Parking Policies For Supporting Sustainable Mobility

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 10

Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 897 – 906

7UDQVSRUW5HVHDUFK$UHQD±(XURSH

3DUNLQJ3ROLFLHVIRU6XSSRUWLQJ6XVWDLQDEOH0RELOLW\
0DJGD3LWVLDYD/DWLQRSRXORXD6RFUDWHV%DVEDVE.RQVWDQWLQRV3DSRXWVLVF 
(OHIWKHULRV6GRXNRSRXORVF
D
3URIHVVRU$ULVWRWOH8QLYHUVLW\RI7KHVVDORQLNL6FKRRORI7HFKQRORJ\)DFXOW\RI&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ/DERUDWRU\RI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ
(QJLQHHULQJ7KHVVDORQLNL*UHHFH
E
$VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRU$ULVWRWOH8QLYHUVLW\RI7KHVVDORQLNL6FKRRORI7HFKQRORJ\)DFXOW\RI5XUDODQG6XUYH\LQJ(QJLQHHULQJ'HSW
RI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQDQG+\GUDXOLF(QJLQHHULQJ7KHVVDORQLNL*UHHFH
F
5HVHDUFKHU06F 7UDQVSRUW $ULVWRWOH8QLYHUVLW\RI7KHVVDORQLNL6FKRRORI7HFKQRORJ\)DFXOW\RI5XUDODQG6XUYH\LQJ
(QJLQHHULQJ'HSWRI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQDQG+\GUDXOLF(QJLQHHULQJ7KHVVDORQLNL*UHHFH

$EVWUDFW

3DUNLQJ SROLFLHV KDYH EHFRPH DQ LQWHJUDO SDUW RI PRGHUQ XUEDQ SODQQLQJ VWUDWHJLHV DV WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ SODQQHUV DQG
HQJLQHHUVKDYHUHFRJQL]HGWKHVXEVWDQWLDOLPSDFWWKH\PD\KDYHRQPRGHFKRLFHDQGWUDYHOURXWHVGLUHFWO\DIIHFWLQJ
XUEDQ PRELOLW\ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV )RU SDUNLQJ SROLFLHV WR EH WUXO\ YDOXDEOH DQG HIIHFWLYH WKH\ VKRXOG EH FDUHIXOO\
LQWHJUDWHGLQWRDWUDQVSRUWGHYHORSPHQWSODQDLPLQJWRDFKLHYHWKHORQJWHUPWDUJHWVRIVXVWDLQDEOHPRELOLW\7RWKLV
HQG WKLV SDSHU LQYHVWLJDWHV WKH LPSDFW RI SDUNLQJ SROLFLHV RQ XUEDQ PRELOLW\ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG WKHQ KLJKOLJKWV
WKURXJKDFDVHVWXG\LQDPHGLXPVL]HG*UHHNFLW\WKHDFWLRQVWREHXQGHUWDNHQIRUWKHLUVXFFHVVIXOLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ

© 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of the Programme Committee of the
‹3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG6HOHFWLRQDQGSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI75$
Transport Research Arena 2012 Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.

.H\ZRUGVVXVWDLQDEOHPRELOLW\SDUNLQJSROLF\LPSOHPHQWDWLRQDFWLRQVPDUNHWXSWDNH

,QWURGXFWLRQ

7KHVLJQLILFDQWLQFUHDVHRIDXWRPRELOHXVHRYHUWKHSDVW\HDUVKDVKLJKOLJKWHGSDUNLQJDVDQLQWHJUDO
SDUW RI PRGHUQ XUEDQ SODQQLQJ VWUDWHJLHV DLPLQJ WR HIILFLHQWO\ PDQDJH GHPDQG IRU WUDQVSRUW
7UDQVSRUWDWLRQSODQQHUVDQGHQJLQHHUVKDYHEHFRPHDZDUHRIWKHVXEVWDQWLDOLPSDFWWKDWSDUNLQJSROLFLHV
PD\ KDYH RQ PRGH FKRLFH DQG WUDYHO URXWHV )HHQH\   GLUHFWO\ DIIHFWLQJ XUEDQ PRELOLW\
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVVXFKDVWUDIILFFRQJHVWLRQDFFHVVLELOLW\VDIHW\HWFDVZHOODVWKHHQYLURQPHQW DLU QRLVH
SROOXWLRQ WKXVLQIOXHQFLQJHFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQW 6LVLRSLNX 
3DUNLQJ SROLF\ LV FRQVLGHUHG WR EH RQH RI WKH NH\ OLQNV EHWZHHQ WUDQVSRUW DQG ODQGXVH SROLF\
0DUVGHQ 7UDGLWLRQDOSDUNLQJSROLFLHVKDYHEHHQIRFXVLQJRQFUHDWLQJSDUNLQJVXSSO\IDULQH[FHVV
RI GHPDQG IRVWHULQJ LQ WKDW ZD\ FDU XVH ZKLOH XQGHUPLQLQJ SXEOLF WUDQVLW ZDONLQJ DQG ELF\FOLQJ
+RZHYHU VXEVHTXHQW SDUNLQJ SROLFLHV PDLQO\ IRFXVHG RQ WKH HIIHFWLYH PDQDJHPHQW RI WKH H[LVWLQJ
SDUNLQJVXSSO\ZKLFKSURYHVWREHDPDMRULPSHGLPHQWIRUHVWDEOLVKLQJDQHIIHFWLYHDQGEDODQFHGXUEDQ
WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ V\VWHP %UDGOH\   %HLQJ PRUH WUDQVLWRULHQWHG UHFHQW SDUNLQJ SROLFLHV DLP WR


