Statistics On Public Sector Employment

Sectoral Activities Programme
Salaried Employees and Professional Workers’ Branch
Bureau of Statistics
Working Papers
Statistics on Public Sector Employment:

Methodology, Structures and Trends
by Messaoud Hammouya
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE GENEVA

Sectoral Activities Programme SAP 2.85/WP.144
Salaried Employees and Professional Workers’ Branch
Bureau of Statistics
Working Papers
Statistics on Public Sector Employment:

Methodology, Structures and Trends
by Messaoud Hammouya, Bureau of Statistics, ILO
Working papers are preliminary documents intended

to stimulate discussion and critical comment
International Labour Office Geneva

Copyright © International Labour Organization 1999
Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention.
Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that source is indicated. For
rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to the Publications Branch (Rights and Permissions),
International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications.
Libraries, institutions and other users registered in the United Kingdom with the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham
Court Road, London W1P 9HE (Fax: +44 171 436 3986), in the United States with the Copyright Clearance Center, 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 (Fax: +1 508 750 4470), or in other countries with associated Reproduction Rights
Organizations, may make photocopies in accordance with the licences issued for this purpose.
ISBN 92-2-111785-5
First published 1999
The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the representation
of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office
concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.
The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and
publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them.
Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International
Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval.
ILO publications can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO offices in many countries, or directly from ILO
Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. A catalogue or list of new publications will be
sent free of charge from the above address.
Printed by the International Labour Office, Geneva, Switzerland

Foreword
This working paper is the result of an interdepartmental study involving the Salaried
Employees and Professional Workers Branch of the Sectoral Activities Department and the
Bureau of Statistics of the International Labour Office (ILO).
The first version of this document was prepared as a contribution to the "Joint Meeting
on Human Resource Development in the Public Service in the Context of Structural Adjustment
and Transition" concerning statistical information on employment in the public sector, which
was held at the ILO Headquarters in Geneva from 14 to 18 December 19981. It also
represented a first step towards answering the request of the "Joint Meeting on the Impact of
Structural Adjustment in the Public Services (Efficiency, Quality Improvement and Working
Conditions)"2 in 1995, for comparable and useful statistics at the international level.
During the 1998 joint meeting, the discussions reflected a broad interest and increased
expectation in this matter. This document now makes the study accessible to a larger audience.
Comments and suggestions are welcomed and may be addressed to the Bureau of Statistics,
ILO, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. (E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]; Fax:
+41 22 799 6957).
The ILO is indebted to the national statistical agencies which cooperated in providing
statistical information on public sector employment by replying to the ILO questionnaire on
the subject or supplying relevant reports or tabulated data currently available from surveys or
other sources. Some of the available data are presented in this working paper.
K. Ashagrie V. Klotz
Director Chief
Bureau of Statistics Salaried Employees
and Professional Workers Branch
July 1999
1
ILO, Report for discussion and Note on the proceedings (Documents JMPS/1998/8 and JMPS/1998).
2
ILO, Final Report (document JMPS/1995/10).
iii
Table of contents
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1. Methodology for collecting comparable data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Concept and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 The survey questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. The results of the collection of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 Overview of the replies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Charts and tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.1 Employment structures in the public sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Share of public employment in total employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Share of employment of women in the public sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Public employment by type of institution and level of government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Public employment by branch of activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.2 Public employment trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Changes in public sector employment and total employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Changes in public sector employment

and in employment in community services etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Annex 1: List of countries and territories contained in the database . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Annex 2: Questionnaire on statistics on public sector employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Annex 3: List of sectorial working papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
v
Introduction
The importance of the public sector is an indisputable social and economic reality
throughout the world; there are over 450 million1 people employed directly in the sector, at
least 200 million of whom work in government units. Despite all of the past and present
"turbulence", the world share of public employment in total world employment remains large -
at around 30 percent depending on the levels of economic development and the role played by
the State in the production of goods and services. Today the share of public employment in
developed market-economy countries is close to 22 percent of total employment; the figure
is around 40 percent in countries in transition and varies from 8 percent to 30 percent in
developing countries.
In the past few years the effects of globalization, the reduction of public expenditure
connected with structural adjustment and transition to market economies have entailed
profound changes in public employment levels and structures in many countries. The extent
and modes of transformation observed vary from one country to another. There is a serious
lack of comparable statistics on public sector employment for analysis of and action on the
impact of structural adjustment and transition and on human resource development in the
public sector.
The final report of the 1995 joint meeting on "the effect of structural adjustment in
public services" recommended that the International Labour Organisation (ILO) "realise
statistics on the public sector which are comparable and useful at the national level for
countries wishing to develop their own capacity for analysing the information and applying
it to national needs." The survey on employment statistics in the public sector conducted by
the Bureau of Statistics of the ILO in August 1998 was aimed at responding to that
recommendation.
This survey is the first of its kind carried out by the ILO at global world level. The
statistical data received from the national statistical bodies and collected from documentary
sources concern over 80 countries and territories and relate to public employment by gender,
level of administration, type of institution and type of economic activity. The purpose of the
survey was limited to testing the possibility of creating a database on employment statistics in
the public sector.
Although the results of the survey indicate that few countries provided data
corresponding to those requested, it is nevertheless possible to collect statistics of this type. It
would be desirable to renew the survey periodically and to extend it to other aspects of
employment, such as pay, working time or training. An important source of international
statistical data on employment in the public sector would thus be built up and regularly
updated.
This report was developed in two sections: the first, "Methodology for collecting data"
describes the context of the survey, examines the definitions and concepts and presents the
procedure followed for preparing the questionnaire; the second section, "Results of the
1
Estimated on the basis of the data collected in the survey described in the present report
1
survey", summarizes the data provided by the countries on structures and trends in the public
sector employment in the form of tables and charts.
1. Methodology for collecting comparable data
The ILO Bureau of Statistics has been proceeding pragmatically since 1997 with a view
to exploring the possibility of building up an international database on employment statistics
in the public sector. This undertaking is a follow-up to the collaboration with the Public
Management Department (PUMA) of the OECD, the results of which were presented in 1994
in a publication entitled "Statistical sources on public sector employment" (ILO/OECD, Paris
1994).
The present work was carried out with the collaboration of the Salaried Employees and
Professional Workers Branch (TRAVINT) of the Sectoral Activities Department of the ILO
and is part of the overall process of providing statistics on public sector employment which
other international organisations, in particular the World Bank2 and OECD3, have embarked
upon.
Few other attempts have been made to compare methods and figures with a view to
improving data collection and obtaining comparable statistics on public employment with as
broad coverage of countries.
1.1 Background
In July 1997 the Bureau of Statistics conducted an first survey, mainly among the
national statistical institutes of the ILO Member States, with a view to establish an inventory
of the various national sources and methods used for compiling statistics on public sector
employment. Examination of the preliminary results of that survey reveals great diversity in
the manner in which employment levels and structures in the public sector are obtained.
This diversity must be taken into account in any study which involves international
comparisons; these findings are as follows:
- In most countries there are at least two, if not more, national institutions which
prepare statistics on public sector employment.
- There are different types of data sources which coexist within these
institutions.
- The field of the public sector is defined by a set of public institutions

according to the criteria chosen by the countries, and not all types of jobs
and/or status situations of the persons employed are necessarily included.
2
World Development Report, 1997 and "An International Statistical Survey of Government Employment
and Wages", Policy Research Working Paper, No. 1806, August 1997.
3
"Measuring Public Employment in OECD Countries: Sources, Methods and Results", Working
Paper, OECD/DG(97)232.
2
- The coverage of the "public sector" statistics varies from one country to
another and often from one institution to another within a given country. The
definitions are usually determined by national legislation and reflect the
historical development of the State and the evolution of the status of public
institutions.
- There is very limited use of the standardised international definitions of the

public sector.
- Very few countries conduct periodical and specific public employment

surveys. In general, the data collected on public sector employment constitutes
a sub-set of data which is collected in national surveys (censuses, labour force
surveys, etc.) or which comes from a combination of various administrative
sources (pay records, insurance records, etc.).
It transpires from these findings that considerable care must be taken in the comparison
of public sector employment statistics and that the main difficulty relating to the comparability
of data lies in the definition of the public sector. The national definitions vary from one
country to another and with the risk that they may not be stable over time - hence the
advantage of using common international definitions.
1.2 Concept and definitions
The most important international concept of the public sector is contained in the
"System of National Accounts"4 (SNA 93).
Two major criteria are laid down in the SNA 93 for giving a precise definition of
"government units" and, more broadly, the public sector: the criteria of "market / non-market"
and "control and financing". The simultaneous application of these two criteria to every
activity where goods or services are produced traces the boundary between the public and the
private sector. And in order to make the definition clearer and more transparent a distinction
is made between the institutional levels of government: three levels are differentiated - the
central level, the federal State level (or the regional level), and the local level.
The public sector is thus defined as all market or non-market activities which at each
institutional level are controlled and mainly financed by public authority. It is composed of
a general government sector and a public corporation sector (figure a, page 4).
The general government sector is made up of all of the government units, social
security funds and non-profit, non-market public or private institutions which are controlled
and mainly financed by public authority.
4
"System of National Accounts", Commission of the European Communities, International Monetary
Fund, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, United Nations, World Bank,
Bruxelles/Luxembourg, New York, Paris, Washington, D.C., 1993.
3
The public corporation sector comprises all of the institutional units which produce for
the market and are controlled and mainly financed by public authority.
The definitions are set out in further detail in Annex 2, page 39, in the "general
instructions" of the questionnaire.
Public sector
Central level, federal state level (or regional level) and local level
Institutions controlled and mainly financed by public authority
Figure a:
Public
Public sector General government sector
corporation
according to SNA 93 sector
governments Social Non- profit
units security and
funds non-market
institutions
Non-market institutions Market institutions
1.3 The survey questionnaire
The above-mentioned findings and national data-collecting practices were taken into
account in the designing of the questionnaire.
Description of the questionnaire
The questionnaire is composed of four tables, a set of instructions for completing the
tables and an annex reproducing an extract from Chapter IV - "Institutional units and sectors"
of the System of National Accounts 1993. It was drawn up in English, French and Spanish.
The first two tables (Table 1A "Total" and Table 1B "Women") relate to public sector
employment data by type of institution and level of government, as well as to private sector
employment.
The other two tables (Table 2A "Total" and Table 2B "Women") concern public sector
employment by economic activity according to the International Standard Industrial
Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC Rev. 2 or ISIC Rev. 3).
For each of these tables the agencies were requested to provide the data for four years:
the latest year available plus 1995, 1990 and 1985, or years close to those years. They were
also asked to indicate the type of source and unit of measurement used.
4
The choices made
1. Tables 1A and 1B are an accurate representation of the only standard international

definition of the public sector, that which is contained in the System of National
Accounts 1993: each type of institution is represented by a heading in the table.
2. The ISIC Rev. 2 and Rev. 3 classifications do not make any distinction between
the public and the private sector like the SNA does; on the other hand, however,
both identify a part of the public sector, "Administration, national defence and
compulsory social insurance" represented by category 91 of ISIC Rev. 2 and
category L of ISIC Rev. 3 respectively. The decision to add 2 tables with these
classifications was motivated by the following considerations:
- In certain countries the only possibility of obtaining approximate

estimates for public sector employment is to base them on the ISIC Rev.
2 or Rev. 3 categories; the collection of such statistics is not yet linked
to the SNA 93 definitions.
- The public employment data by economic activity can make the

structural changes and the consequences of privatisation measures in the
public sector more visible.
3. By virtue of their responsibility for the national statistical system in its entirety,
the methodology of data collection and the fact that they publish data at regular
intervals, the national statistical bodies are best equipped for collecting such
statistics or to forward the questionnaire to the most competent institution.
Therefore, it was to the national statistics that the questionnaire was sent.
2. The results of the collection of data
2.1 Overview of the replies
The ILO started to receive the replies to the questionnaire in early September 1998, and
77 countries and territories had replied by the end of November 1998. Some twenty countries
promised to send in their replies in the near future.
A total of 216 questionnaires were sent out, and the reply rate was approximately 36%.
This rate could have been higher if the deadline for returning the questionnaire - which had
been set at one month - had been longer and if the purpose of the questionnaire had been other
than a test. However, 36% is a fairly good rate compared to other similar surveys.
Of the 77 replies received, 3 questionnaires were unusable. The data supplied by the
countries was supplemented with data from documentary sources pertaining to 10 other
countries (publications of national statistical bodies). Taken as a whole, the Database on
Public Sector Employment Statistics (DBPSE) contains data on 84 countries.
5
In Table "a", it will be noticed that the data comes mainly from 4 types of data sources:
labour force surveys, establishment surveys, administrative registers and a combination of
various sources.
Data source %
Table a
Labour force Survey 23
Distribution of replies Establishment survey 23
per type of data source Administrative registers 18
Combinaison of different sources 24
Population census 4
Others 10
Total 100
Concerning the type of measurement used, the most of the data provided are expressed
in number of "employed persons", as is demonstrated in Table "b".
Unit of measuremant %
Table b
Employed persons 75
Distribution of replies Persons with regular contracts 2
by unit of measurement Persons working full time 5
Employment as full time equivalents 4
Paid Employment 1
Others 13
Total 100
Most of the data collected concerns "total" public service employment, whether broken
down by type of institution, level of government or economic activity. This is the data
requested in Tables 1A and 2A of the questionnaire. In the case of the data on the employment
of women, only one out of every two countries filled in at least one of the tables (Tables 1B
and 2B).
It should be noted that all of the countries which replied to the questionnaire supplied
very recent aggregated data. However, in most of the replies to the questionnaire few figures
relate to years prior to 1990 and the definition of the public sector used is not mentioned
directly.
Consequently, in the case of a large number of countries, the data supplied does not
provide a basis for observing developments in the public sector over a period exceeding 5 - 10
years and they only approximates the definitions given in SNA 93.
6
2.2 Charts and tables of figures
Although the data contained in the DBPSE relates to only 84 countries and territories,
it provides a basis for revealing the general and current features concerning employment
structures and trends in the public sector by group of countries. The following charts and
tables of figures have been drawn up to illustrate these structures and trends.
2.2.1 Employment structures in the public sector
Share of public employment in total employment
Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 illustrate the share of public employment in total employment5 by

country and for recent years. The figures quoted in the charts have been taken from the column
headed "Share of public employment in total employment" of Table 1 "Total employment and
public employment by sex", page 12.
80%
Figure 1 77%
79%
72%
Share of public
and private 60%
60%
employment
by group of
1 40%
countries 40%
(Average of the national
percentages) 28%
21% 23%
20%
0%
Total (54)
OCDE
Developing
countries (15) Countries in
countries (25)
transition (14)
Public Private
1
In brackets the number of countries considered.
Source: Survey on public sector employment statistics, Bureau of Statistics, ILO, October 1998 .
These charts show that there are big differences in the employment contributions of
public sector employment to total employment and thus in the degrees of participation of
government units in the production of goods and services. In the countries for which data is
available, the share of public employment ranges from 5% (Philippines) and 8% (South Africa
and Japan) to over 55% (Azerbaijan and Belarus).
In the case of the OECD countries, the share of public employment in total
employment is close to 21%; it is around 40% in countries in transition to a market economy.
5
In the case of the majority of developing countries, total employment corresponds to formal sector
employment.
7
The figures for developing countries are very variable, ranging from 5% in the Philippines to
50% in India and Egypt.
Japan (1996)
Figure 2
Turkey 1998)
Share of United States (1997)
public M e xic o ( 1 9 9 6 )
employment
S p a in ( 1 9 9 7 )
in total
employment N e w Z e a la n d ( 1 9 9 7 )
in 15 OECD United Kingdo m (1997)

countries1
Germany (1997)
Canada (1997)
A u s t r a lia ( 1 9 9 8 )
Ire l a n d ( 1 9 9 6 )
Denmark (1997)
F in la n d ( 1 9 9 7 )
N o rwa y (1995)
S weden (1996)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

