Spotify in 2020: Can The Company Remain Competitive?: Case 9
Spotify in 2020: Can The Company Remain Competitive?: Case 9
Spotify in 2020: Can The Company Remain Competitive?: Case 9
9 Spotify in 2020: Can the Company Remain Competitive?
Copyright ©2021 by Diana R. Garza. All rights reserved.
Diana R. Garza
University of the Incarnate Word
Overview
Spotify was founded in 2006 by Daniel Ek and Martin Lorentzon in response to the growing piracy
in the music industry. The company began as a small startup in Stockholm, Sweden, and within
two years they were offering free music with advertising in hopes that music fans would upgrade
to the £10 a month ad‐free subscription. The initial launch as a streaming service was not
successful; Spotify reported a loss of 4.4 million in 2008. The free and paid subscriptions were
available only in the UK until 2009 when Spotify launched on the Apple App Store. This platform
is what catapulted Spotify to the global competitive company it has become.
As of September 30, 2020, Spotify had 144 million subscribers, 320 million monthly active users
(MAUs), 60 million + tracks, 1.9 million + podcast titles, 4 billion + playlists, and the platform is
available in 92 markets.
Since the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic, Spotify has seen an increase in music and podcast
listening across different devices, specifically themed‐playlists. The company has responded to
listener’s needs, in general, through special interest podcasts such as COVID‐19 hub, Coronavirus:
Fact vs. Fiction and Science Vs.
Spotify’s focus is on driving engagement with a dynamic customer service strategy. The company
has found a place in our everyday lives through different social media platforms. They have an
active presence on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, and LinkedIn and have been touted
as the next social network. The company has revolutionized the world of music distribution by
shifting how we consume audio content and ensuring that artists are paid royalties for their work.
With nearly 250 million subscribers, Spotify has been dubbed the Netflix of the audio world.
_____
* This teaching note reflects the thinking and analysis of Professor Diana R. Garza, University of
the Incarnate Word. We are most grateful for her insight, analysis and contributions to how the
case can be taught successfully.
The company’s initial business model included a freemium and subscription‐based service where
subscriptions accounted for around 91% of the revenues and freemium made up approximately
9%. In 2016, Spotify expanded the business model to include new advertising formats (branded
moments, branded playlists, sponsored playlists, sponsored sessions, and traditional). Spotify’s
brand strategy target all demographics through partnerships, engagement, and utilizing multi‐
channel marketing.
Before streaming music, many consumers may have been using file sharing services Napster,
LimeWire, Pirate Bay, and other companies to download music. Using these services, cost the
music industry billions each year by downloading and redistributing music (what we know
as music piracy and, in legal terms, copyright infringement). According to the Recording Industry
Association of America (RIAA), piracy of recorded music has cost the recording industry billions
in lost revenues and profits (2020). It is estimated that the U.S. economy loses $12.5 billion in
total output as a consequence of music theft, and approximately 71,000 jobs in the U.S. economy
are lost.
Daniel Ek, one of the two founders of Spotify, has not only transformed himself in the last
14 years, his transformation is also reflective of his beloved offspring—the world’s fasted growing
streaming music service—Spotify. Ek and Spotify came to revolutionize the music industry, Daniel
Ek knows well that to remain competitive, the company needs to differentiate its products and
services. In the race to remain competitive, Spotify paid more than $340 million just in the past
year acquiring podcast companies. Streaming services and the subscription market will continue
to grow from approximately $8 billion in 2019 to over $17 billion by 2024. Spotify has entered a
race where the pace is quickening with Spotify’s average monthly users growing faster over the
last three quarters but also other music services adding podcasts and retooling themselves to
remain strong rivals.
Spotify’s growth strategies include an ad‐based business model allowing for both a free and paid
subscription, global expansion into different markets exponentially growing its number of
subscribers, multiple acquisitions that add new competencies and capabilities, and brand‐name
partnerships with industry leaders such as Disney, Xbox, and Samsung among others. Spotify’s
ongoing transformation is based on the rapid adoption of streaming music and subscription
services and its leverage with smartphones, tablets, smart TVs, and high‐speed internet access.
As early as 2015, digital streaming became the primary revenue stream for recorded music,
surpassing physical format sales of CDs.
Spotify knows its user’s preferences perhaps better than subscribers themselves. The company
relies on its analytical capabilities to create a competitive advantage. Through the use of analysis,
machine learning algorithms, and its vast amounts of data, subscribers are presented with
personalized playlists and other recommendations. The use of AI has also created value for artists
allowing them to understand and visualize (through Spotify graphs) user engagement,
monthly/daily listeners, metrics, and demographic details. An added advantage of using data
analytics is being able to customize specific ads to different regions.