&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[
(PDLODGGUHVVNSDSRXWV#JPDLOFRP

1877-0428 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of the Programme Committee of the Transport Research
Arena 2012 Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.1067
898 Magda Pitsiava-Latinopoulou et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 897 – 906

HIIHFWLYHO\ PDQDJH SDUNLQJ GHPDQG WKURXJK VHYHUDO W\SHV RI LQWHUYHQWLRQV LQFOXGLQJ FRQWURO RQ WKH
QXPEHURISDUNLQJVSDFHVDQGWKHLUVSDWLDOGLVWULEXWLRQSDUNLQJFRVWVSDUNLQJWLPHOLPLWDWLRQVUHVLGHQWLDO
SDUNLQJ SHUPLWV SURYLVLRQ RI HPSOR\HH SDUNLQJ HWF ZKLFK WKURXJK GLIIHUHQW OHYHOV RI SROLF\
HQIRUFHPHQWFDQOHDGWROHVVFDUGHSHQGHQWIRUPVRIWUDQVSRUW 6KLIWDQ<%XUG(GHQ5 
,QRUGHUWRPDNHSDUNLQJSROLFLHVWUXO\HIIHFWLYHWKH\ VKRXOG EHFDUHIXOO\ LQWHJUDWHGLQWRDWUDQVSRUW
GHYHORSPHQW SODQ DLPLQJ WR DFKLHYH ORQJWHUP TXDOLW\ WDUJHWV DQG SURYLGH D KROLVWLF YLVLRQ RI D FLW\
7KHVHWDUJHWVVHWRXWTXDOLW\UHTXLUHPHQWVDQGGHILQHDGHVLUHGVLWXDWLRQWKDWFDQEHFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\WKH
WHUP ³VXVWDLQDEOH PRELOLW\´ :LWKLQ WKLV FRQWH[W VHYHUDO DFWLRQV KDYH EHHQ XQGHUWDNHQ IRFXVLQJ RQ WKH
GHYHORSPHQW RI PRUH HIILFLHQW FRQYHQWLRQDO WUDQVSRUW WHFKQRORJ\ WKH XVH RI DOWHUQDWLYH IXHOV WKH
SURPRWLRQ RI DQ HIILFLHQW DQG DIIRUGDEOH SXEOLF WUDQVSRUW V\VWHP WKH HQFRXUDJHPHQW RI HQYLURQPHQWDO
DZDUHQHVVWKHXVHRIVXVWDLQDEOHODQGXVHSODQQLQJHWF 7KH)HGHUDO(QYLURQPHQW$JHQF\ 
7KLVSDSHUIRFXVHVRQWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIGLIIHUHQWSDUNLQJSROLFLHVLQRUGHUWRPHHWWKHWDUJHWVRI
VXVWDLQDEOHPRELOLW\7RWKLVHQGLWILUVWH[DPLQHVKRZSDUNLQJSROLFLHVFDQDIIHFWWUDIILFFRQGLWLRQVKRZ
WKH\FDQFRQWULEXWHWRPHHWLQJWKHWDUJHWVRIVXVWDLQDEOHPRELOLW\DQGZKDWDUHWKHIDFWRUVWKDWLQIOXHQFH
WKHLU DFFHSWDQFH E\ WKH ORFDO FRPPXQLWLHV 7KHQ WKURXJK DQ H[DPLQDWLRQ RI VXVWDLQDEOH SROLFLHV WR D
PHGLXPVL]HG *UHHN FLW\ WKH SDSHU LQGLFDWHV WKH DFWLRQVVWHSV WKDW VKRXOG EH IROORZHG LQ RUGHU IRU WKH
PHDVXUHVSROLFLHV WR EH VXFFHVVIXOO\ LPSOHPHQWHG )LQDOO\ WKURXJK D FURVVFRPSDULVRQ DQG HYDOXDWLRQ
WKHEHQHILWVWKDWURDGXVHUVPD\GHULYHLQWHUPVRIWLPHDQGPRQH\VDYLQJVDUHKLJKOLJKWHGOHDGLQJWRD
PRUHOLYDEOHDQGDWWUDFWLYHFRPPXQLW\