1
By order of increasing percentages of the share of public employment in total employment.
Figure 3
C z e c h R e p u b lic ( 1 9 9 7 )
A lb a n ia (1995)
Share of
public M o ldo v a , R e p . o f (1997)
employment La t v i a ( 1 9 9 7 )
in total
employment E s t o n ia ( 1 9 9 6 )
in 14 R u s s ia n F e d e r a t io n ( 1 9 9 5 )
countries
in transition1
S lo v e n ia (1997)
Ukraine (1997)
R o u m a n ia ( 1 9 9 6 )
Hungary (1997)
Ka za k s t a n ( 1 9 9 7 )
P o la n d ( 1 9 9 6 )
A z e r b a ija n ( 1 9 9 5 )
B e la r u s ( 1 9 9 7 )
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

1
8
Figure 4
P hilippines (1995)
Share of M ya n m a r ( 1 9 9 6 )
public
S o u t h A f r ic a (1997)
employment
in total C o lo m b ia ( 1 9 9 8 )
employment in
B r a z il (1996)
25 developing
countries1 C a ym a n Is la n d s ( 1 9 9 6 )
Ecuador (1997)
C o s t a R ic a (1997)
M a la wi (1995)
G u a t e m a la ( 1 9 9 6 )
Bahamas (1996)
Barbados (1995)
B e lize ( 1 9 9 7 )
Tonga (1996)
Zimbabwe (1997)
B a h r a in (1991)
Trinidad and To b a g o ( 1 9 9 7 )
Ira n , Is la m ic R e p . o f (1996)
Panama (1997)
J o rdan (1996)
China (1996)
S e yc h e lle s ( 1 9 9 5 )
F iji (1996)
Kenya (1996)
B o t s wa n a ( 1 9 9 5 )
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

1
Employment of women in the public sector
Figure 5 shows that in the case of most of the countries for which figures are available
the share of employment of women in public sector employment is higher than in total
employment. It is also observed that there are relatively less women employed in the public
sector in developing countries (35%) than in OECD countries (50%) or countries in transition
(46%).
9
Figure 5
Share of the employment

of women in total 50%
and public employment 46% 47%
by group of countries 40%
(average of national percentages)1
35%
31%
Developing countries (21) Countries in transition (4) OCDE countries (5)
Public employment Total employment
1
In brackets the number of countries considered
Figure 6
Japan (1996)
Share of the S p a in (1 9 9 7 )
employment of women
New Zealand (1997)
in total and public
employment in United States (1997)
1
5 OECD countries
Finland (1997)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

1
By order of increasing percentages of the share of the employment of women in public employment.
Figure 7 R o umania (1996)
Croatia (1990)
Share of the
employment of
Slovenia (1997)
women in total and
public employment Estonia (1996)
in 4 countries in
transition1 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
1
.
Source: Survey on public sector employment statistics, Bureau of Statistics, ILO, October 1998
10
Egypt (1995)
Ind i a ( 1 9 9 5 )
Figure 8
Iran, Islamic Rep. of (1996)
Share of the Bahrain (1991)

employment of
women in total and Malawi (1995)
public employment in
18 developing Zimb a b w e ( 1 9 9 7 )
countries1
Tanzania, United Rep. of (1991)
Ethiopia (1994)
Trinidad and Tobago (1997)
Sri Lanka (1994)
Tonga (1996)
Ecuador (1997)
Belize (1997)
Bahamas (1996)
C o s t a R ica (1997)
Barbados (1995)
C o lo m b i a ( 1 9 9 8 )
Brazil (1996)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

1
.
11
Table 1: Total employment and public employment by sex (Thousands)
Country Last Total employment Public employment Share of

(or territory) year Total Women Share Total Women Share public empl.
available of women of women in total empl.
in total in total %
% %
Albania 1995 1137.9 .. .. 275.9 105.3 38.2 24.2
Australia 1998 6800.4 .. .. 1433.7 .. .. 21.1
Azerbaijan 1995 2837.3 .. .. 1622.9 733.6 45.2 57.2
Bahamas 1996 129.8 59.4 45.8 23.9 10.8 45.1 18.4
Bahrain 1991 212.1 34.9 16.5 60.0 11.1 18.4 28.3
Barbados 1995 110.0 52.0 47.3 22.9 11.1 48.5 20.8
Belarus 1997 4369.9 .. .. 2536.3 .. .. 58.0
Belize 1997 45.6 15.1 33.2 9.9 4.4 44.6 21.6

1
Botswana 1995 233.5 .. .. 99.4 39.6 39.9 42.6
Brazil 1996 68040.2 26715.4 39.3 7839.9 4201.1 53.6 11.5
Burkina Faso 1997 .. .. .. 49.2 11.4 23.1 ..
Canada 1997 13940.6 .. .. 2797.8 .. .. 20.1
Cayman Islands 1996 19.4 .. .. 2.3 .. .. 12.0

2
China 1996 688500.0 .. .. 247520.0 .. .. 36.0
3
Colombia 1998 5816.8 2573.7 44.2 487.3 239.3 49.1 8.4
Costa Rica 1997 1227.3 378.1 30.8 174.9 81.2 46.4 14.2
4
Croatia 1990 1571.7 677.9 43.1 1509.6 651.4 43.2 96.1
Cyprus 1995 285.1 .. .. 47.0 .. .. 16.5
Czech Republic 1997 4993.3 .. .. 1167.8 .. .. 23.4
Denmark 1997 3578.0 .. .. 938.3 600.1 64.0 26.2
Dominican Republic 1998 .. .. .. 287.7 117.1 40.7 ..
Ecuador 1997 3062.2 1152.6 37.6 422.7 178.6 42.3 13.8

5
Egypt 1995 1726.1 233.0 13.5 1206.8 130.1 10.8 69.9
Estonia 1996 645.6 310.2 48.0 238.3 131.6 55.2 36.9
Ethiopia 1994 25883.2 11171.9 43.2 711.6 194.4 27.3 2.7
Fiji 1996 110.1 .. .. 44.9 10.6 23.6 40.8
Finland 1997 2170.0 1029.0 47.4 618.0 423.0 68.4 28.5
Gambia 1998 .. .. .. 17.3 3.5 20.3 ..
Germany 1997 33962.0 .. .. 6517.0 .. .. 19.2
Guatemala 1996 852.2 .. .. 127.0 .. .. 14.9
Hungary 1997 2194.6 .. .. 967.9 .. .. 44.1

6
India 1995 27987.0 4304.1 15.4 19689.0 2616.3 13.3 70.4
Iran, Islamic Rep. of 1996 14571.6 1765.4 12.1 4258.0 698.3 16.4 29.2
Ireland 1996 1297.0 .. .. 297.0 .. .. 22.9
Isle of Man 1996 33.6 14.9 44.4 7.7 4.0 51.1 23.1
Japan 1996 67781.3 25739.7 38.0 5198.2 1932.7 37.2 7.7
Jordan 1996 .. .. .. .. .. .. 35.8
Kazakstan 1997 12080.1 .. .. 5607.8 .. .. 46.4
Kenya 1996 1622.3 .. .. 689.8 .. .. 42.5
Latvia 1997 1046.0 .. .. 357.0 .. .. 34.1
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 1995 1025.1 .. .. 678.5 166.0 24.5 66.2
Malawi 1995 700.6 203.9 29.1 104.1 20.4 19.6 14.9
Malaysia 1998 .. .. .. 664.1 268.0 40.4 ..
Malta 1998 132.4 36.5 27.6 49.8 12.4 24.8 37.6
Mexico 1996 28281.8 .. .. 4626.5 .. .. 16.4

7
Moldova, Rep. of 1997 1646.0 .. .. 446.0 .. .. 27.1
12
Table 1: Total employment and public employment by sex (cont.) (Thousands)
Country Last Total employment Public employment Share of

(or territory) year Total Women Share Total Women Share public empl.
available of women of women in total empl.
in total in total %
% %
8
Morocco 1996 .. .. .. 855.2 .. .. ..
Myanmar 1996 17587.0 .. .. 970.4 369.2 38.0 5.5

9
New Zealand 1997 1368.9 574.1 41.9 247.2 136.1 55.1 18.1
Norway 1995 2105.5 .. .. 791.8 .. .. 37.6
Oman 1997 .. .. .. 69.1 .. .. ..
Panama 1997 440.0 .. .. 154.2 72.6 47.0 35.0
Philippines 1995 25677.0 .. .. 1328.0 .. .. 5.2
Poland 1996 9443.8 .. .. 5341.3 .. .. 56.6
Puerto Rico 1997 1132.0 464.0 41.0 309.0 160.0 51.8 27.3
Roumania 1996 9379.0 4357.4 46.5 3829.3 1621.5 42.3 40.8

10
Russian Federation 1995 67100.0 .. .. 25229.6 .. .. 37.6
Senegal 1997 .. .. .. 71.9 .. .. ..
Seychelles 1995 25.7 .. .. 9.5 .. .. 37.0
Slovenia 1997 717.9 329.2 45.9 270.1 138.5 51.3 37.6
South Africa 1997 5255.6 .. .. 436.8 .. .. 8.3
Spain 1997 12764.6 4497.7 35.2 2259.1 1025.4 45.4 17.7

11
Sri Lanka 1994 5148.3 1606.2 31.2 739.5 248.9 33.7 ..
Sweden 1996 3529.0 .. .. 1338.0 .. .. 37.9
Tanzania, United Rep. of 1991 923.4 193.0 20.9 500.2 133.7 26.7 54.2
Tonga 1996 29.4 11.0 37.4 7.0 2.5 35.9 23.7
Trinidad and Tobago 1997 460.0 165.4 36.0 130.2 43.1 33.1 28.3
Turkey 1998 21230.0 5953.0 28.0 2971.0 643.0 21.6 14.0
Ukraine 1997 22598.0 .. .. 8562.0 .. .. 37.9
United Kingdom 1997 26782.0 .. .. 5052.0 .. .. 18.9

12
United States 1997 122690.0 59380.0 48.4 19570.0 10859.0 55.5 16.0
Zimbabwe 1997 1323.4 286.8 21.7 328.2 87.0 26.5 24.8
NB: In most developing countries total employment corresponds to formal sector employment. ..= Does not apply.
(1) In public sector employment, only employees with regular contracts. (2) Public employment in the State, State-owned
units and township and village enterprises. (3) 7 main cities in the country. (4) Persons employed by the Ministry of the
Interior and the Ministry of Defence are not included in public employment. (5) Persons employed in private establishments
with less than ten employees are not included in total employment. (6) Only the public sector and private enterprises with
more than ten employees, excluding agriculture. (7) Total employment in urban regions. (8) Only the regions situated on
the left bank of the Rivers Dnester and M. Bender. (9) Excluding agriculture; public employment does not include
employment in the Central Bank. (10) Public employment in government and the enterprises and organisations owned by
the State and the municipalities. (11) The provinces in the north and east of the country. (12) Persons employed in non-
agricultural activities; only employment in the general government sector.
Source: Survey on public sector employment statistics, Bureau of Statistics, ILO, October 1998.
13
Public employment by type of institution and level of government
The figure below gives a panorama of the distribution of public employment by level
of government. The data is presented in Table 2 "Public employment by type of institution
and level of government", page 15.
As can be seen, the distribution of responsibilities and of the conducting of activities

over the various levels depends more on the social and political context than on the size of the
country or the level of economic development.
Figure 9 A lbania (1997)
Botsw ana (1995)

Contribution
expressed as Brazil (1996)
percentages of the
levels of Canada (1997)
government
Costa Rica (1997)
to employment in
the general
Cyprus (1995)
government sector
in 21 countries1 Denmark (1997)
Fiji (1996)
Finland (1997)
Hungary (1997)
Indonesia (1997)
Ireland (1996)
Japan (1996)
Malaw i (1995)
Malaysia (1998)
Mexico (1996)
New Zealand (1997)
Norw ay (1995)
Spain (1997)
United States (1997)
Z imbabw e (1997)
0% 100%
Central State( or regional) Local
1
By alphabetical order of countries.
14
Table 2: Public employment by type of institution and level of government Total
(Thousands)
Country Last Level General government sector Public Public