Company History
14
Founded in 2006, Spotify took the streaming music industry by surprise with its unprecedented
growth in the last six years. Daniel Ek and Martin Lorentzon founded Spotify as a small startup in
Stockholm, Sweden. Their startup music platform was in response to a growing piracy problem
in the music industry. Ek and Loretzon knew there had to be a better way for artists to monetize
their music and give consumers a legitimate and simpler way to listen to music. In 2008, Spotify
transformed music listening when it launched its streaming service, offering listeners access to a
library of music rather than making users pay for downloading albums or tracks. The music
industry, which had been suffering from spending declines, resisted this new business model of
offering “unlimited access,” and favored the current digital download model used by Apple
iTunes. Spotify began by offering its free subscription by invitation only as a way to manage
growth; paid subscriptions were open to everyone. At the same time, Spotify also announced
licensing deals with music labels.
In early 2009, Spotify opened its free registration tier to the public in the United Kingdom only.
Due to a surge in registrations following the Spotify mobile app’s release, Spotify closed its open
registration in late 2009 and returned to invitation only. In 2010, Spotify integrated with Shazam
to figure out who was singing a particular song and would then populate a playlist. Spotify was
launched in the United States in July 2011, allowing users a six‐month free ad‐supported trial
period to listen to unlimited music. By 2012, the trial period expired, and users were limited to
ten hours of music each month and five‐song replays. By March of 2012, Spotify removed all
limits and introduced its free ad‐supported tier.
In 2014, Spotify pushed its two‐sided business model by offering a free ad‐supported service to
attract new users with the goal of converting them into paid subscribers. The company was able
to convert 10 million users to premium subscribers from its approximately 40 million active users.
At about the same time, music artist Taylor Swift pulled her music off Spotify, claiming a rapid
decline in sales.
In 2017, the company announced expansion plans to move to the United States in lower
Manhattan, New York City, adding approximately 1,000 jobs. In November 2018, Spotify
announced a total of 13 new markets in the MENA region (the Middle East and North Africa),
including a new Arabic hub and several playlists.
Spotify’s success has also seen a few bumps along the way. Taylor Swift was one of the first artists
to speak out against the company and its unfair compensation to artists, calling the music
platform an “experiment.” Three years later, the feud between Spotify and Taylor Swift ended,
and the artist put her music back on the platform. Jay Z, a hip‐hop music mogul, also claimed
unfair compensation to artists and launched Tidal in 2016 as his own music platform, becoming
Spotify’s competitor. Other artists who kept their music off Spotify included The Beatles, Adele,
and Pink Floyd.
Growth Year by Year
15
By March of 2011, Spotify had a customer base of 1 million paid subscribers across Europe, and
by the end of September of 2011, the number had doubled. By August of 2012, the company
reported 15 million active users, of which 4 million were paid subscribers. By 2013, the company
reported 20 million active users with one million customers in the United States. The growth for
Spotify has been exponential year after year reaching 286 million users, this includes 130 million
subscribers across 79 markets, with 50+ million tracks, 1 million+ podcast titles, and 4 billion+
playlists as of March 2020.
IPOs Are Too Expensive and Cumbersome
On February 28, 2018, Spotify filed a Direct Public Offering with the SEC. Barry McCarthy, Chief
Financial Officer of Spotify, stated in an interview with the Financial Times that the company
opted for a Direct Public Offering (DPO), also known as a direct listing instead of an IPO because
“the U.S. initial public offering market is broken.” A DPO is a way for companies to become public
without a bank‐backed initial public offering. Spotify opted for what they called a free‐market
approach by selling shares directly to the public without paying an underwriter. The financial
benefits for Spotify were savings in underwriter fees and avoiding the IPO discount.
Growth through Acquisitions
Spotify has strengthened their competitive position through a series of targeted and timely
acquisitions. Each acquisition has resulted in a stronger competitive position and new market
opportunities. A list of Spotify’s acquisitions between 2013 and 2020 are presented in Exhibit 1.
EXHIBIT 1 Spotify’s Acquisitions between 2013 and 2020
16
Company Year Company Business
Source: Businesswire–https://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/home/.
2014–2016. In March 2014, Spotify acquired The Echo Nest. The Echo Nest was a music
intelligence and data platform for developers and media companies. The company developed
and personalized music applications. In June 2015, Spotify also acquired Seed Scientific, a data
science consulting firm, to lead an advanced analytics unit within the company. CrowdAlbum, a
startup that collected photos and videos of performances and shared them on social media, was
acquired in 2016. The work created by CrowdAlbum would enhance and tighten the connection
between artists and their fans. In 2016, Spotify acquired Cord Project and Soundwave, these
companies focused on messaging and sharing. These acquisitions would allow users to share new
17
music, build profiles, and message friends and followers without leaving the Spotify app. Preact
was the last acquisition of 2016. Preact was acquired to find trends and behavior patterns
through machine learning and analytics to grow the premium customer base.
