extrapolation
errors.
6.3 Sampling Train Preparation
1. Place about 100 ml of distilled or deionized water in each of the first 2 impingers and weigh each of the
first three impingers and record to the nearest 0.5 g or measure the volume of water in each impinger to the
nearest 1.0 ml.
2. Place 200 to 300 g of desiccant in the fourth impinger, the weight being taken either directly or as the tared
weight of desiccant and impinger and recorded to the nearest 0.5 g.
3. Assemble the impactor with the selected impact plates and pre-weighed, numbered substrate (in a clean
sheltered area). Attach to the impactor the calibrated nozzle and the precollector (if applicable). Conduct a
preliminary leak check of the impactor/precollector combination. This leak check is optional. The purpose
of this leak check is to catch and correct any leaks before sampling.
4. Assemble the sampling train, keeping all openings where contamination could occur covered until just
prior to assembly or until sampling is about to begin.
5. A pre-test leak-check is required and it is performed according to the following procedure:
Pre-Test Leak-Check

b. Draw a vacuum of 380 mm Hg or the highest vacuum anticipated to occur during the test. The
c. Slowly remove the plug from the nozzle and immediately turn off the vacuum pump. This prevents
the water in the impingers from being forced into the filter holder and silica gel from being entrained
into the third impinger.
6. Mark the probe with heat-resistant tape or other suitable means to enable to exact positioning of the probe
at the sampling points.
7. Clean the portholes prior to the test run to minimize the chance of sampling deposited material.
6.4 Sampling Train Operation
1. Start the probe and heating system. Before commencing the test, verify that the heating system maintains a
temperature of 120°C. Place crushed ice around the impingers (if this type of condensing apparatus is
used).
2. Remove any protective covering from the nozzle and position the nozzle at the first sampling point,
ensuring that all components of the probe assembly are properly oriented with respect to the gas stream,
i.e., nozzle and Pitot tube face opening planes are perpendicular to the direction of flow. Block off
openings around the probe and porthole to prevent dilution of the gas stream.
3. Immediately start the pump and adjust the flow rate to the pre-determined sampling rate. If the stack is
under significant negative pressure (several centimetres of H2O) take care to close the coarse adjust valve
before inserting the probe into the stack to prevent water from backing into the filter holder. If necessary,
the pump may be turned on with the coarse adjust valve closed.
4. Ensure that the probe nozzle does not make contact with the stack wall or ports, thus minimizing the
chance of extracting deposited material.
5. For each traverse, data are recorded according to the format shown in Part F (Method ON-5, Table 5-1).
These data shall be recorded for each sampling point or velocity region selected (constant sampling rate
with a nozzle chosen to be isokinetic, ±20%).
The dry gas meter volume is recorded at the start of the test and at the end of each of these time periods.
The other information in the various columns is recorded at some time during each of the periods.
Periodically check the gas flow rate through the test period to ensure isokinetic flow. To do this, record the
gas meter volume and divide by the test-time. The gas sampling flow rate through the cascade impactor
should remain constant during the test-run
6. During the test run, ensure that the probe and filter bypass (or filter housing) are maintained at 120°C and
that the temperature at the outlet of the impingers is less than 20°C. It may be necessary to add more ice
and possibly salt to attain the required temperature. Periodically check the level and the zero of the
manometer.
7. If the pressure drop across the sampling train becomes too high, stop the test. Check for potential
overloaded substrate. If it is suspected that the filter is overloaded, reject the test and repeat the test-run. A
leak-check must be conducted before disassembling the train.
8. At the end of the test-run, face the impactor downstream and close the course adjust valve, record the final
dry gas meter reading. Remove the probe making sure not to bump the impactor against the stack wall or
sampling ports. Turn off the pump.
Note:
No leak check should be performed after the particle sizing has been completed, as it will likely change the
particle distribution in the fractionation head due to sudden changes in pressure and velocity.
6.5 Sample Recovery
1. Upon removing the probe from the port, allow the sampling train to cool until it can be safely handled.
2. Wipe off all external particulate matter near the tip of the probe nozzle, pre- collector and impactor. Place a
cap over the nozzle probe to prevent the loss or contamination of the sample. The probe tip should not be
tightly capped while the sampling train is cooling as this would create a vacuum in the filter bypass, thus
drawing water from the impingers into the impactor.
3. Remove the probe from the sampling train and cover the exposed end, being careful not to lose any sample
in the probe. Remove the umbilical cord.
4. The probe and impactor-impinger assembly should be removed to a clean and sheltered area; making sure
that the impactor is maintained and transported in an upright position to avoid loss or shifting of PM
among the unit stages.
5. Inspect the components. Note and report any damage or abnormalities.
6. Remove the nozzle-precollector and impactor from the probe. Carefully remove the plates or inserts using
a pair of tweezers and clean disposable surgical gloves, and place them in Petri dishes. Label and seal each
Petri dish.
7. If it is desired to determine the moisture content of the exhaust gas, disassemble the impinger train. Weigh
the impingers and their contents or seal the impingers for later weighing. Note and report the condition of
the silica gel (i.e., the extent of saturation).
8. Measure and record the amount of liquid caught in the first three impingers to the nearest 0.5 g or 1.0 ml.
6.6 Laboratory Analysis
1. Transfer each collection plate inserts from the Petri dishes to a tared weighing dish. Desiccate for 24 hours
at 20°C ± 6°C and ambient pressure. Then weigh them at intervals of at least 6 hours to a constant weight
(report the weights to the nearest 0.1 mg.). Record the weighing room relative humidity, which must not
exceed 50%. Samples should not be exposed to the ambient atmosphere for longer than 2 minutes.
If the sampled particulate matter is hygroscopic, a constant weight may be impossible to achieve. If this
situation is encountered, the dry weight may be determined by weighing the sample at specific time
intervals after removal from the dessicator (e.g., every 30 seconds), plotting the weight versus the time
from removal and then extrapolating the graph to time zero to determine the desiccated weight.
2. Retain all samples for at least 6 months after the test series. They are to be made available upon request by
the Ministry.
3. Calculate the change in weight for each collection plate insert. Add up the difference to get the total
particulate matter collected by the cascade impactor. Divide the amount collected on each plate insert by
the total amount collected, to find what percentage of the total particle weight was collected on each plate
insert.
4. For known materials, if using Stokes diameter, the particle density may be calculated from handbook
values of the specific gravity of the material. For unknown materials, the particle density may be assumed
to be 1.0 g/cm3 and the particle sizes reported as the equivalent aerodynamic diameter.
5. Graph the results on log probability paper with the particle diameter (d) as the ordinate and cumulative
percent by weight as the abscissa. It is recommended to draw the particle size distribution line through
each of the data points (rather than trying to draw a straight or curved line) because this presents the data in
an unedited format.
7.0 Theoretical Framework On Particles