(or territory) year of Govern. social No Profit Total Corporation sector
available admin. units security institut. Number % sector Numbre %
funds Number %
Albania 1997
Central 1.9 0.1 12.7 14.7 10.1 .. .. .. ..
Local 6.9 1.0 122.8 130.6 89.9 .. .. .. ..
Total 8.7 1.1 135.5 145.3 100.0 81.0 100.0 226.3 100.0
Azerbaijan 1995
Total 1220.1 11.3 67.9 1299.3 100.0 323.6 100.0 1622.9 100.0
Bangladesh 1993
Total .. .. .. 971.0 100.0 .. .. .. ..
Belarus 1997
Total .. .. .. 1130.4 100.0 1405.9 100.0 2536.3 100.0
Belize 1997
Total .. .. .. 5.9 100.0 4.0 100.0 9.9 100.0
1
Botswana 1995
Central .. .. .. 70.1 81.2 13.2 100.0 83.3 83.7
Local 16.2 18.8 .. .. 16.2 16.3
Total .. .. .. 86.2 100.0 13.2 100.0 99.4 100.0
Brazil 1996
Central 913.9 62.8 .. 976.8 15.7 491.6 30.7 1468.3 18.7
State (regional) 2705.3 21.9 .. 2727.2 43.7 658.0 41.1 3385.2 43.2
Local 2518.5 15.2 .. 2533.8 40.6 452.6 28.2 2986.4 38.1
Total 61137.7 99.9 .. 6237.7 100.0 1602.2 100.0 7839.9 100.0
Canada 1997
Central 338.0 .. .. 338.0 13.3 92.3 35.5 430.3 15.4
State (regional) 342.0 .. 972.8 1314.8 51.8 119.7 46.0 1434.5 51.3
Local 343.8 .. 541.1 884.9 34.9 48.1 18.5 933.0 33.3
Total 1023.8 .. 1513.9 2537.7 100.0 260.1 100.0 2797.8 100.0
Cayman Islands 1996
Central 2.1 .. .. 2.1 100.0 0.2 100.0 2.3 100.0
Total 2.1 .. .. 2.1 100.0 0.2 100.0 2.3 100.0
2
Costa Rica 1997
Central 85.6 28.7 79.4 193.7 95.2 .. .. 193.7 95.2
Local 9.9 9.9 4.8 .. .. 9.9 4.8
Total 95.4 28.7 79.4 203.6 100.0 .. .. 203.6 100.0
Cyprus 1995
Central .. .. .. 35.2 92.3 .. .. .. ..
Local .. .. .. 3.0 7.7 .. .. .. ..
Total .. .. .. 38.1 100.0 8.4 100.0 47.0 100.0
Czech Republic 1997
Total 741.3 7.3 748.6 100.0 419.2 100.0 1167.8 100.0
Denmark 1997
Central .. .. .. 262.6 19.0 .. .. .. ..
State (regional) .. .. .. 323.9 23.4 .. .. .. ..
Local .. .. .. 798.0 57.6 .. .. .. ..
Total .. .. .. 1384.5 100.0 116.1 100.0 938.3 100.0
Estonia 1996
Total .. .. .. 154.5 100.0 83.8 100.0 238.3 100.0
Fiji 1996
Central 30.3 .. .. 30.3 97.7 13.9 95.1 44.2 98.4
Local 0.7 .. .. 0.7 2.3 0.7 4.9 0.7 1.6
Total 31.0 .. .. 31.0 100.0 14.6 100.0 44.9 100.0
Finland 1997
Central 71.0 1.0 32.0 104.0 19.9 80.0 40.8 144.0 23.2
Local 35.0 259.0 124.0 418.0 80.1 116.0 59.2 476.0 76.8
Total 106.0 260.0 156.0 522.0 100.0 196.0 100.0 620.0 100.0
15
Table 2: Public employment by type of institution and level of government (cont.) Total
(Thousands)

funds Number %
Germany 1997
Total .. .. .. 5210.0 100.0 1307.0 100.0 6517.0 100.0
Hungary 1997
Central 255.8 10.9 .. 266.7 35.2 .. .. .. ..
Local 491.3 .. 491.3 64.8 .. .. .. ..
Total 747.1 10.9 .. 758.0 100.0 209.9 100.0 967.9 100.0
Indonesia 1997
Central 3588.7 .. .. 3588.7 87.7 .. .. .. ..
Local 505.6 .. .. 505.6 12.3 .. .. .. ..
Total 4094.3 .. .. 4094.3 100.0 .. .. .. ..
Ireland 1996
Central .. .. .. 196.6 86.7 54.0 100.0 250.6 89.2
Local .. .. .. 30.2 13.3 .. .. 30.2 10.8
Total .. .. .. 226.8 100.0 54.0 100.0 280.8 100.0
Japan 1996
Central .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1290.8 24.8
State (regional) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1191.5 22.9
Local .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2716.0 52.2
Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5198.2 100.0
Kazakhstan 1997
Total 1903.7 .. .. 1903.7 100.0 3704.1 100.0 5607.8 100.0
Korea, Republic of 1996
Total .. .. .. 927.8 100.0 .. .. .. ..
Macau 1997
Total .. .. .. 17.6 100.0 .. .. .. ..
3
Malawi 1995
Central 88.5 .. .. 88.5 85.0 49.8 100.0 138.3 89.8
Local 15.6 .. .. 15.6 15.0 .. 15.6 10.1
Total 104.1 .. .. 104.1 100.0 49.8 100.0 153.9 100.0
Malaysia 1998
Central .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 526.1 79.2
State (regional) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 93.7 14.1
Local .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 44.2 6.7
Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 664.1 100.0
Malta 1998
Total 31.4 0.7 .. 32.1 100.0 17.7 100.0 49.8 100.0
Mexico 1996
Central 1419.4 433.1 .. 1852.5 45.1 517.4 100.0 2370.0 51.2
State (regional) 2005.6 .. .. 2005.6 48.8 .. .. 2005.6 43.3
Local 251.0 .. .. 251.0 6.1 .. .. 251.0 5.4
Total 3676.0 433.1 .. 4109.1 100.0 517.4 100.0 4626.6 100.0
4
Moldova, Rep. of 1997
Total 25.0 .. 23.0 48.0 100.0 398.0 100.0 446.0 100.0
5
New Zealand 1997
Central 190.0 2.0 .. 192.0 90.7 19.1 55.2 211.1 85.7
State (regional) 2.5 .. .. 2.5 1.2 .. .. 2.5 1.0
Local 17.2 .. .. 17.2 8.1 15.5 44.8 32.7 13.3
Total 209.7 2.0 .. 211.7 100.0 34.6 100.0 246.3 100.0
Norway 1995
Central .. .. .. 149.9 23.1 116.0 81.7 266.4 33.6
Local .. .. .. 500.0 76.9 25.0 17.6 525.4 66.4
Total .. .. .. 649.9 100.0 142.0 100.0 791.8 100.0
Oman 1997
Total .. .. .. 96.6 100.0 7.0 100.0 69.1 100.0
Panama 1997
Total 92.9 .. .. 92.9 100.0 61.3 100.0 154.2 100.0
16
Table 2: Public employment by type of institution and level of government (cont.) Total
(Thousands)

funds Number %
Philippines 1995
Total .. .. .. 1208.0 100.0 120.0 100.0 1328.0 100.0
Poland 1996
Total 290.3 41.5 2099.0 2430.8 100.0 2910.5 100.0 5341.3 100.0
Roumania 1996
Total .. .. .. 125.1 100.0 3704.2 100.0 3829.3 100.0
6
Russian Federation 1997
Total 1045.4 137.7 1350.2 2533.3 100.0 23361.5 100.0 25894.8 100.0
Senegal 1997
Central 66.3 .. .. 66.3 100.0 5.5 100.0 71.9 100.0
Total 66.3 .. .. 66.3 100.0 5.5 100.0 71.9 100.0
Singapore 1997
Total .. .. .. 97.5 100.0 .. .. .. ..
Slovenia 1997
Total .. .. .. 121.5 100.0 148.7 100.0 270.1 100.0
Spain 1997
Central 615.8 372.6 .. 988.4 49.8 .. .. 988.4 43.8
State (regional) 578.3 .. .. 578.3 29.1 .. .. 578.3 25.6
Local 418.5 .. .. 418.5 21.1 .. .. 418.5 18.5
Total 1612.6 372.6 .. 1985.2 100.0 270.1 100.0 2259.1 100.0
Syrian Arab Republic 1995
Total .. .. .. 760.8 100.0 .. .. .. ..
Tanzania, United Rep. of 1991
Central 319.5 .. .. 319.5 100.0 180.8 100.0 500.2 100.0
Total 319.5 .. .. 319.5 100.0 180.8 100.0 500.2 100.0
Tonga 1996
Total 5.3 .. .. 5.3 100.0 1.7 100.0 7.0 100.0
Trinidad and Tobago 1997
Total .. .. .. 105.1 100.0 25.1 100.0 130.2 100.0
7
United States 1997
Central .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2699 13.8
State (regional) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4594 23.5
Local .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12276 62.7
Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19570 100.0
Zimbabwe 1997
Central .. .. .. 249.0 88.7 43.1 90.0 .. ..
Local .. .. .. 31.6 11.3 4.5 9.4 .. ..
Total .. .. .. 280.6 100.0 47.9 100.0 328.2 100.0
NB: In most developing countries total employment corresponds to formal sector employment. .. = Does not apply.
(1) In public sector employment, only employees with regular contracts. (2) Employment in “non-profit” institutions
corresponds to employment in autonomous and semi-autonomous institutions. (3) Employment in social security funds and
other non-profit institutions is included in the private sector. (4) Only the regions situated on the left bank of the Rivers Dnester
and M. Bender. (5) Excluding agriculture; public employment does not include employment in the Central Bank
(6) Employment in non-profit institutions corresponds to employment in judicial institutions and public security councils. (7)
Persons employed in non-agricultural activities.
17
Public employment by branch of activity
Figures 10 to 15 give the shares expressed as a percentage of public employment in the

main branches of economic activity in several countries and show the place held by each of
those branches in the employment structure of those countries. The data has been taken from
Table 3 "Total employment and public employment by economic activity", page 21. Taken as
a whole, public employment is predominant in the services and is low in agriculture.
Figure 10 Agriculture
1%
Not adequatly
Contributions of the defined
branches of activity 3%
to public
employment Industry
in 10 OECD 5%
countries
(average of the national
percentages)
Services
91%
Figure 11 Australia (1998)
Canada (1997)
Contributions of the
branches of activity
to public employment Denmark (1997)
1
in 10 OECD countries
Finland (1997)
Japan (1996)
New Zealand (1997)
Norway (1995)
Spain (1997)
Turkey (1998)
0% 100%
Services Industry Agriculture Not adequatly defined
1
18
The structure of employment by economic sector in developed countries is marked by
the virtually total predominance of employment in the services (over 90%), the marginal
nature of employment in agriculture and a modest contribution of industrial employment.
In comparison to the OECD countries, Figures 10 and 12 show that in the countries in
transition the contribution of industrial employment to total public employment is larger (28%)
and that the contribution of agriculture, albeit modest, is higher than that in the OECD
countries.
Agriculture
Figure 12 4% Not adequatly
defined
Contributions of the 3%
branches of activity
to public Industry
28%
employment
in 8 countries
in transition
(averages of the national
percentages)
Services
65%
Albania (1995)
Figure 13 Croatia (1997)
Contributions of the Czech Republic (1997)
branches of activity to
public employment in 8 Estonia (1996)
1
countries in transition
Moldova, Rep. of (1997)
Poland (1996)
Roumania (1996)
Slovenia (1997)
0% 100%
1
19
With regard to developing countries, it is observed that, broken down by branch of
activity, these countries have an intermediate structure between that of the OECD countries
and that of the countries in transition to a market economy.
Not
Figure 14 Agriculture
adequatly
4%
defined
Contributions of the 1%
public employment in 14 Industry
developing countries 12%
(average of the national percentages)
Services
83%
Figure 15 Botswana (1995)
Contributions of the Brazil (1996)

Colombia (1998)
public employment
in 13 developing
1 Costa Rica (1997)
countries
Ecuador (1997)
Ethiopia (1994)
Fiji (1996)
India (1995)
Kenya (1996)
Malawi (1995)
Tonga (1996)
Zimbabwe (1997)
0% 100%
1
20
Table 3: Total employment and public employment by economic activity Total
(In percentages)
Country Last Type Total Economic activities (*)

(or territory) year of ISIC 1 ISIC 2 ISIC 3 ISIC 4 ISIC 5 ISIC 6 ISIC 7 ISIC 8 ISIC 9 ISIC 0
available empl.
Albania 1996
Public 100.0 2.5 7.2 22.0 6.2 2.8 1.7 7.5 .. 28.9 21.1
Total 100.0 70.6 1.6 5.1 0.9 1.9 5.2 3.9 .. 6.2 4.6
Australia 1998
Public 100.0 0.4 .. 0.3 3.1 1.2 .. 10.8 2.3 81.5 ..
Total 100.0 .. 1.2 13.7 0.8 4.9 21.4 11.3 14.8 31.8 ..
1
Botswana 1995
Public 100.0 0.3 2.2 2.4 0.6 0.2 6.1 .. .. 88.2 ..
Total 100.0 5.4 10.4 1.1 9.6 19.5 11.3 4.2 .. 38.5 ..
Brazil 1996
Public 100.0 0.3 0.8 3.3 0.7 0.4 3.5 5.4 85.6 ..
Total 100.0 24.5 0.3 12.4 0.5 6.4 17.0 3.8 6.4 28.5 0.3
Canada 1997
Public 100.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 3.6 0.8 0.6 4.5 1.7 88.2 ..
Total 100.0 3.9 1.3 15.5 1.0 5.4 23.6 6.4 12.9 30.1 ..
2
Colombia 1998
Public 100.0 .. 0.6 1.1 5.1 0.7 0.2 4.5 2.6 85.1 ..
Total 100.0 1.0 0.2 20.9 0.7 5.9 25.4 7.4 8.6 29.8 0.1
Costa Rica 1997
Public 100.0 .. .. 1.8 6.6 1.2 2.7 8.0 79.5 0.2
Total 100.0 20.6 0.1 15.6 1.1 6.8 19.1 5.4 5.1 25.6 0.7
3
Croatia 1997
Public 100.0 3.7 1.2 21.5 4.8 4.0 4.1 15.5 5.0 40.2 ..
Total 100.0 2.9 0.7 24.4 2.2 5.7 12.6 10.8 5.9 19.0 15.8
Czech Republic 1997
Public 100.0 1.7 1.1 10.8 2.1 0.7 0.5 19.6 3.6 60.0 ..
Total 100.0 5.6 1.6 28.7 1.7 8.7 16.0 10.1 9.6 18.0 ..
Denmark 1997
Public 100.0 0.3 .. .. 1.8 0.2 0.2 7.7 2.5 87.2 ..
Total 100.0 2.2 .. 19.0 0.7 5.7 17.3 6.8 10.8 37.5 ..
Ecuador 1997
Public 100.0 0.1 0.7 0.5 1.5 0.5 0.2 1.4 2.4 92.8 -
Total 100.0 6.8 0.4 15.5 0.3 6.0 28.4 5.7 4.5 32.1 0.1
4
Egypt 1995
Public 100.0 1.7 1.4 53.6 8.8 9.8 10.0 6.6 7.7 0.5 ..
Total 100.0 1.8 1.6 56.0 6.2 7.4 11.0 5.4 7.0 3.5 ..
Estonia 1996
Public 100.0 2.1 3.3 7.5 5.1 3.2 14.1 5.5 57.3 ..
Total 100.0 10.0 1.4 23.9 2.5 5.7 13.3 12.8 6.0 24.2 ..
Ethiopia 1994
Public 100.0 12.2 0.4 13.0 2.7 3.3 3.0 5.8 1.8 57.0 0.7
Total 100.0 89.3 0.1 1.8 0.1 0.3 2.4 2.4 0.1 2.8 0.8
Fiji 1996
Public 100.0 0.8 0.2 11.7 4.2 5.0 2.3 10.3 3.2 62.3 ..
Total 100.0 1.8 2.1 22.4 1.7 5.2 18.8 8.9 6.5 32.6 ..
Finland 1997
Public 100.0 1.8 .. 0.2 1.3 2.6 0.5 1.6 7.6 84.3 0.2
Total 100.0 7.0 0.3 20.1 1.0 6.0 15.2 7.6 11.1 31.5 0.3
5
India 1995
Public 100.0 2.8 5.1 9.1 4.9 5.9 0.8 15.7 6.9 48.7 ..
Total 100.0 5.1 4.0 23.7 3.6 4.4 1.7 11.3 5.9 40.4 ..
Iran, Islamic Rep. of 1996
Public 100.0 1.3 2.3 12.3 2.9 1.5 1.7 5.0 4.2 66.2 2.6
Total 100.0 23.0 0.8 17.5 1.0 11.3 12.6 7.3 2.1 22.3 2.0
6
Isle of Man 1996
Public 100.0 0.9 .. .. 4.7 4.8 .. 10.6 .. 78.9 ..
Total 100.0 2.8 .. 10.6 1.4 10.0 11.0 13.7 21.2 29.3 ..
7
Japan 1996
Public 100.0 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.7 8.3 0.4 87.7 2.1
Total 100.0 0.4 0.1 19.1 0.5 8.5 26.9 5.7 4.3 27.1 7.4
Kenya 1996
Public 100.0 9.6 0.1 5.5 3.2 4.2 1.0 5.9 2.7 67.7 ..
Total 100.0 18.7 0.3 13.0 4.9 4.9 6.4 4.9 5.0 42.0 ..
Malawi 1995
Public 100.0 25.3 .. 2.7 1.5 5.0 0.7 2.8 2.2 59.8 ..
Total 100.0 53.7 0.1 14.5 0.9 6.7 4.3 3.2 4.8 11.8 ..
8
Mexico 1996
Public 100.0 0.7 0.0 0.5 .. 3.1 0.3 2.7 0.7 90.2 1.8
Total 100.0 22.3 0.4 11.6 10.7 0.5 18.4 5.7 2.0 28.3 ..
21
Table 3: Total employment and public employment by economic activity (cont.) Total
(In percentages)
Country Last Type Total Economic activities (*)