2018–2019. In 2018, Spotify acquired Loudr, a music licensing platform that built products and
services for content creators and digital music services to identify, track, and pay royalties to
music publishers providing a more transparent and efficient music publishing industry. In 2019,
Spotify acquired the podcast networks Gimlet Media and Anchor FM Inc., establishing itself as a
significant player in podcasting. Gimlet added its best‐in‐class podcast studio, production, and
advertising capabilities. Anchor added its platform of tools for podcast creators. Later that year,
Spotify also acquired Parcast, a podcast that specializes in crime, mystery, and science fiction
shows. Parcast added its curated library of highly produced shows and its loyal audiences. To
round off the year, the company acquired SoundBetter, a music production marketplace where
people in the music industry collaborate on projects and distribute music tracks for licensing.
SoundBetter brought with it a strong reputation and committment to support all creators
worldwide; the company joined Spotify with 180,000 registered users in 176 countries.
2020. Spotify’s latest acquisition was Bill Simmon’s The Ringer in February 2020. The Ringer was
a creator of sports, entertainment, and pop culture content. The addition of The Ringer expanded
Spotify’s content offering and audience reach. This acquisition is one more example of Spotify’s
growth strategy.
Growth through Partnerships
Spotify’s Partnerships have also strengthened the company’s competitive position by expanding
its market access and strategic collaborations mostly through bundling of services. A list of
Spotify’s partnerships between 2011 and 2020 are presented in Exhibit 2.
EXHIBIT 2 Spotify’s Partnerships between 2011–2020
18
Company Year Company Collaboration Scope
Global partnership to share music with consumers around the
Coca‐Cola 2012
world.
Integrated into the Adidas Go app where streaming music was
Adidas 2015
fused with fitness metrics.
South by
2017 Access to SXSW genre‐specific curated playlists on Spotify hub
Southwest
19
Company Year Company Collaboration Scope
Bouygues In France, Spotify and Bouygues offered a six month free trial
2019
Telecom for customers of Bouygues.
Brazilian customers of Magalu Conecta were offered a free four‐
Magalu Conecta 2019
month trial of Spotify premium.
Eligible Vodafone Australian users received a free 30‐day trial of
Vodafone 2019
Spotify premium added to their mobile plan.
Spotify created music and podcast playlists for viewers to watch
ESPN 2020 after The Last Dance docuseries of former Chicago Bulls player
Michael Jordan.
Source: Various Spotify press releases. https://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/home/.
2014–2015. Spotify’s partnership with Uber started in 2014. Riders were allowed to control the
driver’s sound system by connecting to their Spotify accounts and streaming their tunes while
20
riding in an Uber. In 2017, Spotify considered ending its partnership with Uber after mounting
scandals concerning Uber’s CEO. Also, in 2014, Spotify joined forces with the musician profile
service BandPage so artists and groups could engage more directly with their fans and offer
concert tickets, merchandise, and VIP experiences.
In January 2015, Sony announced a new platform, PlayStation Music, a new music service with
Spotify as an exclusive partner. With this partnership, Spotify was included into Sony’s
PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 gaming consoles and Sony Xperia devices. The platform was
introduced in 41 markets around the world. This partnership allowed subscribers the
convenience to link their accounts between PlayStation and Spotify, or sign up and subscribe.
In the same year, Spotify also partnered with Starbucks and was integrated into the Starbucks
app. The Starbucks and Spotify partnership encouraged active participation among members
who could create their own in‐store playlists. Spotify and adidas also formed a strategic
partnership to create a premium app called Adidas go that tracked running metrics and selected
music based on running speed. At the time, the app introduced a 7‐day trial period to Spotify
Premium with the goal to convert runners to premium subscribers.
2017. In March 2017, Spotify partnered with South by Southwest (SXSW). Users were able to
access SXSW genre‐specific curated playlists on Spotify SXSW 2017 hub in “browse” on desktop
and mobile devices as well as the SXSW Go App. Two more partnerships were announced in
March, one with WNYC Studios and one with Waze. WNYC was the most listened to public radio
station and mother station for podcasts like Radiolab, Studio 360, and Freakonomics. Waze was
a navigation app that allows users to access Spotify playlists from its app. In October of the same
year, Microsoft and Spotify entered into a new partnership. Microsoft ended its collaboration
with Groove allowing subscribers to move their playlists and music collections to Spotify. This
partnership allowed Spotify to be downloaded to Windows for P.C., including Xbox gaming
consoles.