The following information is aimed at providing a better understanding on particles and their characterization.
This information was transcribed from the US EPA's Training module on Basic Concepts in Environmental
Sciences.
7.1 Aerodynamic Diameter
Particles emitted from air pollution sources and formed by natural processes have a number of different shapes
and densities as indicated in the following diagram.
This image provides examples of particle shapes. The left hand side shows a picture with the right hand side
describing the picture. There are seven particle shapes:
Solid sphere, hollow sphere, solid irregular, flake, fiber, condensation floc, and aggregate.
The photomicrograph below shows a variety of spherical particles and irregularly shaped particles collected on a
polycarbonate filter.
The image is of a photomicrograph of particles on a polycarbonate filter. The scale of the image is approximately
24.9 micrometers. The image has a dark black background and at random places on the background there are
white circles with a gray fill representing particles, and white circles with a black fill representing holes in the
filter.
Defining particle size for spherical particles is easy; it is simply the diameter of the particle. For non-spherical
particles, the term “diameter” does not appear to be strictly applicable. For example, what is the diameter of a
flake of material or a fibre? Also, particles of identical shape can be composed of quite different chemical
compounds and, therefore, have different densities. The differences in shape and density could introduce
considerable confusion in defining particle size.
In air pollution control, it is necessary to use a particle size definition that directly relates to how the particle
behaves in a fluid such as air. The term “aerodynamic diameter” has been developed by aerosol physicists in
order to provide a simple means of categorizing the sizes of particles having different shapes and densities with a
single dimension. The aerodynamic diameter is the diameter of a spherical particle having a density of 1 gm/cm3
that has the same inertial properties in the gas as the particle of interest.
The aerodynamic diameter for all particles greater than 0.5 micrometer can be approximated using the following
equation (Equation 7-2). Refer to aerosol textbooks to determine the aerodynamic diameter of particles less than
0.5 micrometer.
Equation 7-2
Where:
dpa
Aerodynamic particle diameter (µm)
Dps
Stokes diameter (µm)
ρp
Particle density (g/cm3)
Particle density affects the motion of a particle through a fluid and is taken into account in Equation 7-2. The
Stokes diameter for a particle is the diameter of the sphere that has the same density and settling velocity as the
particle. It is based on the aerodynamic drag force caused by the difference in velocity of the particle and the
surrounding fluid. For smooth, spherical particles, the Stokes diameter is identical to the physical or actual
diameter.
Inertial sampling devices such as cascade impactors are used for particle sizing. These sampling devices
determine the aerodynamic diameter. The term “aerodynamic diameter” is useful for all particles including fibres
and particle clusters. It is not a true size because “non-spherical” particles require more than one dimension to
characterize their size.
Particles that appear to have different physical sizes and shapes can have the same aerodynamic diameter as
illustrated below.
This image is of aerodynamic diameters of differently shaped particles. The image has three rows. The first row
is a picture of a solid sphere with a particle density of 2.0 grams per cubic centimeter and a Stokes particle
diameter of 1.4 micrometers. The second row has a picture of a hollow sphere with a particle density of 0.5
grams per cubic centimeter and a Stokes particle diameter of 2.8 micrometers. The third row has an image of an
irregular shaped particle with a particle density of 2.4 grams per cubic centimeter and a Stokes particle diameter
of 1.3 micrometers.
All three rows have an aerodynamic particle diameter of 2 micrometers.
Conversely some particles that appear to be visually similar can have somewhat different aerodynamic diameters
as illustrated below.
This figure shows the aerodynamic diameters of particles with different densities. The image has three rows. The
first row shows a low-density particle with a particle density of 1 gram per cubic centimeter, a Stokes particle
diameter of 2 micrometers, and an aerodynamic diameter of 2.0 micrometers. The second row shows a medium-
density particle with a particle density of 2 grams per cubic centimeter, a Stokes particle diameter of 2
micrometers, and an aerodynamic diameter of 2.8 micrometers. The third row shows a high-density particle with
a particle density of 3 grams per cubic centimeter, a Stokes particle diameter of 2 micrometers, and an
aerodynamic diameter of 3.5 micrometers.
7.2 Particle Size Categories
7.2.1 Particle Size Terminology
Since the range of particle sizes of concern for air emission evaluation is quite broad it is beneficial to divide this
range into smaller categories. Defining different size categories is useful since particles of different sizes behave
differently in the atmosphere and the respiratory system.
The following table displays the particle size terminology along with the corresponding particle sizes.
Terminology for Particle Sizes

