FREE SPAN

1. INPUT PARAMETER
−3 C≡ K
pcf := lb ⋅ ft

Equivalent condition
Phase :Hydrotest
Wave/Current Data : 1 yr return period wave + 1 yr return period current
Soil Type : Clay

1.1 PIPELINE DESIGN PARAMETER

• Outer Diameter Ds := 32in

• Wall thickness ts := 0.625in

• Internal Diameter ID := Ds − 2ts ID = 30.75 in

• Corrosion coating thickness(3LPE) tcorr := 3mm

• Concrete coating tcc := 80mm

7
• Modulus Elasticity E := 3 ⋅ 10 psi

• Design Pressure Po := 275psi ⋅ 1.25 Po = 343.75 psi

−5 1
• Thermal coef α := 1.17 ⋅ 10
K
−3
ρcorr := 940kg ⋅ m
• Corosion coating density
−3
ρcc := 3044kg ⋅ m
• Concrete coating density
−3
ρcont := 600kg ⋅ m
• Content density
ρsw := 64pcf
• Seawater density
−3
ρs := 7850kg ⋅ m
• Steel density
Td := 45C
• Design temperature
Tsw := 25C
• Seabed temperature
υ := 0.3
• Poisson ratio
SMYS := 52000psi
• SMYS API 5L X-52
δ := 0.126
• Structural damping
1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETER
Hs := 2.5m
• Significant Wave Heigt
Ts := 7.5s
• Significant wave period
d := 25m
• Water depth
−1
Ur := 0.4m ⋅ s
• Current 1m abov seabed

−5 2 −1
• Kinematic Viscosity of Seawater ν := 1.076 ⋅ 10 ft s

1.3 SOIL PARAMETER

Soil type 1 = sand, 2 = clay soil := 2

3
Undrained Shear Strength Su := 5 ⋅ 10 Pa

2. CALCULATIONS

2.1 SUBMERGED WEIGHT CALC.

Outside Diameter Dtot := Ds + 2tcorr + 2tcc

Dtot = 3.211 ft

Elastic Modulus EI := E ⋅ ⎢ (
⎡ π ⋅ Ds4 − ID4 ⎤
⎥ )
⎣ 64 ⎦

9 2
EI = 1.58 × 10 ft ⋅ lbf

Inertia I :=
π
64
( 4
⋅ Ds − ID
4 )
3 4
I = 7.583 × 10 in

Weight of Pipe

Steel Weight Wst :=

π
4
( 2
⋅ Ds − ID ⋅ ρs )
2

lb
Wst = 209.652
ft

π
⋅ ⎡⎣( Ds + 2 ⋅ tcorr) − Ds ⎤⎦ ⋅ ρcorr
2 2
Corrosion Coating Weight Wcorr :=
4

lb
Wcorr = 4.857
ft
 π
⋅ ⎡⎣ Dtot − ( Ds + 2 ⋅ tcorr)
2 2⎤
Concrete Coating Weight Wcc := ⎦ ⋅ ρcc
4

lb
Wcc = 462.058
ft

π 2
Content Weight Wcont := ⋅ ID ⋅ ρcont
4
lb
Wcont = 193.174
ft

π 2
Added Mass/Displaced water Wadd := ⋅ Dtot ⋅ ρsw
4

lb
Wadd = 518.356
ft

Total Efective Weight Weff := Wst + Wcorr + Wcc + Wcont + Wadd

3 lb
Weff = 1.388 × 10
ft

Pe := ρsw ⋅ g ⋅ d
External Pressure
Pe = 36.454 psi

Pressure difference ΔP := Po − Pe

ΔP = 307.296 psi
2.2 WAVE INDUCED VELOCITY CALC.

Angle between wave direction and pipeline direction φwave := 90deg

Calculation of Wave Length

Initial Guess
2
g ⋅ Tp Tp := 1.05 ⋅ Ts
L :=
2 ⋅π

L = 317.561 ft

Calculation of Wave Length (cont.)