In December 2017, Spotify and China‐based Tencent agreed to partner by acquiring shares from
each other. Tencent operated the largest social media platform in China and provided an
extensive catalog of music services to hundreds of millions of users.
2018. In April 2018, Spotify partnered with the gaming‐oriented voice chat service Discord to be
displayed on desktop clients. This partnership allowed users to display their currently‐playing
songs as a presence on their profile and invite other premium Spotify users to group “listening
parties”.
In April of the same year, Spotify and Hulu announced a partnership. The two companies bundled
their services and offered them through a single subscription plan of $12.99‐a‐month bundle.
This partnership was the first time Spotify partnered with streaming TV platform, and it came at
a time when the company was rethinking its video offerings. With Tom Calderone, head of video
and podcasts, departing the company, Spotify decided to focus on expanding video offerings on
Spotify playlists. In August 2018, the company introduced an upgraded Spotify Premium for
21
Students plan bundled with Hulu’s streaming library and SHOWTIME’s premium entertainment
content for $4.99.
2019. A groundbreaking partnership was that of Spotify with Ellen DeGeneres in late 2019. Ellen
DeGeneres is known for not only loving music but also for creating opportunities for new talent.
This partnership expanded these opportunities and tapped into new markets. Also, in 2019,
Spotify and Samsung announced the expansion of their collaboration. Samsung provided users
with access to Spotify on Samsung mobile devices, and all new Samsung mobile devices globally
would include the Spotify app preinstalled. The new devices included the Galaxy S10, S10+, S10e,
S10 5G. Galaxy Fold, and select Galaxy A series. Eligible Samsung owners qualified for six months
of free Spotify Premium. Following this partnership, Spotify and AT&T teamed up in a new
relationship that allowed AT&T Unlimited &More Premium Wireless customers to choose Spotify
Premium as their entertainment option, initially in a trial period and afterward at a rate of $9.99.
In 2019, Spotify also entered into four global partnerships; the first was with Xbox. Xbox and
Spotify teamed up to deliver value in gaming and music. Spotify offered gamers in the United
States and United Kingdom who joined Xbox Game Pass Ultimate or Xbox Game Pass for P.C.
(Beta) for the first time a six months trial of Spotify premium. The company also entered into
partnerships with French company Bouygues Telecom Broadband company; customers on
mobile tariffs of > 1GB could add Spotify Premium to their existing mobile plan. A second
partnership included Brazilian Magalu Conecta, a country top retailer that offered technical
support, cloud storage, phone protection, and Wi‐Fi spots; customers received a free four‐month
Spotify Premium trial. The last global partnership was with Vodafone, Australian largest mobile
network; customers received a free 30‐day trial of Spotify Premium.
To boost family membership, Spotify and Disney entered into a partnership that would create a
Disney Hub with Disney playlists with liked soundtracks from Disney, Pixar, and Marvel movies,
Star Wars instrumentals, classics, sing‐alongs, and more.
2020. On May 1, 2020, Spotify, ESPN, and Netflix teamed up to curate podcasts around
Netflix’s The Last Dance docuseries of former Chicago Bulls player Michael Jordan. The
partnership built on every brand’s respective strengths, and for Spotify, it was on content
curation and playlists. Spotify’s latest partnership was with “The Joe Rogan Experience,” a
podcast with a loyal and engaged fanbase around the world. The podcast debuted on September
1, 2020.
The many strategic acquisitions and partnerships Spotify formed strengthen the company’s
competitive position as the most significant and leading music streaming global platform.
Through market penetration, the company has been able to grow its number of users. Economies
of scale are evident as new users and artists are added. Product development is also part of
Spotify’s growth strategy and can be seen in the latest acquisitions of Podcast companies.
Spotify’s use of Big Data
22
Spotify is continuously looking for new “habits in their streaming intelligence” to learn more
about how people stream. The company calls this “understanding people through music.” The
company’s use of innovation and technology creates superior products and services to meet the
growing demand of existing and potential subscribers. Spotify introduced Spotify.me, a data
analytics program to capture a subscriber’s listening habits. The captured data allows the
company to generate content that users consider in line with their tastes, creating a unique user
experience, and keeping users engaged. Spotify’s use of artificial intelligence and machine
learning algorithms has been a driving force behind the company’s success.
It all began in 2012 with the company’s “Discover” feature, which started as a playlist of a user’s
favorite artists and soon became a sort of recommendation engine. In 2019, Spotify updated to
“Discover Weekly,” a feature that creates custom playlists unique to each listener’s activity,
which is curated by machine learning algorithms. The algorithm further analyzes other users’
playlists to find common music themes and use that information to develop new playlists. Users
also have a “taste profile” of microgenres that are used to further customize playlists. It is not
only about what music users listen to, it is about the user’s interaction with the song. Spotify’s
program is able to recognize if a user changes the track within 30 seconds giving it a thumbs down
and removing it from the playlist, or, if a user adds a song to a playlist and listens to the entire
song, the song is aligned with the “user’s taste,” a factor that helps the algorithm develop the
user’s overall taste profile.