(or territory) year of ISIC 1 ISIC 2 ISIC 3 ISIC 4 ISIC 5 ISIC 6 ISIC 7 ISIC 8 ISIC 9 ISIC 0
available empl.
9
Moldova, Rep. of 1997
Public 100.0 10.1 0.3 3.0 3.4 1.0 1.0 8.9 5.2 67.2 ..
Total 100.0 41.6 0.2 10.1 1.2 3.2 15.7 5.5 2.8 19.7 ..
10
New Zealand 1997
Public 100.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 3.0 1.4 1.4 5.0 2.2 86.3 ..
Total 100.0 2.5 0.3 18.5 0.7 7.3 23.2 7.0 13.4 27.2 ..
Norway 1995
Public 100.0 0.0 2.1 1.7 2.4 1.1 0.6 9.2 2.2 80.7 ..
Total 100.0 5.0 1.2 14.2 1.0 5.2 17.6 9.0 8.8 38.0 ..
Poland 1996
Public 100.0 2.1 6.5 21.2 5.0 2.4 1.7 12.3 6.5 42.3 ..
Total 100.0 3.1 3.8 29.7 2.9 6.9 11.9 9.1 7.1 25.6 ..
Puerto Rico 1997
Public 100.0 .. .. .. 4.9 .. .. 3.2 0.3 91.6 ..
Total 100.0 2.8 0.1 14.4 1.3 5.8 20.6 3.7 3.4 47.9 ..
Roumania 1996
Public 100.0 5.9 6.4 33.7 4.8 4.1 3.2 11.9 4.6 25.3 ..
Total 100.0 35.5 2.7 24.5 2.0 5.1 8.2 7.1 3.5 11.5 ..
Slovenia 1997
Public 100.0 0.4 2.4 18.5 3.6 5.6 4.1 9.3 6.9 49.1 ..
Total 100.0 1.3 1.0 34.1 1.6 7.7 14.0 10.1 8.8 21.2 ..
Spain 1997
Public 100.0 1.0 0.6 2.6 1.0 1.3 0.3 8.4 1.2 83.8 ..
Total 100.0 8.4 0.5 19.0 0.6 9.7 16.6 12.0 8.8 24.2 ..
Tanzania, United Rep. of 1991
Public 100.0 4.6 0.1 11.3 2.5 5.4 3.9 10.2 4.3 57.7 ..
Total 100.0 6.4 0.3 12.4 1.3 7.6 15.4 9.9 2.6 44.0 ..
Tonga 1996
Public 100.0 0.3 0.1 0.8 6.1 .. 2.6 9.0 6.4 74.7 ..
Trinidad and Tobago 1997
Public 100.0 8.8 6.1 2.8 4.3 12.6 0.2 6.5 3.2 55.6 ..
Total 100.0 9.5 3.8 10.2 1.3 11.0 17.6 6.9 8.4 31.1 0.1
Turkey 1998
Public 100.0 2.5 1.9 5.8 3.6 6.3 0.7 6.3 5.9 67.0 ..
Total 100.0 42.5 0.7 15.9 0.6 5.8 15.4 4.5 2.4 12.2 ..
11
United States 1997
Public 100.0 .. .. 0.3 .. 0.4 0.3 .. 0.1 83.9 ..
Total 100.0 .. 0.5 15.2 0.6 4.6 18.1 12.2 15.7 33.2 ..
Zimbabwe 1997
Public 100.0 2.0 0.1 0.6 4.0 11.3 1.3 8.0 0.5 66.1 6.2
Total 100.0 26.8 4.5 14.9 1.0 5.9 8.0 3.9 2.0 25.2 7.8
NB: In most developing countries total employment corresponds to formal sector employment. .. = Does not apply.
* Economic activities according to the International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities (1968), ISIC
Rev. 2: ISIC 1 = Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fisheries; ISIC 2 = Mining and quarrying; ISIC 3 = Manufacturing ; ISIC
4 = Electricity, gas and water; ISIC 5 = Construction; ISIC 6 = Wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels; ISIC
7 = Transport, storage and communications; ISIC 8 = Financing, insurance, real estate and business services ; ISIC 9 =
Community, social and personal services; ISIC 0 = Activities not adequately defined. (1) In public sector employment, only
employees with regular contracts. (2) 7 main cities of the country. (3) Persons employed by the Ministry of the Interior and
the Ministry of Defence are not included in public employment. (4) Persons employedin private establishments with less
than ten employees are not included in total employment. (5) Only public sector and private enterprises with more than ten
employees, excluding agriculture. (6) In ISIC 3, including ISIC 2. (7) In ISIC 9, including hotels and business services. (8)
ISIC 0 corresponds to the petroleum industry. (9) Only the regions situated on the left bank of the Rivers Dnesterand M.
Bender. (10) Excluding agriculture; public employment does not include employment in the Central Bank. (11) Persons
employed in non-agricultural activities; only employment in the general government sector.
22
2.2.2 Public employment trends
Changes in public employment and total employment
Figures 16, 17 and 18 show the changes total and public employment as indices.
The index of the latest year available is compared to the 1990 base year. The data in these
charts has been taken from Table 4 "Indices of total employment and public employment",
page 26.
In general, where there has been a decrease in current total employment compared
to the 1990 level, the decrease in public sector employment has been more marked; and
where there has been an increase in total employment the increase in public sector
employment has been less marked. It is the countries in transition which have registered the
steepest declines in public sector employment.
Sweden (1996)
Figure 16
New Zealand (1997)
Changes in total and public

Australia (1998)
employment in 11 OECD
countries* United Kingdom (1996)
(Indices of different years compared
to the base year 1990=100)
Finland (1997)
Canada (1997)
Mexico (1996)
Ireland (1996)
Japan (1) (1996)
Spain (1997)
-80% -60% -40% -20% 0% 20% 40% 60%
*
By order of increasing percentages of changes in public employment. (1) 1991=100.
.
23
Czech Republic (1997)
Figure 17
Croatia (1997)

employment in 10 countries in Estonia (1996)
transition*
(Indices of different years compared to the base Russian Federation (1995)
year 1990=100)
Roumania (1996)
Poland (1996)
Azerbaijan (1997)
Albania (1) (1996)
Moldova, Rep. of (1996)
Kazakstan (1) (1997)
-80% -60% -40% -20% 0% 20% 40% 60%

*
By order of increasing percentages of changes in public employment. (1) 1994=100;
.
24
South Africa (1) (1997)
Figure 18
Guatemala (1996)
employment in 21 developing
Zimb a b w e ( 1 9 9 7 )
countries*
(Indices of different years compared
to the base year 1990=100) Bahamas (4) (1996)

(1996)
Kenya (1996)
C o s t a R ica (1997)
Trinidad and Tobago

(1997)
Ecuador (1997)
Brazil (2) (1996)
Ind i a ( 1 9 9 5 )
Malawi (1995)
Philippines (1995)
Seychelles (1995)
Egypt (1995)
Fiji (4) (1996)
Cayman Islands (1)

(1996)
C o lo m b i a ( 3 ) ( 1 9 9 8 )
Cyprus (1995)
China (1996)
Botswana (1995)
-80% -60% -40% -20% 0% 20% 40% 60%

*
By order of increasing percentages of changes in public employment.
(1) 1994=100; (2) 1992=100; (3)1991=100; (4) 19989=100;
.
25
Table 4: Indices of total employment and public employment
(Base year = year *)
Country Year total Public Share of
(or territory) employment employment public employment
in total employment
Albania 1994 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 98.0 89.5 91.3
1996 95.7 77.2 80.7
Australia 1985 86.1 95.1 110.4
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 97.2 88.7 91.2
1998 110.9 82.2 74.2
Azerbaijan 1985 90.1 97.6 108.4
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 97.6 74.7 76.5
1997 99.8 62.0 62.1
Bahamas 1986 86.6 87.8 101.4
1989 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 113.3 108.8 96.1
1996 115.4 96.6 83.8
Bahrain 1981 65.0 62.9 96.7
1991 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1
Barbados 1991 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 102.4 93.1 90.9
1997 108.2 102.4 94.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1985 95.6 96.4 100.9
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
2
Botswana 1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 111.7 130.0 116.4
Brazil 1992 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 106.5 104.4 98.0
1996 104.0 104.1 100.0
Canada 1985 89.2 92.4 103.6
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 102.6 97.5 95.1
1997 105.9 92.4 87.2
Cayman Islands 1991 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 119.7 100.6 84.0
1996 123.0 108.3 88.0
3
China 1985 78.0 81.4 104.3
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 106.3 123.0 115.7
1996 107.7 126.2 117.2
4
Colombia 1991 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 128.7 98.6 76.6
1997 139.9 111.3 79.6
26
Table 4: Indices of total employment and public employment (cont.)
in total employment
Costa Rica 1987 90.8 87.2 96.1
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 114.8 99.3 86.5
1997 120.7 101.0 83.7
5
Croatia 1985 98.7 99.9 101.3
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1996 76.7 42.7 55.7
1997 75.9 35.9 47.4
Cyprus 1985 86.2 88.9 103.1
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 110.8 114.4 103.2
1998 137.1 112.0 81.7
Czech Republic 1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 93.0 35.7 38.3
1997 92.7 27.2 29.4
Ecuador 1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 124.8 94.1 75.4
1997 132.1 103.0 78.0
6
Egypt 1985 69.3 71.7 103.5
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 107.6 107.0 99.4
Estonia 1989 101.4 104.9 103.4
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 79.4 42.1 53.0
1996 78.1 39.4 50.4
Fiji 1985 91.8 94.6 103.1
1989 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1993 121.1 111.9 92.4
1996 130.7 107.1 82.0
Finland 1985 97.3 94.8 97.4
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 83.8 88.0 105.0
1997 86.6 87.0 100.5
Germany 1995 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1997 97.4 96.0 98.5
Guatemala 1985 80.4 81.0 100.8
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 108.9 101.0 92.7
1996 108.5 93.3 86.0
7
India 1985 93.3 91.9 98.6
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 106.2 104.8 98.7
27
in total employment
Iran, Islamic Rep. of 1986 84.3 79.5 94.3
1991 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1996 111.3 98.0 88.1
Ireland 1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 110.1 102.4 93.1
1996 114.4 103.5 90.5
Japan 1986 90.6 102.8 113.5
1991 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1996 112.9 103.9 92.0
Kazakstan 1994 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 99.2 98.8 99.6
1996 99.4 99.9 100.5
1997 100.3 102.7 102.4
Kenya 1985 71.3 96.0 134.7
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 83.7 99.4 118.8
1996 93.2 99.4 106.7
Latvia 1995 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1997 100.9 84.6 83.9
Malawi 1985 87.8 83.0 94.5
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 149.9 105.3 70.3
Malta 1995 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1998 101.3 99.4 98.1
Mexico 1988 92.7 99.4 107.1
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 105.4 98.1 93.1
1996 109.0 98.8 90.7
9
Moldova, Rep. of 1985 100.4 126.4 125.8
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1996 80.2 36.4 45.4
1997 79.5 34.3 43.2
9
New Zealand 1985 105.6 112.9 106.9
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 107.5 80.8 75.2
1997 116.5 81.3 69.8
Philippines 1985 81.6 119.1 145.8
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 115.6 105.6 91.3
28
in total employment
Poland 1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 82.3 62.2 75.6
1996 83.0 59.8 72.1
Puerto Rico 1985 79.3 81.5 102.8
1991 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1994 104.9 101.7 97.0
1997 115.6 108.0 93.4
Roumania 1985 97.4 97.3 99.9
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 87.6 53.1 60.6
1996 86.5 48.5 56.0
Russian Federation 1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 89.1 40.5 45.5
Seychelles 1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 110.8 106.7 96.4
South Africa 1994 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1997 97.4 78.5 80.6
Spain 1987 91.3 85.5 93.6
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 95.7 100.7 105.2
1997 101.5 107.3 105.7
Sweden 1987 96.0 98.6 102.7
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 86.9 82.8 95.3
1996 86.6 81.0 93.5
Tanzania, United Rep. of 1984 68.6 92.4 134.7
1991 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
Tonga 1986 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1996 136.1 104.3 76.6
Trinidad and Tobago 1987 99.5 110.3 110.9
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 115.4 100.7 87.3
1997 123.0 101.6 82.6
Turkey 1995 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1998 99.3 110.2 111.0
United Kingdom 1985 93.5 108.6 116.2
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 96.1 86.9 90.5
1996 96.9 85.7 88.5
29
in total employment
10
United States 1985 89.0 89.6 100.6
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 107.1 105.5 98.5
1997 112.1 106.9 95.3
Zimbabwe 1985 90.7 91.9 101.3
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 104.0 92.4 88.8
1997 111.0 96.6 87.0
NB: In most developing countries total employment corresponds to formal sector employment.
..= Does not apply.
(1) Two public utilities have not been included in the public sector. (2) In public sector
employment, only employees with regular contracts. (3) Public employment in the State, State-
owned units and township and village enterprises. (4) 7 main cities of the country. (5) Persons
employed by the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Defence are not included in public
employment. (6) Persons employed in private establishments with less than ten employees are
not included in total employment. (7) Only the public sector and private enterprises with more
than ten employees, excluding agriculture. (8) For 1996 and 1997, only the regions situated on
the left bank of the Rivers Dnester and M. Bender. (9) Excluding agriculture; public employment
does not include employment in the Central Bank. (10) Persons employed in non-agricultural
activities; only employment in the general government sector.
30
Changes in public employment and in employment in community services
Figures 19, 20 and 21 illustrate the changes in the share of public employment and
employment in community services in total employment. The index of the latest year available
is compared to 1990 for each country. The data in these charts has been taken from the "total"
and "ISIC 9" columns of Table 5 "Indices of the share of public employment in total
employment by economic activity", page 33.
Compared to 1990, two main trends emerge from these charts with regard to the 27
countries under review:
1. A general decrease in the share of public employment in total employment with

the exception of Spain, Kenya and Botswana, where the share has risen over
the last few years.
2. A general decrease in the share of employment in community services