Wave Length

d 1 shallow approximation
λ ( L , d) := Tp ⋅ g ⋅ d if <
L 25
2
g ⋅ Tp d 1 deep approximation
if >
2 ⋅π L 2
2
g ⋅ Tp ⎛ 2π ⋅ d ⎞ otherwise intermediate depth approximation
tanh ⎜ ⎟
2 ⋅π ⎝ L ⎠

Given

λ ( L , d) = L

L ( d) := Find ( L)

Horizontal Water Particle Velocity

2π
k ( d) :=
L ( d)

Phase angle range:

i := 0 .. 90 θ i := i ⋅ deg

⎡⎢ Hs g d 1 ⎤⎥ shallow
u ( d , θ ) := ⋅ if < ⋅ cos ( θ )
⎢ 2 d L ( d) 25 ⎥ approximation
⎢ π ⋅ Hs k( d) ⋅ ( Dtot−d) d 1 ⎥
⎢ ⋅e if > ⎥ deep
⎢ Tp L ( d) 2 ⎥ approximation
⎢ Hs g ⋅ Tp cosh ( k ( d) ⋅ Dtot) ⎥
⎢ 2 ⋅ ⋅ otherwise ⎥ intermediate depth
⎣ L ( d) cosh ( k ( d) ⋅ d) ⎦ approximation

uw := max ( u ( d , θ ) )
Reduction factor due to wave directionality Rwave := sin ( φwave) Rwave = 1

Significant wave velocity perpendicular to pipe Uw ( d , θ ) := uw ⋅ Rwave

ft
Uw ( d , θ ) = 1.202
sec

Horizontal Water Particle Acceleration

⎡ Hs ⋅ π g d 1 ⎤ shallow
Aw ( d , θ ) := ⎢ ⋅ if < ⎥ ⋅ sin ( θ ) approximation
⎢ Tp d L ( d) 25
⎥
⎢ 2 ⎥
⎢ 2 ⋅ Hs ⋅ ⎛⎜ π ⎞⎟ ek( d) ⋅ ( Dtot−d) if d > 1
deep
⎥ approximation
⎢ ⎝ Tp ⎠ L ( d) 2 ⎥
⎢ g ⋅ π cosh [ k ( d) ⋅ ( Dtot − d) ] ⎥ intermediate depth
⎢ Hs ⋅ ⋅ otherwise ⎥ approximation
⎣ L ( d) cosh ( k ( d) ⋅ d) ⎦

Aw := max ( Aw ( d , θ ) )
Significant wave acceleration perpendicular to pipe
Aw ( d , θ ) := Aw ⋅ Rwave

ft
Aw ( d , θ ) = 2.61
2
sec

2.3 FREE SPAN - DYNAMIC.

2 ⋅ Weff ⋅ δ
Stability Number Ks := Ks = 0.53
2
ρsw ⋅ Dtot

Reduced velocity Vr := 1.65

Note :
con1 := "In-line Oscillation"
con2 := "Cross-flow Oscillation"

Type of oscillation Otype := con1 if 1 < Vr < 3.5 ∧ Ks < 1.8

con2 otherwise

Otype = "In-line Oscillation"

 ( Uw ( d , θ ) + Ur) ⋅ Dtot
Reynold's Number Re ( tcc) :=
ν

5
Re ( tcc) = 7.505 × 10

Strouhal Number St := 0.25

Vortex shedding frequency ( Uw ( d , θ ) + Ur) ⋅ St

fv := fv = 0.196 Hz
Dtot

9.87 EI Vr
Critical Pipespan Lcr := ⋅ ⋅ Dtot ⋅
2π Weff − Wadd Uw ( d , θ ) + Ur

Lcr = 159.067 ft

2.3 FREE SPAN - STATIC.

Yield Requirement
i := 0 .. 100 Li := i ⋅ m
⎡ ⎛ Wst ⋅ L2 ⋅ 0.5Ds ⋅ g ⎞ ⎡ ( Po − Pe) ⋅ Ds⎤ ⎤
σx ( L) := ⎢ ⎜ ⎟+⎢ ⎥⎥
Longitudinal Stress ⎣⎝ 10 ⋅ I ⎠ ⎣ 4 ⋅ ts ⎦⎦

5 .10
8

4 .10
8

3 .10
8

σx( L )

2 .10
8

1 .10
8

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
L

4
Limiting longitudinal pressure σxa ( L) := 0.9 ⋅ SMYS σxa ( L) = 4.68 × 10 psi
Lcrit ( L) := L ← 1m
while σx ( L − 1m) < σxa ( L)
Lcrit ← L − 1m
L ← L + 1m
Lcrit

Lcrit ( L) = 282.152 ft

Longitudinal stress σx ( Lcrit ( L)

( Po − Pe) ⋅ Ds
σh :=
Hoop stress 2 ⋅ ts

3
σh = 7.867 × 10 psi

2 2
σe := σx ( Lcrit ( L) ) + σh
Von mises

4
σe = 4.686 × 10 psi

σe < 0.9 ⋅ SMYS

4
0.9 ⋅ SMYS = 4.68 × 10 psi

3. SUMMARY RESULT

Critical Pipespan - due to Dynamic Loading Lcr = 159.067 ft

Critical Pipespan - due to Static Loading Lcrit ( L) = 282.152 ft