Description Particle Size
Super-coarse dpa > 10 µm
Coarse 2.5 µm < dpa ≤ 10 µm
Fine 0.1 µm < dpa ≤ 2.5 µm
Ultra-fine dpa ≤ 0.1 µm
The following diagram provides a visual comparison of the size of a fine particle (1.0 µm), coarse particle (10
µm), and a super-coarse particle (100 µm). There is a substantial difference in size between these particles, all of
which are considered moderate-to-large in air pollution control.
This image illustrates particle size comparisons. It shows a black circle with orange fill which represents the size
of a 100 micrometer supercoarse particle. On the left side of the circle is a black circle with a gray to white
gradient fill that represents the size of a 10 micrometer particle. This circle is approximately 10 times smaller
than the orange circle. Below the 10 micrometer coarse particle is a red circle representing the size of a 1
micrometer fine particle. This red dot is approximately 10 times smaller than the 10 micrometer coarse particle.
7.2.2 Particulate Matter Categories
In addition to the terminology provided in the previous table, the particles are categorized as follows:
i. Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSP);

ii. PM10;
iii. PM2.5; and,
iv. Condensable Particulate Matter.
7.2.2.1 Total Suspended Particulate Matter
Particles ranging in size from 0.3 micrometer to about 40 micrometer in diameter are referred to as total
suspended particulate matter (TSP). TSP includes a broad range of particle sizes including fine, coarse, and
super-coarse particles.
7.2.2.2 PM10
PM10 is defined as the sum of both the filterable particulate matter fraction with an aerodynamic diameter of 10
micrometers and less, and the condensable particulate matter fraction.
PM10 is considered a specific type of contaminant because this size range is considered respirable. In other
words, particles less than approximately 10 micrometers can penetrate into the lower respiratory tract. The
particle size range between 0.1 and 10 micrometers is especially important in air pollution studies. A major
fraction of the particulate matter generated in some industrial sources is in this size range.
7.2.2.3 PM2.5
PM2.5 is defined as the sum of both the filterable particulate matter fraction with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5
micrometers and less, and the condensable particulate matter fraction.
PM2.5 particles settle quite slowly in the atmosphere relative to coarse and supercoarse particles. Normal weather
patterns can keep PM2.5 particles airborne for several hours to several days and enable these particles to cover
hundreds of miles. PM2.5 particles can cause health problems due to their potentially long airborne retention time
and the inability of the human respiratory system to defend itself against particles of this size.
In addition, the chemical makeup of PM2.5 particles is quite different than for coarse and supercoarse particles.
US EPA data indicate that PM2.5 particles are composed primarily of sulphates, nitrates, organic compounds, and
ammonium compounds. The US EPA also determined that PM2.5 particles often contain acidic materials, metals
and other contaminants believed to be associated with adverse health effects.
7.2.2.4 Condensable Particulate Matter
Particulate matter that forms from condensing gases or vapours is referred to as condensable particulate matter.
Condensable particulate matter forms by chemical reactions as well as by physical phenomena.
Condensable particulate matter is usually formed from material that is not particulate matter at stack conditions
but which condenses and/or reacts upon cooling and dilution in the ambient air to form particulate matter. The
formation of condensable particulate matter occurs within a few seconds after discharge from the stack.
From a health standpoint, condensable particulate matter is important because it is almost entirely contained in
the PM2.5 classification.
7.3 Particle Size Distribution
7.3.1 Interpretation of Raw Data
Particulate matter for size distribution evaluation is measured in a variety of ways. The data must be measured in
a manner whereby it can be classified into successive particle diameter size categories.
In the case of cascade impactors, particulate matter is separated into diameter size categories within the impactor
head during sampling. The mass of particulate matter contained within each size range is recovered and
determined gravimetrically.
7.3.2 Sample Calculations
Calculation of both the mass median particle diameter and the geometric standard deviation for the following
log-normal distribution data.
Particle Size Data

Size Range dpa min Concentration
% Mass in Size Range Cum. % Mass < dpa min
(µm) (µm) (µg/m3)
0 to 2 - 1.0 0.5 -
2 to 4 2 14.5 7.25 0.5
4 to 6 4 24.7 12.35 7.75
Size Range dpa min Concentration