(administration, defence, social services, education, health care, etc.), but this
decrease is appreciably lower than the decrease observed in total public
employment.
New Zealand (1997)

Figure 19
Australia (1998)
Changes in public
employment and
employment in Mexico (1996)
community services
in total employment Japan (1) (1996)
in 7 OECD countries*
(Indices for different years compared
to the base year 1990=100) United States (1997)
Finland (1997)
Spain (1997)
-60% -40% -20% 0% 20%
Public employment Employment in Community services
*
31
Figure 20 Croatia (1997)
Changes in public Estonia (1996)
employment and
employment in
Roumania (1996)
community services
in total employment
in 4 countries in transition* Albania (1) (1996)
(Indices for different years compared
to the base year 1990=100)
-60% -40% -20% 0% 20%
*
Malawi (1995)
Ecuador (1997)
Figure 21
Fiji (1) (1996)
Changes in public
employment and
Trinidad and Tobago (1997)
employment in
community services
in total employment Costa Rica (1997)
in 12 developing
countries*
Zimbabwe (1997)
(Indices for different years compared to
the base year 1990=100)
(1996)
India (1995)
Egypt (1995)
Brazil (3) (1996)
Kenya (1996)
Botswana (1995)
-60% -40% -20% 0% 20%
*
By order of increasing percentages of changes in public employment.
(1) 1894=100; 2) 1991=100; (3) 1992=100.
.
32
Table 5: Indices of the share of public employment in total employment by economic activity Total
Country Year Total Economic activities (*)

(or territory) ISIC 1 ISIC 2 ISIC 3 ISIC 4 ISIC 5 ISIC 6 ISIC 7 ISIC 8 ISIC 9 ISIC 0
Albania 1994 * 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0
1995 91.3 75.6 99.2 103.1 104.4 57.3 45.0 82.2 .. 100.0 128.7
1996 80.7 62.5 95.0 114.4 153.5 36.9 30.1 68.6 .. 100.0 132.1
Australia 1985 110.4 .. 111.4 170.0 97.3 126.9 158.8 203.7 117.7 88.9 ..
1990 * 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ..
1995 91.2 .. 16.9 51.9 97.1 73.3 43.7 155.0 70.1 76.0 ..
1998 74.2 .. 0.0 16.8 82.3 35.3 0.0 59.9 23.0 82.0 ..
Botswana 1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. .. 100.0 ..
1995 116.4 65.0 92.9 94.8 21.6 47.2 81.9 .. .. 99.2 ..
Brazil 1992 * 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 98.0 .. 108.4 56.2 102.5 68.6 97.1 86.7 83.5 95.5 7.2
1996 100.0 .. 116.2 76.7 97.6 87.2 111.0 79.0 79.9 95.8 62.4
Colombia 1991 * 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 76.6 .. .. 96.8 106.1 39.0 54.8 43.5 54.8 43.7 90.6
1997 79.6 .. .. 140.6 64.9 52.1 11.3 28.1 54.8 33.9 68.4
1998 81.7 .. .. .. .. 7.6 12.7 .. 33.3 .. ..
Costa Rica 1987 96.1 350.1 .. 100.5 94.9 77.0 128.1 131.9 99.3 99.1 ..
1990 * 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ..
1995 86.5 205.3 .. 50.8 93.5 7.8 22.8 81.5 71.5 90.0 ..
1997 83.7 0.0 .. 56.5 85.1 32.7 0.0 41.6 51.5 86.8 ..
Croatia 1985 101.3 100.1 100.1 100.2 100.0 100.4 100.7 100.1 100.5 100.0 ..
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ..
1996 55.7 78.7 57.1 48.0 88.9 41.8 37.9 79.1 53.7 94.0 ..
1997 47.4 57.1 78.0 40.3 97.0 32.3 14.9 65.4 38.7 96.3 ..
Czech Republic 1995 * 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ..
1997 76.6 7077.8 21.2 42.1 43.3 48.9 25.0 93.9 72.5 96.3 ..
Ecuador 1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ..
1995 75.4 0.0 6.2 43.7 64.3 12.2 13.6 21.5 28.4 89.8 ..
1997 78.0 2.4 9.4 22.0 69.3 11.7 9.1 19.4 41.7 88.2 ..
Egypt 1985 103.5 95.3 116.4 101.5 99.4 96.8 110.9 105.6 104.1 110.2 ..
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ..
1995 99.4 93.4 81.0 97.6 98.9 102.3 99.8 105.0 96.4 53.6 ..
Estonia 1989 103.4 104.4 100.0 103.0 99.5 109.1 105.2 103.0 106.7 100.7 ..
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ..
1995 53.0 24.4 87.9 16.7 73.7 37.1 9.4 52.4 45.2 92.7 ..
1996 50.4 21.7 88.8 13.1 75.4 38.4 0.0 47.3 38.5 92.6 ..
Fiji 1989 * 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ..
1993 92.4 45.4 85.5 97.1 100.0 80.8 34.2 98.8 105.3 99.4 ..
1996 82.0 97.4 54.3 70.4 100.0 61.8 43.5 85.1 70.8 96.0 ..
Finland 1985 97.4 70.0 .. 132.0 105.0 156.4 89.0 110.0 60.1 94.0 ..
1990 * 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ..
1995 105.0 115.2 .. 73.6 134.4 127.7 78.7 29.8 134.6 97.6 ..
1997 100.5 94.5 .. 24.1 101.8 95.1 72.0 15.6 131.2 96.6 ..
33
Table 5: Indices of the share of public employment in total employment by economic activity (cont.) Total

India 1985 98.6 99.3 99.0 95.9 99.4 99.9 93.8 99.8 98.6 100.1 ..
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ..
1995 98.7 98.0 100.2 91.2 100.3 101.2 101.9 99.7 99.0 98.6 ..
Iran, Islamic Rep. of 1986 94.3 64.8 92.4 99.6 90.5 68.9 103.1 83.5 107.7 98.8 126.5
1991 * 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1996 88.1 89.6 88.6 76.5 90.7 52.2 63.3 70.8 84.0 106.8 145.4
Japan 1986 113.5 129.2 111.7 116.1 99.5 .. 100.2 168.9 126.9 115.2 ..
1991 * 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ..
1996 92.0 62.5 162.9 104.5 9.8 30.5 93.6 104.0 103.8 92.6 ..
Kenya 1985 134.7 135.9 836.4 94.9 102.3 118.3 89.2 98.0 108.5 107.7 ..
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ..
1995 118.8 93.9 183.0 86.6 96.5 79.1 63.6 79.6 84.2 108.8 ..
1996 106.7 90.0 179.2 81.9 28.6 76.5 82.2 78.2 81.5 90.1 ..
Malawi 1985 94.5 108.4 .. 132.1 88.5 158.1 119.4 138.2 89.8 100.5 ..
1990 * 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ..
1995 70.3 57.4 .. 88.4 130.0 78.0 164.2 94.3 92.4 101.8 ..
Mexico 1988 107.1 94.8 125.2 185.7 .. 99.1 165.2 131.3 108.2 100.4 ..
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ..
1995 93.1 92.3 10.5 25.3 .. 99.0 36.3 55.0 15.8 98.7 ..
1996 90.7 89.1 10.4 24.2 .. 98.4 35.9 48.7 14.2 98.2 ..
Moldova, Rep. of 1996 * 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ..
1997 95.1 75.4 66.7 74.2 95.0 65.0 77.6 83.1 82.7 100.5 ..
New Zealand 1985 106.9 349.0 205.7 28.3 109.6 176.3 106.8 149.5 112.9 101.2 ..
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ..
1995 75.2 8.8 86.2 12.0 83.9 45.4 53.7 32.2 24.3 89.4 ..
1997 69.8 15.5 105.4 4.8 85.9 50.4 51.2 30.7 30.0 80.1 ..
Poland 1995 * 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ..
1996 95.3 62.7 100.1 90.4 99.4 88.0 83.4 97.4 98.5 99.4 ..
Puerto Rico 1985 102.8 170.7 .. 117.1 100.0 .. .. 76.9 126.9 107.6 ..
1991 * 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 .. .. 100.0 100.0 100.0 ..
1994 97.0 97.2 .. 50.0 100.0 .. .. 82.6 94.3 96.3 ..
1997 93.4 0.0 .. 0.0 100.0 .. .. 73.3 86.8 91.2 ..
Roumania 1985 99.9 100.2 100.0 98.6 100.0 97.9 107.5 100.4 103.4 104.7 ..
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ..
1995 60.6 39.3 98.8 69.5 99.6 40.4 21.0 75.0 56.5 94.2 ..
1996 56.0 34.6 97.8 58.8 97.0 35.7 17.2 72.4 60.1 95.7 ..
Spain 1987 93.6 74.5 100.7 118.2 97.4 125.7 138.5 97.9 118.2 93.5 ..
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ..
1995 105.2 92.8 60.6 68.6 105.1 87.5 53.4 81.9 75.4 99.0 ..
1997 105.7 116.9 70.5 57.2 101.6 77.4 45.3 61.6 59.8 102.2 ..
Tanzania, United Rep. of 1984 * 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ..
1991 74.2 76.4 21.0 91.0 100.0 56.7 25.2 62.5 105.4 80.8 ..
34
Table 5: Indices of the share of public employment in total employment by economic activity (cont.) Total

Tonga 1986 * 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ..
1996 76.6 2.8 35.5 1.8 96.7 0.7 60.1 77.0 85.8 112.7 ..
Trinidad and Tobago 1987 110.9 121.3 113.6 134.7 101.6 103.7 126.9 107.6 115.5 105.6 ..
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ..
1995 87.3 95.1 100.5 57.7 99.3 81.5 31.2 67.6 110.9 95.2 ..
1997 82.6 107.4 94.8 81.8 95.5 59.6 31.0 63.3 78.4 92.9 ..
Turkey 1995 * 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ..
1998 111.0 193.1 63.2 94.4 96.5 124.0 98.9 82.5 107.8 119.5 ..
United States 1985 100.6 .. .. 114.1 .. 228.2 110.3 .. 236.6 120.9 ..

1990 * 100.0 .. .. 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 ..
1995 98.5 .. .. 59.0 .. 82.0 68.7 .. 81.7 97.1 ..
1997 95.3 .. .. 44.8 .. 72.4 73.7 .. 47.1 95.6 ..
Zimbabwe 1985 101.3 70.6 93.6 117.8 98.8 111.8 98.3 105.5 107.9 98.9 130.2
1990 * 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 88.8 67.4 174.2 32.4 100.0 100.9 117.7 85.6 92.7 98.0 77.0
1997 87.0 70.9 173.9 15.6 100.0 99.5 49.3 86.9 66.9 100.7 65.6
NB: In most developing countries total employment corresponds to formal sector employment. ..= Does not apply.
* Economic activities according to the International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities (1968),
ISIC Rev. 2: ISIC 1 = Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fisheries; ISIC 2 = Mining and quarrying; ISIC 3 =
Manufacturing ;
ISIC 4 = Electricity, gas and water; ISIC 5 = Construction; ISIC 6 = Wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels;
ISIC 7 = Transport, storage and communications; ISIC 8 = Financing, insurance, real estate and business services ;
ISIC 9 = Community, social and personal services; ISIC 0 = Activities not adequately defined.
35
Annex 1
List of countries and territories contained in Public Sector Employment statistics Data Base (BDESP)
(With indication on responsible agency, type of source of data and unit of measurement)
1 2
Countries and territories Responsible agency Type Unit of
of source measurement
of data
Albania Institut de la statistique ... ...

Australia Australian Bureau of Statistics 2 1
Azerbaijan State Committee on Statistics of Rep. of Azerbaijan 4 1
Bahamas Department of Statistics 1 1
Bahrain Central Statistics Organisation, Directorate of Statistics 5 1
Bangladesh Statistics Division 4 2
Barbados Barbados Statistical Service 1 1
Belarus Ministry of Statistics and Analysis 2 1
Belize Central Statistical Office 1 1
Bhutan Central Statistical Organization 3 ...
Bosnia and Herzegovina Federal Statistical Office 3 1
Botswana Central Statistics Office 2 4
Brazil Fundaçao I.B.G.E. 1 1
Bulgaria * Institut national de statistique 2 1
Burkina Faso Institut national de la statistique et de la démographie 3 ...
Canada Statistics Canada 1 1
Cayman Islands Statistics Office 6 1
China * State Statistical Bureau 4 1
Colombia Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) 1 1
Costa Rica Area de Estadística y Censos, Ministerio de Economía, 6 1
Croatia Statistical Office of the Republic of Croatia 3 1
Cyprus * Department of Statistics and Research, Ministry of Finance 4 1
Czech Republic Statistical Office 2 1
Denmark Danmarks Statistik 3 1
Dominican Republic Edificio de Oficinas Gubermentales ... ...
Ecuador Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos 1 1
Egypt Central Agency for Public Mobilisation and Statistics 2 1
Estonia Statistical Office of Estonia 1 1
Ethiopia Central Statistical Authority 3 1
Falkland Islands Government House ... ...
Fiji Bureau of Statistics 2 1
Finland Statistics Finland 1 1
French Guiana INSEE - Service Régional de la Guadeloupe 6 1
Gabon Ministère de la Planification et de l'économie ... ...
Gambia Central Statistics Department, Ministry of Finance 6 3
Germany Statistisches Bundesamt ... ...
Guadeloupe INSEE - Service Régional de la Guyane française 6 1
Guatemala * Departamento de Estadistica, Ministerio de Trabajo y Prevision Social 3 1
Hungary Hungarian Central Statistical Office 2 2
India Department of Statistics, Ministry of Planning 2 1
Indonesia Central Bureau of Statistics 3 1
Iran, Islamic Rep. of Statistical Centre of Iran 6 1
Ireland Central Statistics Office 2 1
Isle of Man Economic Affairs Division, Isle of Man Treasury 5 1
Japan Statistics Bureau 2 1
Jordan Department of Statistics ... ...
Kazakstan National Statistical Agency, Ministry of Economy and Trade ... ...
Kenya Central Bureau of Statistics 2 1
Korea, Republic of * National Statistical Office 4 1
Latvia International Cooperation, State Statistical Bureau 4 1
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya National Authority for Information and Documentation 6 1
Luxembourg STATEC ... ...
Macau Direcçao de Servicios de Estatística e Censos 3 1
Malawi National Statistical Office 2 ...
Malaysia Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia, Wisma Statistik 3 1
Malta Central Office of Statistics 3 2
Martinique INSEE - Service Régional de la Martinique 6 1
Mexico INEGI 6 1
Moldova, Rep. of State Dept. on Statistics 2 1
Morocco Direction statistique, Ministère chargé de la population 1 1
Myanmar Central Statistical Organisation, Ministry of National Planning 2 1
New Zealand Statistics New Zealand 6 3
Norway Statistics Norway 7 1
Oman * Development Council, General Secretariat 3 1
Panama Dirección de Estadística y Censo, Contraloría General de la República 3 2
Philippines National Statistics Office 1 1
37
Annex 1 (cont.)
List of countries and territories contained in Public Sector Employment statistics Data Base (BDESP)
(With indication on responsible agency, type of source of data and unit of measurement)
1 2
Countries and territories Responsible agency Type Unit of
of source measurement
of data
Poland Central Statistical Office 2 3

Puerto Rico Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor and 1 1
Roumania Commission nationale de statistique 6 1
Russian Federation State Committee on Statistics 6 1
Senegal Ministère de l'Economie, des Finances et du Plan ... ...
Seychelles * Management and Information System Division 3 1
Singapore Department of Statistics, Ministry of Trade and Industry ... 1
Slovenia Zavod Republike Slovenie za Statistiko 3 1
South Africa * Central Statistical Sevice 2 1
Spain Instituto Nacional de Estadística 1 1
Sri Lanka Department of Census and Statistics 1 1
Sweden Statistics Sweden 1 1
Syrian Arab Republic Central Bureau of Statistics, Office of the Prime Minister ... ...
Tanzania, United Rep. of Bureau of Statistics 6 1
Thailand National Statistical Office 1 1
Tonga Statistics Department 5 1
Trinidad and Tobago Central Statistical Office 1 1
Turkey State Institute of Statistics, Prime Ministry 1 ...
United Kingdom Office for National Statistics 4 1
United States Bureau of Labor Statistics 2 1
Zimbabwe Central Statistical Office 2 1
* = Data extracted from national publications.