Aside from “Discover Weekly,” Spotify also uses a function called “Daily Mixes,” these are
playlists separated by genres that the user gravitated towards and includes songs the user either
saved or added to a playlist, are written by the same artist, or are from new artists or albums the
user does not know of yet. Spotify algorithms change the songs of these playlists as well as
introduce a few extra new songs.
Not only does Spotify use analytics to understand a user’s music tastes, they also use data to
improve customer experiences. The data generated by consumers is used for ad campaigns and
to better target consumers. The company uses what they have learned from users to develop ads
that strategically target an ideal audience. The company has seen the impact of using listener
data to develop ad campaigns that increase their sales and user engagement. Some examples of
successful ad campaigns include a display ad in Williamsburg, New York, where the company used
listening history to develop funny ads, the first ad, read “Sorry, Not Sorry Williamsburg, Bieber’s
hit trended highest in this zip code.” This ad was displayed in a “hipster area” known for its
notoriously high concentration of music snobs. Some popular campaigns included holiday ads, a
set of 2018 Goal ads, and a set of “meme‐inspired” ads.
As of April 2018, Spotify announced that free users would have access to explore 15 of Spotify’s
most popular playlists, including “RapCaviar” and “Discover Weekly.” While this was great news
for free users, the company had a data‐driven reason behind this decision. Spotify would now
generate data from the listening habits of over 124 million more users allowing for better‐
customized experience using data and algorithms.
23
Data leads the way to understand trends, and this includes the music industry. Music streaming
has outranked music purchases, and the only way to understand how the public is responding to
music, artists, and albums is through the use of data. Spotify understands this well and continues
to focus on meeting user preferences through unique, differentiated services based on what the
company has learned through user data.
Spotify’s Competitors
Apple Music. Although a newcomer, Apple music is one of Spotify’s biggest rivals, with an
extensive library, human‐touch radio, and full integration into Apple’s iOS ecosystem. Apple
reached over 60 million premium subscribers worldwide as of mid‐2019. The company claims to
have over 60 million songs outdoing contenders such as Amazon Prime Music and Jay‐Z’s Tidal.
With Apple Music, users can listen to local radio stations around the world, download and stream
music to an Apple Watch, enjoy music in a car with CarPlay, and ask Siri (Apple’s A.I.) to search
for songs. Apple offers three subscriptions, a student, an individual, and a family tier. Because
Apple does not have a free tier, other than its initial 3‐month free trial, they have secured more
exclusives with artists.
Amazon Prime Music. Amazon Prime Music gives users access to over 60 million songs. The
company has an individual, family, student plan, and a single device plan (echo or fire tv). A Prime
Music subscription is free with Amazon Prime membership with access to 2 million songs, and
Prime Unlimited is its paid subscription with access to up to 60 million songs.
Tidal. Tidal is a streaming music service owned by hip‐hop mogul Jay Z. Artist empowerment is a
core tenant of this platform and was created in response to Spotify’s perceived unfair payout to
artists. The company claims to have over 60 million tracks in lossless audio quality and 250,000
videos. They offer subscribers exclusive music and videos, behind the scenes documentaries, and
events including live experiences, pre‐sales, and ticket giveaways. As with most companies,
subscribers get a 30‐day free trial. The company’s subscription tiers include a premium family
plan, and a student and military plan at discounted rates. The company also has HiFi subscription
tiers at higher rates. The number of Tidal subscribers was not disclosed by the company.
24
YouTube Music. YouTube Music is a streaming music service that allows subscribers to find
albums, live performances, and remixes by searching lyrics or describing songs. Subscribers
receive recommendations based on their tastes and searches. YouTube premium allows users to
listen to music ad‐free, offline, and while their devices’ screen is locked (desktop or phone).
YouTube Music has two tiers, the free ad‐supported tier, and the premium music service which
includes benefits like background play, ad‐free music, and audio‐only mode. YouTube Music is
the successor to Google Play Music who decided to put its marketing emphasis on the YouTube
Music platform since YouTube has billions of viewers. YouTube Music has over 20 million
subscribers
Originals & Exclusives (“O&E”) Content
As of June 2019, Spotify introduced a new version of its library to premium users that mixes form
with functions. Users are able to get their content faster and stay up to date with podcasts on
Spotify. Podcasts can be managed in three distinct sections: episodes, downloads, and shows.