% Mass in Size Range Cum. % Mass < dpa min
(µm) (µm) (µg/m3)
6 to 10 6 59.8 29.90 20.1
10 to 20 10 68.3 34.15 50.0
20 to 40 20 28.9 14.45 84.13
> 40 40 2.8 1.4 98.6
Total = 200.0 Total = 100.0
Procedure
1. Plot the distribution data from the above table on log-probability paper, as illustrated below:
The image is a size distribution graph on a log-probability plot. The x-axis is labelled Cumulative percent
mass less than minimum aerodynamic diameter. The y-axis is labelled particle size in micrometers. There
is a diagonal line extending from the bottom left to the top right through the middle of the graph.
There are three examples on the graph. One is a cumulative mass less than minimum aerodynamic
diameter of 15.78% representing a particle size of 5 micrometers. The second is a cumulative mass less
than minimum aerodynamic diameter of 50% representing a particle size of 10 micrometers and the third is
a cumulative mass less than minimum aerodynamic diameter of 84.13% representing a particle size of 20
micrometers.
The straight line indicates that the particle size data set is lognormal.
2. Using the graph, determine the approximate particle size at 15.78%, 50%, and 84.13% probability.
3. Determine the mass median particle diameter: Mass median particle diameter = d50 = 10 µm
4. Determine the geometric standard deviation of the particle mass distribution.
σg = d50 ⁄ d15.78 = 10 µm) ⁄ 5 µm = 2.0
or:
σg = d84.13 ⁄ d50 = 20 µm) ⁄ 10 µm = 2.0
Particle size distributions resulting from complex particle formation mechanisms or several simultaneous
formation mechanisms may not be lognormal. As shown in the following diagram, these distributions may
exhibit more than one peak (multi-modal).
This image is a histogram of bi-modal distribution. The x-axis is labelled particle diameter in micrometers. The
y-axis is labelled frequency, percent of particles by mass.
The graph is a bar graph with two peaks (bi-modal) at particle diameter 1-2 micrometers and particle diameter of
4-5 micrometers. After the second peak the graph curves downwards at a normal rate.
In these cases, plots of the data on log-probability paper will not yield a straight line. In order to characterize this
type of particle size data, it may be necessary to treat the data as two separate lognormal distributions.
8.0 References
1. California Air Resources Board, Method 501 – Determination of Size Distribution of Particulate Matter
Emissions from Stationary Sources, September 1990.
2. Marple, V.A. and K.L. Rubow, Chapter 4: Theory and Design Guidelines, Cascade Impactors: Sampling &
Data Analysis, Eds. J.P. Lodge and T.L. Chan, A.I.H.A. 475 Wolf Ledges Parkway, Akron, OH 44331,
1986.
3. Pilat, M., Operations Manual Pilat (University of Washington) Mark 3 and Mark 5 Source Test Cascade
Impactor, University of Washington, Seattle, January 1998.
4. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Education and Outreach, Basic Concepts in
Environmental Sciences – Module 3: Characteristics of Particles, September 1990.
Figure 7-1: Cascade Impactor Particulate Sampling Train
This figure is similar to the Method ON-5 particulate sampling train.