... = Not known.
(1) Type of source of data:
1 Labour force Survey
2 Establishment survey
3 Administrative registers
4 Official estimates
5 Population census
6 Combinaison of different sources
7 National accounts
(2) Type of measurement:

1 Employed persons
2 Persons working full time
3 Employment as full time equivalents
4 Persons with regular contracts
38
Annex 2:
Questionnaire
on statistic of
Public sector employment
39
ST-01-11
Country:
(or territory)
Agency:
Name:
Address:
International Labour Office
QUESTIONNAIRE
Contact person:
on statistics of the
Name:
PUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYMENT

Tel.:
Fax:
This questionnaire is used to test the possibility of creating
an international data base for statistics E-mail:
on public sector employment
If you have questions, please contact:

Please fill in the tables in accordance with the instructions provided.
M. Hammouya Tel.: +4122/7996365; e-mail: [email protected]
E. Hoffmann Tel.: +4122/7998076; e-mail: [email protected]
Bureau of Statistics, ILO

Please return this questionnaire CH-1211 Genève 22
to the ILO by 15 September 1998. Switzerland
Fax: +4122/7796957
Instructions for completing the tables
1. General instructions functions and have fiscal, legislative and units. They are classified under the general
executive authority, which extend to their government only if they are non-market, as well
If it is not possible to supply information competent geographical areas. as financed and controlled by public authority.
exactly according to the definitions or groups
requested, please give the available data which The central government units consist in general The social security funds are "social insurance
seem closest. Please explain any discrepancies of a single institution composed of departments schemes covering the community as a whole or
between the data reported and the or ministries, of autonomous agencies carrying large sections of the community, and are
information requested under "Definitions / out special functions, and of all NPIs which are imposed and controlled by government units".
Notes / Comments". controlled and mainly financed by public They can operate at each level of government
authority. Their fiscal, legislative and executive (see Annex, paragraph 4.130, page 9).
Please provide information about source of data authority extends over the entire territory of the
and units of measurement. country. The administration units which provide The employment of publicly owned enterprises
some services to local residents but which are and companies is the employment of all units
Statistics are requested for four years. Latest directly dependent on central units should be an producing goods or services for the market and
available year and 1985, 1990 and 1995, or years integral part of central government unit (see which are mainly owned and/or controlled by
close to those. In the tables, please give the Annex, paragraphs 4.117 to 4.122, pages 7 and government units.
reference years in the places indicated, and give 8).
the precise reference date or period in the space 3. Specific instructions
for "Definitions / Notes / Comments". The state government units (or regional
government units) consist of "state governments Tables 1A (Total) and 1B (Women) request
2. Definitions which are separate institutional units plus those data on public sector employment by type of
NPIs that are controlled and mainly financed by institution and level of government, as well as
The total public sector employment covers all state governments". Their fiscal, legislative and total private employment.
employment of general government sector as executive authority extends to the territory of the
defined in System of National Accounts 1993 "state" (or region) into the country. They are The data should be provided by institution and
(see Annex, page 7) plus employment of publicly often own autonomous agencies for special level government according to definitions above.
owned enterprises and companies . It covers all functions. (see Annex, paragraphs 4.123 to 4.127, If data are only available for other definitions,
persons employed directly by those institutions, page 8). please indicate in the tables, under "Definitions
without regard for the particular type of / Notes / Comments" the definitions used.
employment contract. The local government units are institutional units
whose fiscal, legislative and executive authority Tables 2A (Total) and 2B (Women) request
The general government sector employment is is generally much less than that of central or state data on total employment and public sector
the total employment of all resident institutional (or regional) governments. They typically employment by economic activity.
units operating at central, state (or regional) and provide a wide range of services to local
local levels of government; i.e. all government residents and often depend on grants or transfers Please mark the box indicating the version of the
units, social security funds and non-market Non from higher levels of governments. (see Annex, International Standard Industrial Classification:
Profit Institutions (NPIs) that are controlled and paragraphs 4.128 and 4.129, pages 8 and 9). ISIC Rev.2 or ISIC Rev.3.
mainly financed by public authority.
The Non Profit Institutions (NPIs) are legal
Thank you for your cooperation.
The government units carry out government entities which are autonomous from government
Instructions / p. 1
Table 1A: Public sector employment by type of institution and level of government, and total private employment
TOTAL
Country: Source of data: Units of measurement:
[ ] Labour force survey [ ] Official estimates [ ] All employed persons [ ] Employment as full time equivalents
[ ] Establishment survey [ ] Combination of different sources [ ] Person s with regular contracts [ ] ................................................
[ ] Administrative registers [ ] .................................................. [ ] Person s working full time
Year Level of government Employment in general government sector Employment in Employment Employment in
publicly owned in total private sector
Government units Social security Other No Profit Total
enterprises public sector (Total)
funds Institutions (3+4+5) and companies (6+7)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Latest available Central/Federal
year
Regional/State government
199___ Local
Total
1995 or Central/Federal
year close to 1995
Regional//State government
199__ Local
Total
year close to 1990
199__ Local
Total
year close to 1985
198___ Local
Total
Definitions / Notes / Comments:
Table 1A / p. 3
Table 1B: Public sector employment by type of institution and level of government, and total private employment
WOMEN
Year Level of government Employment in general government sector Employment in Employment Employment in
publicly owned in total private sector
Government units Social security Other no profit Total
enterprises public sector (Total)
funds institutions (3+4+5) and companies (6+7)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Latest available year Central/Federal
Regional/State government
199___
Local
Total
year close to 1995
199__ Local
Total
year close to 1990
199__ Local
Total
year close to 1985
198___ Local
Total
Table 1B / p. 4
Table 2A: Total employment and public sector employment by economic activity
TOTAL
Economic Economic
activity ISIC Rev.2 ISIC Rev.3 ISIC Rev.2 ISIC Rev.3 ISIC Rev.2 ISIC Rev.3 ISIC Rev.2 ISIC Rev.3 activity
1985 or year close to 1985 1990 or year close to 1990 1995 or year close to 1995 Latest available year
ISIC Rev. 2 198__ 199__ 199__ 199__ ISIC Rev. 3
Total Public employment Total Public employment Total Public employment Total Public employment
employment employment employment employment
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 A
2 B
3 C
4 D
5 E
6 F
7 G
8 H
9 I
0 J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
X
Total Total
Table 2A / p. 5
Table 2B: Total employment and public sector employment by economic activity
WOMEN
Economic Economic
activity ISIC Rev.2 ISIC Rev.3 ISIC Rev.2 ISIC Rev.3 ISIC Rev.2 ISIC Rev.3 ISIC Rev.2 ISIC Rev.3 activity
1985 or year close to 1985 1990 or year close to 1990 1995 or year close to 1995 Latest available year
ISIC Rev. 2 198__ 199__ 199__ 199__ ISIC Rev. 3
Total Public employment Total Public employment Total Public employment Total Public employment
employment employment employment employment
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 A
2 B
3 C
4 D
5 E
6 F
7 G
8 H
9 I
0 J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
X
Total Total
Table 2B / p. 6
ANNEX: Extract of chapter IV: Institutional units and sectors, pages 102-104 in "System of National Accounts 1993",
Commission of the European Communities, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations, World Bank,
Brussels/Luxembourg, New York, Paris, Washington, D.C., 1993).
3. The general government sector (S. 13) Central government has therefore the authority
4.115. The alternative method is as follows: to impose taxes on all resident and non-resident
4.113. The general government sector consists of the units engaged in economic activities within the
following group of resident institutional units: (a) Central government plus social security country. Its political responsibilities include
funds operating at the central government national defence and relations with foreign
(a) All units of central, state or local level (S.1321); governments and it also seeks to ensure the
government; (b) State government plus social security efficient working of the social and economic
(b) All social security funds at each level of funds operating at the state government system by means of appropriate legislation and
government; level (S.1322); regulation and also the maintenance of law and
(c) All non-market Non Profit Institutions (c) Local government plus social security order It is responsible for providing collective
(NPIs) that are controlled and mainly funds operating at the local government services for the benefit of the community as a
financed by government units. level (S.1323). whole, and for this purpose incurs expenditures
on defence and public administration. In addition
The sector does not include public corporations, 4.116. As explained more fully later, the choice it may incur expenditures on the provision of
even when all the equity of such corporations is between the two methods of sub-sectoring services, such as education or health, primarily
owned by government units. It also does not depends mainly on the size, or importance, of for the benefit of individual households. Finally,
include quasi-corporations that are owned and social security funds within a country and on the it may make transfers to other institutional
controlled by government units. However, way in which they art managed. In some units--households, NPIs, corporations and other
unincorporated enterprises owned hy government countries there may not exist a proper levels of government.
units that are not quasi-corporations remain intermediate level of government between
integral parts of those units and, therefore, must central and local government, in which case the 4.119. Central government is a large and complex
be included in the general government sector. sub-sector "state government" is not sub-sector in most countries. It is generally
distinguished. composed of a central group of departments or
4. Sub-sectors of the general government ministries that make up a single institutional unit
sector Central government (S.1311) plus, in many countries, other institutional units.
The departments may be responsible for
4114. Two alternative methods of sub-sectoring the 4.117. The central government sub-sector consists of considerable amounts of expenditure within the
general government sector are proposed in the the institutional unit or units making up the framework of the government's overall budget,
System. One method is as follows: central government plus those NPIs that are but they are nevertheless not separate
controlled and mainly financed by central institutional units. Each department is not
(a) Central government (S. 1311); government. capable of owning assets, incurring liabilities,
(b) State government (S.1312); engaging in transactions, etc., in its own right,
(c) Local government (S.1313); 4.118. The political authority of central government i.e., independently of central government as a
(d) Social security funds (S.1314). extends over the entire territory of the country. whole. It would not be possible to compile
Annex / p. 7
meaningful, or analytically useful, income and international reserves and the operation of State government (S.1312)
accumulation accounts or balance sheets for each exchange stabilization funds, and also
separate department as if it were a single legal transactions with the International Monetary 4.123. The state government sub-sector consists of state
entity. In addition, there may be agencies of Fund (IMF). When the units in question remain governments which are separate institutional
central government with separate legal identity financially integrated with central government units plus those NPIs that are controlled and
and substantial autonomy; they may have and under the direct control and supervision of mainly financed by state governments.
discretion over the volume and composition of central government, they cannot be treated as
their expenditures and may have a direct source separate institutional units. Moreover, whatever 4.124. State governments are institutional units
of revenue such as earmarked taxes. Such monetary authority functions are carried out by exercising some of the functions of government
agencies are often established to carry out central government are recorded in the at a level below that of central government and
specific functions such as road construction or government sector and not the corporate above that of the governmental institutional units
the non-market production of health or education financial sector. However, because of the existing at a local level. They are institutional
services. These should be treated as separate analytical importance which is attached to units whose fiscal, legislative and executive
institutional units if they maintain full sets of obtaining accounts covering the monetary authority extends only over the individual
accounts, but are part of the central government authorities as a whole, and in order to provide "states" into which the country as a whole may
sub-sector if they meet the criteria described in links with other statistical systems, such as the be divided. Such "states" may be described by
paragraph 4.104 (see end of this extract). Balance of payments Manual Government different terns in different countries. In some
Finance Statistics and Money and Banking countries, especially small countries, individual
4.120. The departments of central government are often Statistics of the IMF; it is recommended that the states and state governments may not exist.
deliberately dispersed geographically and located transactions of central government agencies However, in large countries, especially those
in different parts of the country, but they carrying out monetary authority and which have federal constitutions, considerable
nevertheless remain parts of a single institutional deposit-taking functions should be separately powers and responsibilities may be assigned to
unit. Similarly, if the central government identified, so that they can be combined with state governments.
maintains branch offices or agencies in different those of the central bank and other depository
parts of the country to meet local needs, corporations in special tabulations if desired. 4.125. A state government usually has the fiscal
including military bases or installations which authority to levy taxes on institutional units
serve national defence purposes, these must also 4.122. Finally, it may be noted that social security which are resident in, or engage in economic
be counted as parts of a single institutional unit funds are treated in the System as separate activities or transactions within, its area of
for central government. However, for purposes institutional units at each level of government, competence (but not other areas). In any case, in
of production accounts by type of productive even though in some countries their finances order to be recognized as an institutional unit il
activity, the establishment is used as the may be partially integrated with government. must be able to own assets, raise funds and incur
statistical unit, and producer units located in Social security funds are described below. liabilities on its own account. It must also be
different regions are to be treated as different However, treating social security funds as entitled to spend or allocate some, or possibly
establishments, even though part of a single separate institutional units does not, of course, all, of the taxes or other income that it receives
institutional unit. preclude them from being included in the same according to its own policies, within the general
4.121. In some countries, the central government may sub-sector as the government units with which rules of law of the country, although some of the
include units which engage in financial they are associated, and they are so included in transfers it receives from central government
transactions which in other countries would be the alternative method of sub-sectoring the may be tied to certain specified purposes. It
performed by central banks. In particular, units general government sector. should also be able to appoint its own officers,
of central government may be responsible for the independently of external administrative
issue of currency, the maintenance of control. On the other hand, if a regional unit is
Annex / p. 8
entirely dependent on funds from central distinguished for administrative and political Social security funds (S.1314)
government, and if the central government also purposes. The scope of their authority is
dictates the ways in which those funds are to be generally much less than that of central 4.130. The social security funds sub-sector consists of
spent at the regional level, il should be treated as government or regional governments, and they the social security funds operating at all levels of
an agency of central government rather than as a may, or may not, be entitled to levy taxes on government. As explained in paragraph 111
separate institutional unit. institutional units resident in their areas. They above, social security funds are social
are often heavily dependent on grants or insurance schemes covering the community as
4.126. State governments, when they exist, are transfers from higher levels of government, and a whole or large sections of the community, that
distinguished by the fact that their fiscal they may also act as agents of central or regional are imposed and controlled by government units.
authority extends over the largest geographical governments to some extent. However, in order
areas into which the country as a whole may be to be treated as institutional units they must be 5. The alternative method of sub-sectoring
divided for political or administrative purposes. entitled to own assets, raise funds and incur
In a few countries more than one level of liabilities by borrowing on their own account; 4.131. The alternative method of sub-sectoring the
government exists between the central similarly, they must have some discretion over general government sector is to group the social
government and the smallest governmental how such funds are spent. They should also be security funds operating at each level of
institutional units at a local level; in such cases, able to point their own officers, independently of government with the corresponding government
these intermediate levels of government are external administrative control. The fact that units and government controlled and financed
grouped together with the level of government, they may also act as agents of central or state NPIs at that level of government. The two
either state or local, with which they are most governments to some extent does not prevent alternative methods of sub-sectoring are
closely associated for purposes of sectoring in them from being treated as separate institutional designed to accommodate different analytical
the System. units provided they are also able to raise and needs. The decision as to which method is more
spend some funds on their own initiative and appropriate in a given country cannot be made a
4.127. State governments may own, or control, own responsibility. priori. It depends on how well organized and
corporations in the same way as central important social security funds are and on the
government. Similarly, they may have units 4.129. As they are the government units which are in extent to which they are managed independently
which engage in market production, in which closest contact with the institutional units of the government units with which they are
case the relevant producer units should be treated resident in their localities, they typically provide associated. If the management of social security
as quasi-corporations whenever their operations a wide range of services to local residents, some funds is so closely integrated with the short-or
and accounting records justify this. Social of which may be financed out of transfers from medium-term requirements of the government's
security schemes may also exist at a state level higher levels of government. The same rules general economic policy that contributions and
and are treated as separate institutional units. govern the treatment of the production of goods benefits are deliberately adjusted in the interests
and services by local government units as are of overall economic policy, it becomes difficult,
Local government (S.1313) applied to central and state governments. Units at a conceptual level, to draw any clear
such as municipal theatres, museums, swimming distinction between the management of social
4.128. The local government sub-sector consists of local pools, etc., which supply goods or services on a security and the other economic functions of
governments that are separate institutional units market basis should be treated as quasi- government. Alternatively, in some countries,
plus those NPIs which are controlled and mainly corporations whenever appropriate. Units social security funds may exist in only a very
financed by local governments. In principle, supplying services such as education or health rudimentary form. In either of these
local government units are institutional units on a non-market basis remain an integral part of circumstances it is difficult to justify treating
whose fiscal, legislative and executive authority the local government unit to which they belong. social security funds as a separate sub-sector on
extends over the smallest geographical areas a par with central, state and local government,
Annex / p. 9
and it is more appropriate to use the alternative satisfy the basic requirements of an (ii) The second group consists of
method of sub~sectoring in which they are institutional unit in the System, a expenditures on the provision of
grouped with the corresponding government government unit -whether at the level of goods or services free, or at prices
units at each level of government. the nation, a region or a locality- must that are not economically
have funds of its own either raised by significant, to individual
taxing other units or received as transfers households. These expenditures
from other government units and the are deliberately incurred and
Paragraph 4.104, page 101 in “ System of authority to disburse some, or all, of such financed out of taxation or other
National Accounts 1993" funds in the pursuit of its policy income by government in the
objectives. It must also be able to borrow pursuit of its social or political
4.104. Government units may be described as unique funds on its own account; objectives, even though
kinds of legal entities established by political individuals could be charged
processes which have legislative, judicial or (b) Government units typically make three according to their usage;
executive authority over other institutional units different kinds of final outlays:
within a given area. Viewed as institutional units, (iii) The third group consists of
the principal functions of government are to (i) The first group consists of actual transfers paid to other institutional
assume responsibility for the provision of goods or imputed expenditures on the units, mostly households, in order
and services to the community or to individual free provision to the community of to redistribute income or wealth.
households and to finance their provision out of collective services such as public
taxation or other incomes; to redistribute income administration, defence, law
and wealth by means of transfers; and to engage enforcement, public health, etc.
in non-market production. In general terms: which, as a result of market
failure, have to be organized
(a) A government unit usually has the authority to collectively by governmentand
raise funds by collecting taxes or compulsory financed out of general taxation or
transfers from other institutional units. In order to other income;
Annex / p. 10
Annex 3: Sectoral working papers
Year Reference
New Technology in Banking and Insurance: 1985 SAP 4.1/WP.1