The Episodes tab allows users to find or resume podcasts. The downloads tab serves as a
repository for downloaded podcast episodes that users can listen to them offline. The shows tab
allows for users to quickly manage podcasts they follow.
The company launched 78 Originals & Exclusives (“O&E”) podcasts globally and completed its
latest acquisition of The Ringer; The Ringer is a platform rich in popular sports and media
podcasts. Gimlet was acquired by Spotify in early 2019; they are a Swedish digital media podcast
network that focuses on narrative podcasts. The company brought with it a dedicated I.P.
development team, production, and advertising capabilities. Parcast is a premier storytelling‐
driven podcast studio based in Los Angles, California popular for Unsolved Murders, Cult, Serial
Killers, and Conspiracy podcasts. Spotify acquired Parcast in the second quarter of 2019.
Spotify now has over 1 million podcasts available on its platform, with more than 70 percent
powered by Anchor. Anchor is a podcasting platform that has added its suite of tools for podcast
creation, distribution, and monetization to Spotify’s community of more than 200 million users.
Anchor joined Spotify in early 2019 after discussions of joining forces and the similarities of their
company mission statements: “to unlock the potential of human creativity.”
Spotify experienced a shift in listening patterns in the first quarter of 2020 due to COVID‐19, but
the company remained excited about its growth trajectory and adoption of podcasts at a global
level. The company saw an increase of 3% from Q4’19 to Q1’20 in podcast engagement, and
consumption continued to grow at triple‐digit rates year after year. Spotify positioned itself to
become the premier producer of podcasts and the leading platform for podcast creators.
Spotify’s Web Image Matters
Spotify takes the design of their website very seriously. The company believes in designing for
belonging. The company knows that millions of people around the globe open Spotify, so its focus
is on localizing content. People in India can easily find Bollywood in India, Malay Pop in Malaysia,
25
and Sertanejo in Brazil. While playlists may share a theme, they feature different songs in
different parts of the world, so happy songs in the United States are different from those in
Taiwan. Every word on Spotify is also translated into the local language(s) whenever possible.
Spotify wants to “look just right” no matter where users access the app. The company spends
time making sure users relate with the images, they focus on the emotional content of images,
the approach to cultural sensitivities, and how they handle image localization. It is about the
Spotify experience of allowing people to feel that they belong.
Music unites people and yet it is highly localized and a personal experience; therefore, Spotify’s
focus is on delivering a country‐to‐country, culture‐to‐culture, and person‐to‐person unique
experience that varies but is equal in measure. A group of editors works together to minimize
localization challenges. The Spotify relevance starts with translating the experience into the
appropriate language(s), followed by using the same or different images based on the country.
Connections are created when users open Spotify and find images that are relevant and resonate
with them. For Spotify, representation matters, this could be the connection to a particular
playlist and added users.
Royalties, Artist Compensation & Spotify
Spotify was created in response to protect artists from piracy and to compensate them for their
work. But the road to a business model that makes sense for Labels, music producers, and
recording artists has been challenging.
As of December 31, 2019, Spotify had paid more than $16 billion in royalties to labels, publishers,
and collecting societies for distribution to songwriters and recording artists, an increase of 30
person from 2018. Spotify has become the biggest driver of growth in the music industry, and
the biggest source of overall music revenue in many places.
Performance Royalties. Performance royalties are payments made to a songwriter or publisher
for a public performance. Public performance refers to playing a song on the radio, television, in
bars, nightclubs, concerts, and other public places. The Performance rights organizations collect
the songwriting royalties from music users and distribute them to the legal owners. These
organizations include ASCAP in North America and SACEM internationally.
Mechanical Royalties. A mechanical royalty is earned through the reproduction of a copyrighted
work either in digital or physical form. The scope of mechanical reproductions covers any
copyrighted audio composition that is rendered mechanically and includes: compact discs, vinyl
records, tape recordings, music videos, ringtones, MIDI files, DVDs, computer games, and
downloaded tracks.
By 2019, music streaming accounted for 80% of the music industry revenue and included industry
leaders such as Pandora, Apple Music, Spotify, and others. The Industry Association of America
reported total revenues of $5.4 billion in the first half of 2019. The increase in revenue can be
26
traced back to more consumers signing up for subscription services and sales from downloads.
Streams generate both mechanical and performance royalties.
Streaming Payouts. Most streaming services use a “platform‐centric” payout distribution model.
Digital streaming providers negotiate payout rates with content owners, mainly major labels. The
negotiated rate is then applied to all services revenue resulting in the total sum that the
streaming service will pay to right holders. Spotify does not pay artists directly, rather they pay
distribution companies and Performance Rights Organizations. Payout, however, depends on
multiple factors such as how many ways the royalty is divided and in what country the stream
occurred.