Each component is described under Section 4.0 Apparatus subsection 4.1 Sampling Train.
The Figure includes:
A nozzle angled down vertically to capture stack gas that is travelling vertically up a stack. The nozzle is
attached to a right angle pre-collector which turns the gas 90 degrees and it then travels horizontally through the
sampling probe.
The sampling probe, which is heated, consists of an impactor and is connected to an impinger train.
The impinger train shows four impingers connected in series in an ice bath. The first two are filled with distilled
water, the third impinger is empty, and the fourth impinger contains silica gel. There is a thermometer attached to
the fourth impinger outlet.
The sampling line connects the outlet of the fourth impinger to a vacuum gauge and vacuum pump. The vacuum
pump has a fine and coarse valve.
The vacuum pump is connected to a dry gas meter.
The dry gas meter is connected to an inclined manometer with a calibrated orifice.
The stack gas then exits the sampling train to atmosphere.
The figure also shows an "S" type Pitot tube connected to an inclined manometer.
Figure 7-2: View of a Right Angle Precollector
Figure shows a right angle pre-collector. The nozzle is pointing to the left (horizontally) and is attached to a
rectangular shaped pre-collector which directs the stack gas through the nozzle and turns it 90 degrees to attach
to a cascade impactor vertically.
Figure 7-3: Cross Section of a University of Washington Mark 5 Cascade Impactor
This figure provides a cross section view of a Mark 5 11-stage cascade impactor.
The nozzle is at the top of the figure with arrows that point down in the direction that stack gas would enter the
impactor.
The jet stage numbers are on the left going from 1 to 11. The collection plate numbers are on the right going
from 1 to 11 and corresponding with the jet plate numbers.
There are arrows moving from the nozzle through the entire impactor showing the direction of flow of the stack
gas from jet stage and collection plate until the final filter (after stage 11) and then out through the outlet section.
Figure 7-4: Expanded View of Parts to the University of Washington Seven Stage Cascade Impactor
This figure illustrates the individual parts of a 7-stage impactor.
The individual parts are described in order from the sampling end moving inside the impactor. The parts are
described below:
1. A Nozzle with a conical shape and pointed tip to allow for the collection of stack gas;
2. Inlet section connects to the nozzle by screwing in;
3. Primary collection plate allows for collection of particulate matter of a certain size;
4. 3/32 inch O-Ring;
5. Second stage jet which has smaller holes than the primary collection plate;
6. Collection plate for the second stage jet;
7. Note: stages 3-6 are not shown in the diagram but each stage has smaller holes allowing for the separation
of particulate matter based on size. Each stage has a filter, collection plate, and 3/32 inch O-Ring;
8. Seventh stage filter;
9. Collection plate;
10. 3/32 inch O-Ring;
11. Filter collar;
12. Screen;
13. Filter support;
14. Outlet section with a 1/16 inch O-Ring.
Figure 7-5: Nomograph for Determining Sampling Time (50 mg Sample)
Given the mass concentration, an estimate of the sampling time for initial tests can be obtained from the
nomograph shown in Figure 7-5.
The nomograph is divided into 15 equal square sections with each square representing one order of magnitude.
The bottom x-axis is labelled impactor sampling rate in litres per minute and in actual cubic feet per minute.
The y-axis is labelled sampling time in minutes.
The top x-axis is labelled flue gas mass loading in both milligrams per volume and in grams per actual cubic
foot.
The graph has diagonal lines starting from the top left corner and extending down to the bottom right corner.
The graph is read downward from mass loading to impactor sampling rate. It is then read to the left to obtain the
time required to collect a 60mg sampling at that sampling rate.
The equation derived from the graph is sample weight equals loading multiplied by rate multiplied by time.
Attachments
Attachment 1: Reference Source Testing Methods
This Attachment contains a list of acceptable methods for the measurement of emissions of air pollutants from
stationary sources when such emission data are required for the purpose of determining compliance with the
Environmental Protection Act of the Province of Ontario and the regulations thereunder.
These methods comprise the most up-to-date procedures available at the date of issue of this Code; however, as
new and improved techniques become available, the most current version of the methods shall be used when
conducting source testing.
The stack gas parameters determination are covered in detail in Parts B to E (Methods ON-1 to ON-4) of this
code, and are commonly used for each stack gas test. However, these four methods are often performed
simultaneously when using Method ON-5 or modified Method ON-5 sampling trains.
For contaminants without established reference test methods the proponent should demonstrate to the satisfaction
of the Source Assessment Specialist that the stack gas sampling, sample recovery and analysis accurately
represent what is being discharged to the atmosphere.
1. List of Reference Source Testing Assessment Methods for Contaminants Listed in O.Reg.
419/05
Reference Method
Item CAS No. Contaminant
(Source Testing)
1. 75-07-0 Acetaldehyde CARB Method 430
2. 64-19-7 Acetic Acid NIOSH Method 1603 - Modified
3. 67-64-1 Acetone US EPA SW-846 Method 0030
4. 74-86-2 Acetylene OSHA Chemical Sampling Information
5. 79-06-1 Acrylamide OSHA Method 21 - Modified
6. 107-13-1 Acrylonitrile US EPA SOP# 1704
7664-41-
7. Ammonia US EPA Method CTM-027
7
7440-36-
8. Antimony US EPA 40CFR60 Method 29
0
7784-42-
9. Arsine NIOSH Method 6001 - Modified
1
7440-41-
10. Beryllium and compounds US EPA 40CFR60 Method 29
7
7440-42-
11. Boron US EPA 40CFR60 Method 29
8
10294-
12. Boron Tribromide OSHA CSI Method – Modified
33-4