Relative Provisions and Collective Agreements
(Edith Epstein)
The Socio-Economic Implications of Structural 1985 SAP 2.1/WP.2

Changes in Plantations in Asian Countries
(K.N. Sircar, J.P. Sajhau, A. Navamukundan,
R. Sukarja)1
The Socio-Economic Implications of Structural 1986 SAP 2.2/WP.3

Changes in Plantations in African Countries
(J.A. Lugogo, L.A. Msambichaka and
M.S.D. Bagachwa, J.A. Dadson, K. Tano)
Las implicaciones socioeconómicas de los 1986 SAP 2.3/WP.4

cambios estructurales en las plantaciones
de países de América latina y del Caribe
(E. Torres-Rivas, M. Chiriboga, T.F. Clarke)
The Formulation and Implementation of Housing 1986 SAP 2.4/WP.5

Policy in Sri Lanka: The origin and
implications of the "Million Houses Programme"
(Marni Pigott)
Labour and Social Effects of Restructuring in 1986 SAP 1.1/WP.6

the Iron and Steel Industry
(Oleg Stepanov)
The Teller and the Terminal: The Effects of 1988 SAP 4.2/WP.7
Computerisation on the Work and on the
Employment of Bank Tellers
(Michael Bell)
Social and Economic Effects of El Cerrejon 1987 SAP 2.5/WP.8

Coal Project in Colombia
(James Jonish)
Income of Workers in the Hotel, Catering and 1987 SAP 6.1/WP.9

Tourism Sector
(A. Faymann)
1
Out of print
57
Social and Labour Effects of Computer-Aided 1987 SAP 1.2/WP.10
Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing
(CAD/CAM), (Karl-H. Ebel and Erhard Ulrich)
La participation des femmes aux coopératives 1987 SAP 5.1/WP.11

(D. Mavrogiannis)
La mobilisation de l’épargne rurale par les 1987 SAP 5.2/WP.12

institutions de type coopératif et son impact
sur le développement local dans sept pays
africains - synthèse de sept études de cas :
Burkina Faso, Cameroun, Egypte, Nigeria, Rwanda,
Togo, Zimbabwe
(Gilbert Renard)
Rural Savings Mobilisation by Co-operative 1988 SAP 5.2/WP.12

Institutions and its Impact on Local Development
in Seven African Countries - Synthesis of Seven
Case Studies: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Egypt,
Nigeria, Rwanda, Togo, Zimbabwe
(Gilbert Renard)
Coopératives à buts multiples dans les régions 1987 SAP 5.3/WP.13

rurales des pays en développement
(Albert Benjacov)2
Social and Economic Conditions in Plantation 1988 SAP 2.6/WP.14

Agriculture in Kenya - Proceedings of a Tripartite
Workshop organised by the International
Labour Office at Egerton University College,
Njoro, Kenya, 4 - 8 May 1987
(J.P. Sajhau)
Productivity and its Impact on Employment and on 1988 SAP 1.3/WP.15

the Working and Living Conditions of Iron and
Steel Workers
(Oleg Stepanov)
Social and Economic Implications of Tea 1989 SAP 2.7/WP.16

Processing - The Experiences of India and Kenya
(B. Sivaram and G.A. Orao Obura)
Economic and Social Implications of Sugar Cane 1989 SAP 2.8/WP.17

Processing in Developing Countries
(T. Hannah, International Sugar Organization)
Social and Labour Consequences of Economic and 1989 SAP 2.9/WP.18

Technological Change in Civil Aviation
(A. Gil)
2
Out of print
58
Les implications socio-économiques de la 1989 SAP 2.10/WP.19
transformation primaire du coton en Afrique
francophone
(M. de Sahb)
Socio-economic Implications of Primary 1989 SAP 2.11/WP.20

Processing of Plantation Crops in Malaysia.
Rubber and Palm-oil
(M. N. Navamukundan)
Production, Employment and Wages in the 1989 SAP 2.12/WP.21

Coffee Processing Sector of Brazil
(G. Maia Gomes)
Social and Labour Aspects of Urban Passenger 1989 SAP 2.13/WP.22

Transport in Selected African Countries
(A. Gil)
Petroleum Training in Algeria and Nigeria 1989 SAP 2.14/WP.23

(J. McLin)
Training and Technological Development in 1989 SAP 2.15/WP.24

the Petroleum Sector: The cases of Norway
and Brazil
(Jan Erik Karlsen and Henrique Rattner)
Les coopératives et l’auto-assistance mutuelle 1989 SAP 5.4/WP.25

face à la pauvreté urbaine dans les pays en
développement
(C. Jacquier)
Female Participation in the Construction 1990 SAP 2.16/WP.26

Industry
(J. Wells)
The Social Protection of Artists and Performers: 1990 SAP 4.3/WP.27

The Situation in Selected Industrialised Countries
(Jean-Pierre Dumont, Annie-Paule Gollot
and Francis Kessler)
La protection sociale des artistes: 1990 SAP 4.3/WP.27

la situation dans quelques pays industriels
(Jean-Pierre Dumont, Annie-Paule Gollot
et Francis Kessler)
Technological Change in the Iron and Steel 1990 SAP 2.17/WP.28

Industry and its Effect on Employment
and Training
(S. Moinov)
59
Workers’ Housing Co-operatives in Turkey: 1990 SAP 2.18/WP.29
A Qualitative Evaluation of the Movement
(A. S. Ozüekren)
Socio-Economic Conditions in Plantations in 1990 SAP 2.19/WP.30

India. Proceedings of a National Tripartite
Workshop
(International Labour Office)
L’emploi dans l’industrie pétrolière 1990 SAP 2.20/WP.31

(Inès Lemarie et Christophe Barret)
Les tendances de l’emploi, de la production 1990 SAP 2.21/WP.32

et du commerce dans la filière textile:
situation actuelle et perspectives
(Marcel de Sahb)
The Role of Petroleum Industries in Promoting 1990 SAP 2.22/WP.33

National Development:
Report of a Latin American Regional Symposium
(Laura Randall)
The Internationalisation of Print: 1990 SAP 2.23/WP.34

Trends, Socioeconomic Impact and Policy
(Richard McArthur)
The Problems of Women Teachers in Technical 1990 SAP 4.4/WP.35

and Vocational Education in Kenya, Tanzania
and Zambia: an Exploratory Report
(Kathleen Lynch)
Safety and Health Problems in Small and 1990 SAP 2.24/WP.36

Medium Scale Textile Enterprises in
Five Developing Countries
(L. Li)
The Status of Women Teachers in 1990 SAP 4.5/WP.37

Southern Africa
(Catherine Gaynor)
Socio-Economic Conditions in Plantations 1990 SAP 2.25/WP.38

in Tanzania: Proceedings of a National
Tripartite Workshop organised by
the International Labour Office at
Morogoro, 23-27 April 1990
(Edited by J.P. Sajhau)
60
Adjustment and Restructuring in Plantations: 1990 SAP 2.26/WP.39
The Case of Sugar-cane in Mauritius and
Negros Occidental (Philippines)
(J.M. Paturau (Mauritius) and
T.S. Untalan (Negros Occidental)
The communication of phonograms 1991 SAP 4.6/WP.40

to the public: Remuneration of
performers and producers
(Pierre Chesnais)
Iron and Steel Producers: 1991 SAP 2.27/WP.41

Fourteen of the Smaller Players
(Stephan Moinov)
Professional and Managerial Staff: 1991 SAP 4.7/WP.42

Their Place in the Labour Relations System
of Canada and the United States
(Michael Bendel)
Producers’ Small Scale Industrial Co-operatives 1991 SAP 5.5/WP.43

Some Case Studies from Developing Countries
(Malcolm Harper)
La condition de l’artiste 1991 SAP 4.8/WP.44

(André Nayer and Suzanne Capiau)
Gestion des ressources humaines dans le 1991 SAP 4.9/WP.45

secteur public: Réflexion méthodologique à
partir de l’étude de quelques projets
de coopération technique conduits par le
Bureau international du Travail
(Joël Cauden et José Trouvé)
Labour Market Flexibility: 1991 SAP 4.10/WP.46

The Challenge Facing Senior Medical
Officers in New Zealand
(Ian Powell)
Crise et assainissement des services 1991 SAP 4.11/WP.47

publics africains. Le cas des services
de fourniture d’eau et d’électricité et
des transports au Cameroun, Niger et Sénégal
(Patrick Plane)
Manpower Aspects of Restructuring Railways 1991 SAP 2.28/WP.48

in Developing Countries:
A synthesis of six country case studies
(A. Silverleaf)
61
Negotiating technological and structural 1992 SAP 4.12/WP.49
change in Australia Post
(R. Lansbury)
Women in scientific research in Australia: 1992 SAP 4.13/WP.50

A case study
(C. Macpherson)
Global information processing: The emergence 1992 SAP 4.14/WP.51

of software services and data entry jobs
in selected developing countries
(S. Mitter and R. Pearson)
The construction industry in Brazil: Surviving 1992 SAP 2.29/WP.52

the transition to a more competitive market
(H. Zylberstajn)
Human resource management issues in developing 1992 SAP 2.30/WP.53

country public enterprises (petroleum/chemical
sectors)
(D.G.M. Cheshire)
The restructuring of the Japanese National 1992 SAP 2.31/WP.54

Railways: Effects on labour and management
(S. Watanabe)
El sector bancario argentino: El impacto de 1993 SAP 4.15/WP.55

los cambios tecnologicos y estructurales
sobre el trabajo y el empleo
(J.C. Neffa)
An industry steels itself for change 1993 SAP 2.32/WP.56