On average, the per‐stream payout will vary depending on the types of streams the artist gets;
this payout is also dependent on the artist’s contracts with labels and distributors. If a stream
payout is calculated at .00437, and a song has 1000 streams on Spotify, then the rights‐holder(s)
of the musical work will earn $4.37
Spotify. Spotify’s largest expense has been royalties paid to different companies. The company
was once ranked as the worst royalty payer but increased its payments, and as of 2019, they
began paying between $0.00331 and $0.00437 per stream to rights holders (Digital Music News,
n.d). It has been estimated that it takes approximately 500,000 ad‐supported streams to generate
$100 in mechanical royalties and 180,000 premium tier streams to generate a monthly minimum
wage in the United States.
Spotify for Artists and “Music for You Platform”
Supporting artists on the Spotify platform has become a focus for the company. Spotify has built
a powerful suite of tools for artists to maximize their presence and help them find and connect
with an audience.
The company launched “Spotify for Artists” page in 2017; it was a place where artist teams,
labels, and distributors could manage their profiles, see, and analyze their data, and pitch
playlists. Artists and their teams come together to make decisions about release strategies, tour
schedules, and to connect with fans. Spotify Analytics was also launched for labels and
distributors to access and create playlists as they support their artists. Artist picks, a separate
tool, allows artists to know who is playing their music and where they are listening. After music
is released, artists can see streams in real‐time and watch their fan base grow.
Spotify’s innovative ideas continue to surprise the music industry. At the end of 2019, the
company announced that record companies would soon be able to pay to have their artists
promoted to targeted fans within the Spotify platform via “Music For You” visual pop‐up ads. The
goal of the ads was to alert fans of new releases, and for Labels to manipulate which fans see
what by digging into their wallets. Premium users could turn off the alerts, but free users would
not have this option. Recommendations would be based on listening tastes. This paid‐for
promotion began as a test in the United States only. This new source of income from advertising
27
comes from Spotify’s biggest suppliers of music. Charging record companies to promote their
artists on the platform increases the company’s profit margin generated at the end of the year
(Exhibit 3).
Source: Spotify Technology S.A. Announces Financial Results for First Quarter
2020. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200429005216/en/Spotify‐Technology‐
S.A.‐Announces‐Financial‐Results‐Quarter.
Spotify’s Financial Performance
Despite the global uncertainty around COVID‐19 in the first quarter of 2020, Spotify met or
exceeded its forecast. With more than €1.8 billion in liquidity, the company remained optimistic
about its underlying growth. Figure 3 shows Spotify’s first quarter of 2020 growth by region.
Monthly active users (MAUs) grew faster in first quarter 2020 than it did in first quarter 2019,
with growth in North America showing a second consecutive quarter growth followed by Europe,
Latin America, and the rest of the world. Exhibit 4 was a snapshot of the company’s user and
financial metrics. The decline in first quarter 2020 of MAU’s was traced back to the COVID hard
hit markets like Spain and Italy.
28
Car, Wearable, and Web platforms dropped by double digits. However, TV and game console use
increased over 50 percent over the same period. Ad‐supported MAUs in the United States game
consoles were a top two or three platform in consumption in March and April 2020. While Car
and Commute consumption had changed dramatically due to an increase of work‐from‐home,
there was an increase in podcast listening. Two in five people surveyed in the United States stated
they listened to music to manage stress, which explained the increase in podcasts related to
wellness and meditation.
Monthly Active Users (MAUs). Total MAUs grew 31 percent year‐over‐year to 286 million
between 2019 and 2020. Spotify’s first quarter 2020 was the third consecutive quarter, with
growth above 30 percent. North America region showed accelerated growth, with the United
States being the best performer. Europe grew by 35 percent, Latin American region by 22
percent, and the Rest of the World by 17 percent‐‐see Exhibit 4.
EXHIBIT 4 Summary User and Financial Metrics for Spotify Technology S.A., Q1 2019, Q4 2019,
and Q1 2020
% Change
FINANCIALS
29
% Change
€ € €
Operating (Loss) Income – –
(47) (77) (17)
Net Cash Flows (used in)/from operating €
€ 209 € 203 – –
activities (9)
Premium Subscribers. At the end of first quarter2020, Spotify had 130 million premium
subscribers globally; this is an increase of 31 percent Y/Y. The Spotify Family Plan was a driver for
this increase. Spotify Kids, a stand‐alone app designed for children, was launched in eight
additional markets: Australia, the United Kingdom, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, the United States,
Canada, and France. The Duo Plan, premium plans for two people, was further introduced in
three more markets: Canada, France, and Japan. This plan already existed in 23 markets (Exhibit
4).