10294- US EPA 40CFR60 Method 29, or US EPA 40CFR60
13. Boron Trichloride
34-5 Method 26
7637-07-
14. Boron Trifluoride OSHA CSI Method – Modified
2
7726-95-
15. Bromine US EPA 40CFR60 Method 26
6
7440-43-
16. Cadmium US EPA 40CFR60 Method 29
9
1305-62-
17. Calcium Hydroxide US EPA 40CFR60 Method 29
0
1305-78-
18. Calcium Oxide US EPA 40CFR60 Method 29
8
1333-86-
19. Carbon Black OSTC Method ON-5
4
20. 75-15-0 Carbon Disulphide Environment Canada Method EPS 1/RM/6
21. 630-08-0 Carbon Monoxide US EPA 40CFR60 Method 10
22. 56-23-5 Carbon Tetrachloride US EPA SW-846 Method 0030
Reference Method
(Source Testing)
7782-50-
23. Chlorine US EPA 40CFR60 Method 26
5
10049-
24. Chlorine Dioxide NCASI Technical Bulletin 520
04-4
25. 67-66-3 Chloroform US EPA SW-846 Method 0030
26. - Chromium - Speciation US EPA SW846 Method 0061
7440-47-
27. Chromium – Total US EPA 40 CFR 60 Method 29
3
7440-50-
28. Copper US EPA 40CFR60 Method 29
8
1319-77-
29. Cresols NIOSH Method 2546 - Modified
3
17702-
30. Decaborane OSHA CSI Method – Modified
41-9
31. 117-81-7 Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate NIOSH Method 5020 – Modified
19287-
32. Diborane NIOSH Method 6006 – Modified
45-7
33. 131-15-7 Dicapryl Phthalate OSHA Method 104 – Modified
34. 106-46-7 Dichlorobenzene, 1,4- Environment Canada Method EPS 1/RM/2
35. 624-92-0 Dimethyl Disulphide Environment Canada Method EPS 1/RM/6
36. 75-18-3 Dimethyl Sulphide Environment Canada Method EPS 1/RM/61/RM/6
37. 117-84-0 Di-n-Octyl Phthalate OSHA Method 104 – Modified
38. - Dustfall ASTM Method D1739-98 (2004)
US EPA 40CFR60 Method 18 -Tedlar® Bag - GC-
39. 141-78-6 Ethyl Acetate
FID
40. 140-88-5 Ethyl Acrylate NIOSH Method 1450 - Modified
41. 100-41-4 Ethyl Benzene US EPA SW-846 Method 0030
42. 60-29-7 Ethyl Ether NIOSH Method 1610 - Modified
43. 107-06-2 Ethylene Dichloride US EPA SW-846 Method 0030
1309-37-
44. Ferric Oxide US EPA 40CFR 60 Method 29
1
7664-39- Fluorides (as HF) - Gaseous (Growing
45. US EPA 40CFR60 Method 13B
3 Season)
7664-39- Fluorides (as HF) - Total (Growing
3 Season)
7664-39- Fluorides (as HF) - Total (Non-Growing
3 Season)
48. 50-00-0 Formaldehyde CARB Method 430
49. 64-18-6 Formic Acid NIOSH Method 2011 - Modified
50. 98-01-1 Furfural NIOSH Method 2529 - Modified
Reference Method
(Source Testing)
51. 98-00-0 Furfuryl Alcohol NIOSH method 2505 - Modified
7647-01-
52. Hydrogen Chloride US EPA 40CFR60 Method 26/26A
0
7783-06-
53. Hydrogen Sulphide US EPA 40CFR60 Method 11
04
15438-
54. Iron (metallic) US EPA 40CFR60 Method 29
31-0
55. - Isocyanates Speciation US EPA CTM-036
56. 98-82-8 Isopropyl Benzene (cumene) US EPA SW-846 Method 0030
7439-92-
57. Lead US EPA 40CFR60 Method 29
1
7439-93-
58. Lithium US EPA 40CFR60 Method 29
2
7580-67-
59. Lithium Hydrides US EPA 40CFR60 Method 29
8
1309-48-
60. Magnesium Oxide US EPA 40CFR60 Method 29
4
61. 74-93-1 Mercaptans Environment Canada Method EPS 1/RM/6
7439-97-
62. Mercury (Hg) US EPA 40CFR60 Method 29
6
7439-97-
63. Mercury (Hg) US EPA 40CFR60 Method 30B
6
7439-97-
64. Mercury (as Hg) – alkyl compounds US EPA 40CFR60 Method 101
6
65. 67-56-1 Methanol (Methyl Alcohol) US EPA 40CFR60 Method 308
66. 96-33-3 Methyl Acrylate NIOSH Method 2537 - Modified
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-
67. 71-55-6 US EPA SW-846 Method 0030
Trichloroethane)
68. 78-93-3 Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2- Butanone) US EPA SW-846 Method 0030
69. 108-10-1 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone US EPA SW-846 Method 0030
70. 80-62-6 Methyl Methacrylate NIOSH Method 2537 - Modified
71. - Milk Powder OSTC Method ON-5
72. - Mineral Spirits (Naphthas) NIOSH Method 1550 - Modified
73. 74-89-5 Monomethyl Amine OSHA Method 40 – Modified
74. 142-82-5 n-Heptane US EPA SW-846 Method 0030
7440-02-
75. Nickel US EPA 40CFR60 Method 29
0
13463-
76. Nickel Carbonyl NIOSH Method 6007 - Modified
39-3
7697-37-
77. Nitric Acid US EPA Method CTM027 – Modified
2
Reference Method
(Source Testing)
78. 139-13-9 Nitrilotriacetic Acid BC Laboratory Methods Manual
10102-
79. Nitrogen Oxides US EPA 40CFR60 Method 7E
44-0
10028-
80. Ozone OSHA Method 214 – Modified
15-6
19624-
81. Pentaborane OSHA CSI Method - Modified
22-7
82. 108-95-2 Phenol US EPA 40CFR60 Method 318
83. 75-44-5 Phosgene US EPA Draft Method
7664-38-
84. Phosphoric Acids CARB Method 421
2
85. 85-44-9 Phthalic Anhydride OSHA Method 90 – Modified
86. 78-87-5 Propylene Dichloride NIOSH Method 1013 - Modified
87. 75-56-9 Propylene Oxide NIOSH Method 1612 - Modified
7440-22-
88. Silver US EPA 40CFR60 Method 29
4
89. 100-42-5 Styrene US EPA SW-846 Method 0030
7446-09-
90. Sulphur Dioxide US EPA 40CFR60 Method 6C
5
7664-93-
91. Sulphuric Acid US EPA 40CFR60 Method 8
9
Suspended Particulate Matter (< 44 µm
92. - OSTC Method ON-5
Diameter)
13494-
93. Tellurium (except hydrogen telluride) US EPA 40CFR60 Method 29
80-9
94. 109-99-9 Tetrahydrofuran NIOSH Method 1609 - Modified
7440-31-
95. Tin US EPA 40CFR60 Method 29
5
7440-32-
96. Titanium US EPA 40CFR60 Method 29
6
97. 108-88-3 Toluene US EPA SW-846 Method 0030
98. 584-84-9 Toluene Di-isocyanate, 2,4- US EPA CTM-036
99. 79-01-6 Trichloroethylene (TCE) US EPA SW-846 Method 0030
100. 76-13-1 Trifluorotrichloroethane US EPA SW-846 Method 0030
7440-62-
101. Vanadium US EPA 40CFR60 Method 29
2
102. 75-01-4 Vinyl Chloride US EPA 40CFR60 Method 106
Vinylidene Chloride (1,1-
103. 75-35-4 US EPA SW-846 Method 0030
Dichloroethene)
1330-20-
104. Xylenes US EPA SW-846 Method 0030
7
Reference Method
(Source Testing)
7440-66-
105. Zinc US EPA 40CFR60 Method 29
6
O. Reg. 419/05; O. Reg. 605/05.
ASTM
The American Society for Testing and Materials
BC
British Columbia
CARB
State of California Air Resources Board
CSI
OSHA Chemical Sampling Information
NIOSH
US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
OSHA
US Occupational Safety & Health Administration
OSTC
SOP
Standard Operating Procedure
US EPA
United States Environmental Protection Agency
2. List of Reference Source Testing Assessment Methods for Contaminants Not Listed in O.
Reg. 419/05
Item Contaminant Reference Method (Source Testing)