(S. Moinov)
Un atout pour la santé: La rémunération 1993 SAP 4.16/WP.57

du personnel infirmier
(A. Brihaye)
Les conditions d’emploi des travailleurs 1993 SAP 2.33/WP.58

des plantations: Compte-rendu d’un atelier
tripartite national
(P. Egger)
Ajustement structurel, politiques agricoles 1993 SAP 2.34/WP.59

et efforts d’adaptations paysannes en
Côte d’Ivoire
(M. Allechi, Y. Affou, D. Ngaresseum)
White-collar unionism in selected European 1993 SAP 4.17/WP.60

countries: Issues and prospects
(E. Kassalow)
62
Les enjeux des services bancaires: 1993 SAP 4.18/WP.61
hommes, techniques et marchés
(J. D’Alançon)
Occupational Safety and Health 1993 SAP 2.35/WP.62

in the Food and Drink Industries
(Shizue Tomoda)
Employed or Self-Employed? Contract Labour 1993 SAP 2.36/WP.63

in the British Construction Industry
(Julian Birch)
The effects of technological and structural 1993 SAP 4.19/WP.64

changes on employment in major Irish banks
(Noelle Donnelly)
La banque française en mutation: marché, 1993 SAP 4.20/WP.65

profession, organisation, culture
(E. Blaustein, M. Dressen)
Nurses’ pay: A vital factor in health care 1993 SAP 4.21/WP.66

(A. Brihaye)
Part-time and temporary employees in the 1993 SAP 4.22/WP.67

Public Service in Japan
(Seiichiro Hayakawa)
La situación de las mujeres docentes en 1994 SAP 4.23/WP.68

centroamérica: Hacia la igualdad de
oportunidades y de trato
(Mafalda Sibille Martina)
Por la remuneración equitativa del personal 1994 SAP 4.24/WP.69

de enfermería
(A. Brihaye)
Privatization of public services and public 1994 SAP 4.25/WP.70

utilities
(C. Oestmann)
Les droits syndicaux des cadres: Une perspective 1995 SAP 4.26/WP.71
internationale
(Claire Dupont-Sakharov et Laure Frexinos)
Consequences for Management and Personnel of the 1994 SAP 2.37/WP.72

Reorganization of Railways in the Russian
Federation - 1990-1992
(Irene Valkova)
63
Trends and Perspectives in the Nursing 1995 SAP 4.27/WP.73
Profession
(Christine Hancock, James Buchan, Phil Gray;
Cécile Fontaine; Sholom Glouberman;
Tom Keighley)
Trade union rights of managerial staff: An 1995 SAP 4.28/WP.74

international perspective
(Claire Dupont-Sakharov and Laure Frexinos)
Los derechos sindicales del personal dirigente: 1995 SAP 4.29/WP.75

una perspectiva internacional
(Claire Dupont-Sakharov and Laure Frexinos)
Productivity, employment and industrial 1994 SAP 2.38/WP.76

relations in coal mines
Two case studies from the Czech Republic
and the Russian Federation
(Edited by Norman S. Jennings)

Three case studies from China, India and
Zimbabwe

Three case studies from Australia, United
Kingdom, United States
Atmospheric pollution control: How much 1994 SAP 2.41/WP.79

of a threat to coal?
(Sonja Boehmer-Christiansen)
Job satisfaction and decentralization: 1995 SAP 4.30/WP.80

The effects of systemic change on Swedish
comprehensive school teachers from 1988
to 1993
(Roger Ellmin)
Contract labour in Malaysian plantation, 1995 SAP 2.42/WP.81

construction and sawmilling industries:
A survey report
(Lee Kiong Hock and A. Sivananthiran)
Sectoral trends in world employment 1995 SAP 2.43/WP.82

(Jaroslaw Wieczorek)
64
Les femmes enseignantes dans l’enseignement 1995 SAP 4.31/WP.83
technique et professionnel au Bénin, en
Côte d’Ivoire, au Mali, au Sénégal:
Une étude comparative
(Soledad Perez)
Occupational stress and burn-out of teachers: 1995 SAP 4.32/WP.84

A review
(Tom Cox and Amanda Griffiths)
Gender and employment on sugar cane 1995 SAP 2.44/WP.85

plantations in Tanzania
(Marjorie Mbilinyi with Ave Maria Semakafu)
Various forms of employment in the food and 1995 SAP 2.45/WP.86

drink industries
(Shizue Tomoda)
L’ajustement dans le secteur public et la 1995 SAP 4.33/WP.87

gestion des ressources humaines:
le cas du Sénégal
(Abdoul Aziz Tall)
Privatization in Mauritius: Semi-privatization, 1995 SAP 4.34/WP.88

Counter-privatization and Closure
(P. Ujoodha)
L’ajustement structurel dans le secteur public 1995 SAP 4.35/WP.89

et la gestion des ressources humaines:
Le cas du Mali
(Mohamed Moustapha Sissoko)
Document d’orientation sur les politiques 1995 SAP 4.36/WP.90

de privatisation du secteur public
(Alain Adérito Sanches)
Women workers in manufacturing, 1971-91 1995 SAP 2.46/WP.91

(Shizue Tomoda)
Adjustment in the public sector and 1995 SAP 4.37/WP.92

management of human resources in Mauritius
(Raj Mudhoo)
Privatization in the iron and steel industry 1995 SAP 2.47/WP.93

(Stephan Moinov)
Privatization and human resource issues in 1995 SAP 2.48/WP.94

the Caribbean sugar industry
(Clive Y. Thomas)
65
Foreign labour in the Malaysian construction 1995 SAP 2.49/WP.95
industry
(A.-R. Abdul-Aziz)
Recherche de la productivité et rentabilité 1995 SAP 4.38/WP.96

dans le secteur bancaire: théorie, pratiques
et conséquences sur la gestion des ressources
humaines
(Edgar Blaustein et Marnix Dressen)
Proceso de privatización en Argentina y 1995 SAP 2.50/WP.97

Brasil: Consecuencias en materia de mercado
de trabajo y desempeño empresarial
Practicas utilizadas para el ajuste de personal
(Enrique Saravia)
Deregulation of Road Freight Transport: 1996 SAP 2.51/WP.98

Labour Implications
(Yukari Suzuki)
Improving working conditions and 1996 SAP 2.52/WP.99

increasing profits in forestry
(Kiki Johanssson and Bernt Strehlke)
ILO industrial committees and sectoral 1996 SAP 2.53/WP.100

activities: An institutional history
(Edward Weisband)
Productivity improvement and labour relations 1996 SAP 2.54/WP.101

in the tea industry in South Asia
(B. Sivaram)
Egalité des chances entre les hommes et les 1996 SAP 4.39/WP.102
femmes des catégories cadres et professionnelles
(J. Laufer)
Health care personnel in Central and 1996 SAP 4.40/WP.103

Eastern Europe
(J. Healy/C. Humphries)
Safety and health of meat, poultry and 1996 SAP 2.55/WP.104

fish processing workers
(S. Tomoda)
Labour migration in the construction industry in 1996 SAP 2.56/WP.105

Latin America and the Caribbean
(Edmundo Werna)
66
Foreign construction workers in Singapore - School of 1996 SAP 2.57/WP.106
building & estate management -
The National University of Singapore
(George Ofori)
Ethique des affaires dans les industries THC 1997 SAP 2.58/WP.107
(textile, habillement, chaussures):
Les codes de conduite
(J.P. Sajhau)
Health Care Personnel in Central 1997 SAP 4.41/WP.108

and Eastern Europe (Russian version)
(J. Healy/C. Humphries)
Responsible Care and related voluntary 1997 SAP 2.59/WP.109

initiatives to improve enterprise performance
on health, safety and environment in the
chemical industry
(Kevin Munn)
Business ethics in the textile, clothing and 1997 SAP 2.60/WP.110

footwear (TCF) industries: Codes of Conduct
(J.P. Sajhau)
Trayectoria de modernización y calificación en la 1997 SAP 2.61/WP.111

industria siderúrgica: Perspectivas para el Siglo 21
Estudio de caso de una planta en México
(Andrés Hernández, Anselmo García
y Leornad Mertens)
Steel in the new millennium: Nine case studies 1997 SAP 2.62/WP.112
People, Forest and Sustainability: Social Elements of

Sustainable Forest Management in Europe 1997 SAP 2.63/WP.113
(Proceedings)
Strategies to reach the top for women in management: 1997 SAP 4.42/WP.114
Perspectives from ASEAN
(Sieh Lee Mei Ling)
The impact of climate change policies 1997 SAP 2.64/WP.115

on employment in the coalmining industry
(Cain Polidano )
Breaking through the glass ceiling: Women 1998 SAP 4.43/WP.116

in management in Poland
(Anna Fotyga) (forthcoming)
67
Rompiendo el techo de cristal: las mujeres 1998 SAP 4.44/WP.117
en puestos de dirección en Argentina
(A.M. Mass, M.A. Saez, S. García
y L. Cukierman) (forthcoming)
Breaking through the glass ceiling: Women 1998 SAP 4.45/WP.118

in management in Argentina
(A.M. Mass, M.A. Saez, S. García
and L. Cukierman) (forthcoming)
Environmental protection and its employment 1998 SAP 2.65/WP.119

effects on miners in small and artisanal mines
in Zimbabwe
(Marilyn Carr, David Laurence and Richard Svotwa)
The impact of globalization on the construction industry 1998 SAP 2.66/WP.120

Activities of contractors and workers across borders
(Ryo Kawano)
The machinery, electrical and electronic industries 1998 SAP 2.67/WP.121

in numbers
(Maryke Dessing and Olivier Mutter)
The Dutch flower sector: Structure, trends and employment 1998 SAP 2.68/WP.122
(Paul Elshof)
Indigenous peoples and oil development: reconciling 1998 SAP 2.69/WP.123

conflicting interests
(Manuela Tomei)
Current trends in the flexible organization of working time 1998 SAP 2.70/WP.124
in Germany: A survey of recent internal agreements in the
engineering industry
(Christiane Lindecke and Steffen Lehndorff)
Survival of the flexibile in the global economy: 1998 SAP 2.71/WP.125

Employment security and shopfloor re-organization in two
Massachusetts metalworking firms
(Bob Forrant)
The impact of flexible labour market arrangements in the 1998 SAP 2.72/WP.126
Australian metals and engineering industries
(J. Buchanan)
Employment and industrial relations issues in the

cigarette manufacturing industry 1998 SAP 2.73/WP.127
(Miriam Szapiro)
Agrarian transition in Viet Nam 1999 SAP.2.74/WP.128

(Vali Jamal and Karel Jansen)
68
Employment and working conditions in the Colombian 1999 SAP 2.75/WP.129
flower industry
(Stefano Farné)
Small-scale gold mining: 1999 SAP 2.76/WP.130

Examples from Bolivia, Philippines & Zimbabwe
Estudio sobre reestructuración portuaria - impacto social 1999 SAP 3.1/WP.131

Puerto de Buenos Aires (Argentina)
(Martín Sgut)

Puerto de Valparaíso (Chile)
(Rodrígo García Bernal)

Puerto de Buenaventura (Colombia)
(Gerardo Solano Gomez y Nazly Fontalvo de Zapata)

Puerto del Callao (Perú)
(Manuel Mogollón Venegas)

Puerto de Veracruz (México)
(Jaime R. Sanchez Diéz)
L’industrie du textile-habillement en Tunisie: 1999 SAP 2.77/WP.136

Les besoins des chefs d’entreprise et les conditions
de travail des femmes dans les PME
(Riad Meddeb)
Child labour in small-scale mining: 1999 SAP 2.78/WP.137

Examples from Niger, Peru, & Philippines
(Edited by Norman Jennings)
Employment and working conditions in the 1999 SAP 2.79/WP.138

Ecuadorian flower industry
(Zonia Palán & Carlos Palán)
The world cut flower industry:Trends and prospects 1999 SAP 2.80/WP.139
(Gijsbert van Liemt)
Le travail des enfants dans les petites exploitations 1999 SAP 2.81/WP.140
minières du Niger: cas des sites de natron, de sel,
de gypse et d’orpaillage
(Alfa Soumaila)
69
Trabajo infantil en el centro minero artesanal 1999 SAP 2.82/WP.141
de Mollehuaca - Huanuhuanu - Arequipa - Perú
(Zoila Martínez Castilla)
Estudio monográfico sobre la explotación minera 1999 SAP 2.83/WP.142

pequeña - Ejemplo de San Simón (Bolivia)
(Thomas Hentschel, Diógenes Roque y Evelyn Taucer)
Statistiques de l’emploi dans le secteur public: 1999 SAP 2.84/WP.143

Méthodologie, structures et tendances
(Messaoud Hammouya)
Statistics on Public Sector Employment 1999 SAP 2.84/WP.144

Methodology, Structures et Trends
(Messaoud Hammouya)
70

Statistics On Public Sector Employment

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Statistics On Public Sector Employment

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Statistics On Public Sector Employment

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sectoral Activities Programme

Salaried Employees and Professional Workers’ Branch

Statistics on Public Sector Employment:

INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE GENEVA

Statistics on Public Sector Employment:

Working papers are preliminary documents intended

International Labour Office Geneva

First published 1999

Printed by the International Labour Office, Geneva, Switzerland

1. Methodology for collecting comparable data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2 Concept and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.3 The survey questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2. The results of the collection of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.1 Overview of the replies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.2 Charts and tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.2.1 Employment structures in the public sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Share of public employment in total employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Share of employment of women in the public sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Public employment by type of institution and level of government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Public employment by branch of activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2.2.2 Public employment trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Changes in public sector employment and total employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Changes in public sector employment

Annex 1: List of countries and territories contained in the database . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Annex 2: Questionnaire on statistics on public sector employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Annex 3: List of sectorial working papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

1. Methodology for collecting comparable data

- The field of the public sector is defined by a set of public institutions

- There is very limited use of the standardised international definitions of the

- Very few countries conduct periodical and specific public employment

1.2 Concept and definitions

Institutions controlled and mainly financed by public authority

Non-market institutions Market institutions

1.3 The survey questionnaire

Description of the questionnaire

1. Tables 1A and 1B are an accurate representation of the only standard international

- In certain countries the only possibility of obtaining approximate

- The public employment data by economic activity can make the

2. The results of the collection of data

2.1 Overview of the replies

2.2.1 Employment structures in the public sector

Share of public employment in total employment

Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 illustrate the share of public employment in total employment5 by

Share of United States (1997)

in 15 OECD United Kingdo m (1997)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Employment of women in the public sector

Share of the employment

Developing countries (21) Countries in transition (4) OCDE countries (5)

Public employment Total employment

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Public employment Total employment

Figure 7 R o umania (1996)

Public employment Total employment

Share of the Bahrain (1991)

Trinidad and Tobago (1997)

Sri Lanka (1994)