2YHUYLHZRIWKHLPSDFWRISDUNLQJSROLFLHVRQXUEDQPRELOLW\FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

,QWURGXFWLRQRISDUNLQJSROLFLHV

7KH GHYHORSPHQW RI SDUNLQJ SROLFLHV LV XVXDOO\ GULYHQ E\ WKH IROORZLQJ IDFWRUV L  LQFUHDVLQJ FDU
RZQHUVKLS DQG FDU XVH LL  LQFUHDVLQJ SRSXODWLRQ LLL  OHVV DYDLODEOH VSDFH IRU FDU SDUNLQJ LY  OLPLWHG
URDG LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DQG Y  DYDLODEOH DOWHUQDWLYH PRGHV RI WUDQVSRUW 7KH IUDPHZRUN LQ ZKLFK SDUNLQJ
SROLF\PHDVXUHVDUHLQWURGXFHGWRDFLW\DVDZKROHRUWRDFHUWDLQSDUWRIWKHFLW\XVXDOO\IROORZVDVLPLODU
SDWWHUQ YLVXDOL]HG LQ WKH
IROORZLQJ ILJXUH )LJ 











)LJ7KHHYROXWLRQRISDUNLQJSROLF\PHDVXUHV GH:LW     

,Q FDVH ZKHUH QR VSHFLDO PHDVXUHV DUH WDNHQ DYDLODEOH SDUNLQJ VSDFH LV XVHG XQWLO WKH QXPEHU RI
SDUNHGFDUVKDVDQHJDWLYHLPSDFWRQWKHTXDOLW\RIOLIHLQDQXUEDQDUHD$WWKDWSRLQWSDUNLQJUHJXODWLRQV
VKRXOG EH HQIRUFHG HJ SDUNLQJ WLPH UHVWULFWLRQV  IRUFLQJ ORQJWHUP SDUNHUV WR VHDUFK IRU DOWHUQDWLYH
DYDLODEOH SDUNLQJ VSDFHV LQ DUHDV RIWHQ DZD\ IURP FLW\ FHQWHUV RU VHOHFW DQRWKHU WUDQVSRUW PRGH ZKLOH
YLVLWRUVDUHHQFRXUDJHGWRHIILFLHQWO\XVHWKHLUSDUNLQJWLPH+RZHYHUWLJKWSDUNLQJFRQWUROSROLFLHVWHQG
WRRIIVHWWKHSUREOHPWRQHLJKERULQJDUHDVZKLFKDUHRIWHQUHVLGHQWLDORQHV5HVLGHQWLDOSDUNLQJVFKHPHV
SDUNLQJ SHUPLWV IRU UHVLGHQWV RQO\  ZLOO WKHQ KDYH WR EH LQWURGXFHG DOORZLQJ UHVLGHQWV WR SDUN LQ
SUHIHUHQFHWRQRQUHVLGHQWV)XUWKHULQFUHDVHWRSDUNLQJGHPDQGUHVXOWVLQWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRISDLGSDUNLQJ
Magda Pitsiava-Latinopoulou et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 897 – 906 899

DVDGHPDQGFRQWURO PHDVXUH7KHGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQLQSDUNLQJWDULIIVWKHQEHFRPHVWKHNH\WRFRQWUROWKH
XVHRISDUNLQJVSDFHV
7KHPHDVXUHVSUHVHQWHGDERYHDORQJZLWKWKHFRQFHSWRI3DUN 5LGHZKLFKHQDEOHVPRWRULVWVWRSDUN
RQVXEXUEDQDUHDVDQGUHDFKWKHLUILQDOGHVWLQDWLRQE\SXEOLFWUDQVSRUW 'LMN 0RQWDOYR VHUYHWKH
FRQFHSW RI ³PRELOLW\ PDQDJHPHQW´ DLPLQJ WR HQKDQFH WKH DFFHVVLELOLW\ RI FLWLHV HQVXULQJ DQ DFFHSWDEOH
PRELOLW\FKDLQIRUWUDYHOHUV$OWKRXJKWKH\GRQRWUHSUHVHQWWKHHQWLUHYDULHW\RISDUNLQJSROLF\PHDVXUHV
WKDWKDYHEHHQLQWURGXFHGZRUOGZLGHWKH\SURYHWREHWKHPRVWSRSXODURQHVRI ZKLFKHDFKRQHKDVD
GLUHFWDQGGLIIHUHQWLPSDFWRQWUDIILF GH:LW 