1. Aldehydes CARB Method 430
2. Acetic Acid NIOSH Method 1603 - Modified
3. Acetone US EPA SW-846 Method 0030
CARB Method 427, or Environment Canada
4. Asbestos
Method EPS 1-AP-75-1
5. Benzene CARB Methods 410A/410B
6. Carbon Dioxide US EPA 40 CFR60 Method 3A
7. Carbon Disulphide US EPA 40 CFR60 Method 15
8. Carbon Monoxide US EPA 40 CFR60 Method 10
9. Carbonyl Sulphide Environment Canada Method EPS 1/RM/2
10. Chlorobenzene Environment Canada Method EPS 1/RM/2
11. Chlorophenol Environment Canada Method EPS 1/RM/2
12. Chromium Speciation US EPA SW846 Method 0061
13. Chromium - Total US EPA 40 CFR60 Method 29
14. Cyanide CARB Method 426
15. Dioxins Environment Canada Method EPS 1/RM/2
Item Contaminant Reference Method (Source Testing)

16. Ethylene Oxide CARB Method 431
17. Furans Environment Canada Method EPS 1/RM/2
18. Hydrogen Halides US EPA 40CFR60 Methods 26/26A
19. Hydrogen Sulphide US EPA 40CFR60 Method 11
20. Isocyanates Speciation US EPA CTM-036
21. Metals US EPA 40CFR60 Method 29
22. Mercury Speciation ASTM Method D6784-02
Microbial Survivability Test for Medical Waste
23. US EPA Method CTM-026
Incinerator Emissions
24. Odour OSTC Method ON-6
25. Opacity US EPA 40CFR60 Method 9
26. Orthophosphate Alberta Method 45050/45051
27. Oxygen US EPA Methods 3A
28. PM10 US EPA 40CFR60 Method 201A
29. PM10/PM2.5 US EPA Method CTM-040
30. Particulate Matter (Condensable) US EPA 40CFR60 Method 202
31. Polonium 210 US EPA 40CFR60 Method 111
32. Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins Environment Canada Method EPS 1/RM/2
33. Polychlorinated Dibenzo Furans Environment Canada Method EPS 1/RM/2
34. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Environment Canada Method EPS 1/RM/2
35. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Environment Canada Method EPS 1/RM/2
36. Total Gaseous Non-methane Organics US EPA Method 25
37. Total Gaseous Organics US EPA Method 25A
38. Total Reduced Sulphur (TRS) – Non-Speciated US EPA Method
38. Total Reduced Sulphur (TRS) - Speciated Environment Canada Method EPS 1/RM/6
39. Urea Alberta Method 47575
40. Volatile Organic Constituents US EPA SW-846 Method 0030
Alberta
Alberta Environment (Canada)
CARB
State of California Air Resources Board
US EPA
United States Environmental Protection Agency
OSTC
Attachment 2: Guidebook to Prepare a Pre-Test Plan Document

Acknowledgement
This document is based on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s “Guidebook on the Preparation and
Review of Site-Specific Test Plans”. It has been adapted to reflect requirements specific to Ontario, e.g.,
references to Certificates of Approval.
Purpose And Use Of Guidebook

The purpose of this guidebook is to provide a standard format for preparing pre-test plans for compliance source
test programs such as those required by Certificates of Approval, Provincial Officers’ Orders and notices issued
by the Ontario Ministry of Environment.
The same guidebook format should be used for source test programs if the results are intended to be accepted as
representative and accurate by the Ministry. Any tests done for these reasons and to this level of Quality
Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) are referred to as being of “compliance quality.”
A properly prepared pre-test plan should include written descriptions, summary tables, and figures that
encompass all aspects in the planning of an emissions test program. The pre-test plan is to provide the
information necessary to determine whether a testing organization understands the objectives of the test and
whether the test includes appropriate procedures to accomplish these objectives.
The pre-test plan guidebook has been developed to facilitate the preparation of pre-test plans by outlining the
information required. Following this guidebook will make the preparation of the pre-test plan easier and more
effective.
Summary Of Source Testing Procedure
1. A compliance test is a source test conducted for the purpose of determining compliance with the
Environmental Protection Act of Ontario or the regulations promulgated thereunder, performed and
reported in accordance with the requirements of Part A of this code. The Ministry must be advised of any
proposed compliance testing prior to testing and supplied with a term of reference which should include at
least relevant process and test information. If required, a Ministry official must be allowed to tour the
process, inspect the sampling site and witness the sampling tests. It must be demonstrated that the testing
was performed at process conditions effecting the maximum pollutant emissions, e.g., at normal maximum
production rates excluding process upsets, and that the test results truly represent the emissions from this
source. A complete final report must be submitted to the Ministry.
2. Three replicate samples must be taken over a sufficient time to represent the source accurately. Refer to
this Code’s Parts A through F for specific requirements.
3. Under the Ministry’s normal practice, compliance source testing may be witnessed by the Ministry, if
deemed necessary.
4. Following the Ministry’s approval of the pre-test plan, the Company shall notify the Ministry in writing of
the location, date and time of any impending Source Testing required for compliance, at least fifteen (15)
days prior to the Source Testing.
5. In order to avoid unnecessary and unproductive time of witnessing staff on-site, it is important to keep this
Ministry informed of any changes or delays in starting times for source tests. While downtime of
equipment may be unforeseeable in some cases, an effort to minimize this during the time our staff is on-
site would be greatly appreciated. The appropriate regional office should be contacted to obtain the
appropriate telephone number of Ministry staff looking after that specific plant or geographical area where
the plant under study is located.
6. The emission test report resulting from the source testing should be submitted to the Ministry.
Download Guidebook to Prepare a Pre-Test Plan Document
Attachment 3:Recommended Qualifications for Stack Sampling Team