Revenue. Total revenue of €1,848 million grew 22 percent Y/Y in first quarter 2020. Premium
revenue grew 23 percent Y/Y to €1,700 million, which was in line with expectations. Ad‐
supported revenues grew 17 percent Y/Y but fell short of expectations, according to the
company, this decline was a result of COVID‐19. Ad‐supported revenues of €148 million were
below the company forecast by more than 20 percent. March 2020 saw several previously
booked businesses cancel and buyers pulling back, leading to this decline.
EXHIBIT 5 Spotify Technology S.A. Annual Income Statements, 2015–2019 (in EUR millions,
except share and per share data)
30
2019 2018 2017 2016 2015
Cost of services
(5,042) (3,906) (3,241) (2,551) (1,714)
Research &
development (615) (493) (396) (207) (136)
expenses
Sales &
marketing (826) (620) (567) (368) (219)
expenses
General &
administrative
(354) (283) (264) (175) (106)
expenses
Operating
(73) (43) (378) (349) (235)
income (loss)
Interest income 31 25 19 5 2
Share in
(losses)/earnings
– – 1 (2) –
of associates &
joint ventures
31
2019 2018 2017 2016 2015
Finance
income/(costs)– (58) (130) (855) (186) 10
net
Profit (loss)
(131) (173) (1,233) (535) (225)
before tax
Income tax
(expense)
55 (95) 2 4 5
benefit
Net income (loss)
attributable to
€(186) €(78) €(1,235) €(539) €(230)
owners of the
parent
Net loss
attributable to
owners of the
parent per share
Weighted
average shares 180,960,5 177,154,4 151,668,7 148,368,7 141,946,6
outstanding– 79 05 69 20 00
basic
Weighted
average shares 180,960,5 181,210,2 151,668,7 148,368,7 141,946,6
outstanding– 79 92 69 20 00
diluted
32
2019 2018 2017 2016 2015
Consolidated
Statement of
Cash Flows Data
Net
increase/(decrea
152 414 (222) 190 371
se) in cash and
cash equivalents
Selected Other
Data (unaudited)
Spotify
Consolidated
Statement of
Financial
Position Data
33
2019 2018 2017 2016 2015
Short term
692 915 1,032 830 –
investments
Convertible
– – 944 1,106
Notes
Total
Equity/(deficit)
attributable to 2,037 2,094 238 (240) 229
owners of the
parent
Gross Margin. Gross margin finished as 25.5 percent in quarter one, exceeding company
expectations. The driver of this performance was the core royalty component due to product
mix. Spotify renewed its global licensing partnership with Warner Music Group. This renewed
partnership covered existing countries and a few additional ones, it was not expected that this
deal would impact music economies. Premium gross margin increased to 28.3 percent in quarter
one 2020 from 27.4 in quarter four 2019. Ad‐supported gross margin declined to 6.6 in quarter
one 2020 from 11.6 in quarter four 2019.
Operating Expenses/Income (loss). Operating expenses totaled €489 million in quarter one, an
increase of 16 percent from quarter one 2019 but below expectations. At the end of quarter one
2020, Spotify had €1.8 billion in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and short‐term
investments on its balance sheet and no indebtedness. In the race for market domination, Spotify
has been busy hiring talent, making acquisitions and forming partnerships, and as CEO Daniel Ek
stated in a Feb. 5, 2019 interview, “the company is focused on its goal of being the world’s No. 1
audio platform.”1 Reid Hoffman, founder of LinkedIn and partner at Venture Capital firm
Greylock Partners described Spotify’s growth as “blitzscaling,” a term coined by Hoffman that
typically applies to young companies but as Hoffman stated, “Spotify isn’t acting its age.”2
34
ENDNOTES
1 As quoted in “Why Spotify Is Still Sprinting for Maximum Market Share,” Billboard, March 4,
2020, www.billboard.com/articles/business/streaming/9325846/spotify‐strategy‐market‐share‐
analysis.
2 As quoted in “Why Spotify Is Still Sprinting for Maximum Market Share,” Billboard, March 4,
2020, www.billboard.com/articles/business/streaming/9325846/spotify‐strategy‐market‐share‐
analysis.
Assignment Questions
1. What are the key elements of Spotify’s strategy? What keeps them competitive compared
to other streaming platforms?
2. How would you describe Spotify’s business model considering their subscription tiers?
What makes it different?
3. What are the value chain components of Spotify as a streaming music platform and how
does the company deliver value?
4. What does a SWOT analysis reveal about the overall attractiveness of Spotify’ situation?
5. How do you characterize Spotify’s growth strategy? Have they achieved a stronger
position?
6. What recommendations would you make to Daniel Ek to sustain the rate of growth at
Spotify?
35