It is essential for the production of valid test data that the emissions measurement program be performed by
qualified personnel using proper test equipment.
The source sampling team should consist of no less than two persons to perform the tests at the sampling site. A
third person should be included when sampling variable rate processes, to correlate the sampling activity with the
manufacturing process. For multi-stack sampling, the team should be increased accordingly.
One of the two persons shall be the source testing supervisor or leader, who will ensure that sampling is
conducted properly and that the process is operating at the maximum or required production rate.
The source testing supervisor or leader must have sufficient experience and understanding of industrial processes
and source testing to perform activities outlined in the introduction. The supervisor or leader must have an
educational background in engineering, engineering technology or environmental science, or at least two (2)
years of source testing field experience conducting source testing.
The remaining members of the source testing team should have sufficient experience to prepare and operate
source sampling trains in a competent manner. He or she should have successfully completed in-house or
external training on source testing and have previous field experience in source testing using the reference
methods mentioned in this code.
Other stack testing team members with no previous experience in source testing must have successfully
completed an in-house or external training on source testing, followed by at least two week period of source
testing field observation. ASTM D7036 can be used as a general guide on determining personnel competency to
carry out sampling and analysis of stationary source testing programs.
References
1. Ministry of the Environment, Province of Ontario, Source Testing Code, Version 2, November 1980.
2. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Preparation and Review of Site-Specific Test Plans,
December 1991.
Footnotes
[1] ^ Brenchley, D.L., Industrial Source Sampling, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., Ann Arbour
Michigan, 1973.
[1] ^ This method must be used in conjunction with Environment Canada’s Method 1/RM/3 and the
Methodology for Organic Analysis - NITEP/Mid-Connecticut Combustion Test.
[2] ^ This method must be used in conjunction with Environment Canada’s Method 1/RM/3 and Report
EPS 1/RM/23.
[3] ^ This method must be used in conjunction with Environment Canada’s Methodology for Organic
Analysis - NITEP/Mid-Connecticut Combustion Test.
[4] ^ Refer to the reference method for a list of constituents that can be sampled with this method.
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3/16/2021 Ontario Source Testing Code

Ontario Source Testing Code

Cette publication technique n'est disponible qu'en anglais.

© Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 2009

Ontario Ministry of the Environment

For the purpose of this Code:

Part A - Guidance and Procedures for Conducting Stationary Source

2.0 Purpose and Scope

3.0 Stack Sampling Team

4.0 Compliance Test

4.1 Compliance Test under O. Reg. 419/05

4.1.1 Highest Data Quality

4.1.2 Above Average Data Quality

1. Source tests are validated; and,

5.0 Pre-test Requirements

1. Source and Process Information;

5.1 Source and Process Information

5.2 Source Test Area Information

i. Safety related issues at the stack sampling site;

5.3 Preparation of Pre-Test Plan Document

The pre-test plan document should cover:

1. Relevant process information;

5.3.1 Appropriate Process Information

5.3.2 Appropriate Stack Gas Sampling Details

5.3.3 Equipment and Methods Used for Gas Sampling

6.0 Conducting a Source Sampling Test

7.0 Quality Assurance and Quality Control

7.1 Planning the Test Program

7.2 Chain-of-Custody Procedure for Source Sampling

1. The sample being collected properly;

7.3 Frequently Encountered Errors in Source Sampling

8.0 Sampling Methods For Measuring Stack Gas Contaminants

9.0 Reporting Requirements

Source testing report organization is provided in Attachment 2, Chapter 7.

10. Limitations To Source Testing

i. Corrosive or highly reactive components;

The following are guidelines to overcome some of these adverse conditions:

Part B - Method ON-1: Location of Sampling Site and Sampling Points

The basic method is not applicable in the following cases:

i. cyclonic or swirling flow;

3.0 Equivalent Diameter for Rectangular Cross-Sections

Equivalent diametre, De = (2LW) ⁄ (L + W)

4.0 Location of Sampling Sites

4.1 Circular Stacks and Ducts

4.2 Rectangular Stacks and Ducts

5.0 Total Number of Sampling Points

5.1 Particulate Matter Traverses

5.1.1 Circular Cross-Sections

5.1.2 Rectangular Cross-Sections

5.2 Velocity Traverses (Non-Particulate Matter)

6.0 Location of Sampling Points

6.1 Circular Stacks

For points from the port to centre:

For points from the centre to the far wall:

percentage of stack or duct diameter from port

6.2 Rectangular Stacks

7.0 Cyclonic Flow Confirmation

8.0 Reverse Flow Confirmation

9.0 Discussion Of Method ON-1

9.2.1 Cyclonic Flow