,PSDFWRISDUNLQJSROLFLHVRQWUDIILF

*HQHUDOO\ OHVVSDUNLQJ VSDFHVH[DFHUEDWHWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWRIYHKLFOHVVLQFHGULYHUVWHQGWR


³FLUFOHWKHEORFN´LQRUGHUWRILQGDSODFHWRSDUNWKHLUYHKLFOHV,QFLW\FHQWHUVRIWHQKLJKO\FRQJHVWHG
DUHDVSDUNLQJDYDLODELOLW\ PD\DIIHFW WUDIILF YROXPHVHQWHULQJ WKHDUHD ZKLOHWKHORFDWLRQDQGOD\RXWRI
SDUNLQJVSDFHVPD\KDYHDQLPSDFWRQWUDIILFZLWKLQWKHFHQWHU %UDGOH\ 
$W\SLFDOH[DPSOHRIDVXFFHVVIXOSDUNLQJSROLF\LVWKHRQHLPSOHPHQWHGLQWKHFLW\RI/RQGRQ:LWKLQ
WKH IUDPHZRUN RI PD[LPL]LQJ QRQFDU WUDYHO XVH DQG PDNLQJ WKH EHVW XVH RI /RQGRQ¶V SXEOLF WUDQVSRUW
QHWZRUN ZRUNLQJ SDUNLQJ OHYLHV ZHUH LQWURGXFHG DW ILUVW +RZHYHU LW ZDV IRXQG RXW WKDW WKHLU
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ ZLOO EH WRR FRVWO\ ZLWK RQO\  WUDIILF UHGXFWLRQ WKXV EXVLQHVVHV DQG HPSOR\HHV
DURXQG ZHUHVWURQJO\RSSRVHGWRWKLVLGHD7KHUHYLVLRQRIWKHSDUNLQJV\VWHPZDVWKHQLQWHJUDWHG
LQWR WKH FRQJHVWLRQ FKDUJLQJ SURJUDP OHDGLQJ WR  DQG  UHGXFWLRQ LQ SDUNLQJ DFWLYLW\ LQVLGH DQG
RXWVLGHWKHFRQJHVWLRQFKDUJLQJ]RQHUHVSHFWLYHO\)XUWKHUPRUHWKHUHFHQWWHFKQRORJLFDODGYDQFHVPDGH
SRVVLEOHWROLQNSDUNLQJFKDUJHVZLWKWKHHPLVVLRQVOHYHO %DLJDEXORYD 
$QRWKHUVXFFHVVIXOH[SHULHQFHKDVEHHQGRFXPHQWHGLQWKHFLW\RI9LHQQDZKHUHWKH³3DUNLQJ6SDFH
0DQDJHPHQW´SURJUDPUHVXOWHGLQUHRULHQWDWLRQRIYLVLWRUVWRSXEOLFWUDQVSRUWGHFUHDVHRIWKH
XVHRISDUNLQJVSDFHVLQWKHPRUQLQJDQGLQWKHDIWHUQRRQZKLOHWUDIILFVHDUFKLQJIRUSDUNLQJVSDFHV
GHFUHDVHGIURPWRPLOOLRQSDVVHQJHUFDUNLORPHWHUVDQQXDOO\OHDGLQJWRWKHUHGXFWLRQRIWKHDYHUDJH
WLPHQHHGHGWRORFDWHDSDUNLQJVSDFHIURPWRPLQXWHV
$ VWXG\ WKDW ZDV XQGHUWDNHQ LQ WKH +HOVLQNL PHWURSROLWDQ DUHD DOVR KLJKOLJKWHG WKH HIIHFWV WKDW
GLIIHUHQW SDUNLQJ PHDVXUHV FDQ KDYH RQ WKH VKDUH RI FDU WUDIILF LQ WKH PRGDO VSOLW L  DQ LQFUHDVH LQ
SDUNLQJFRVWVE\ZDVIRXQGWROHDGWRDGHFUHDVHRIFDUVKDUHRIZKLOHDGRXEOLQJRISDUNLQJ
FRVWVZRXOGOHDGWRDGHFUHDVHRIFDUVKDUH LL LISDUNLQJFRVWVZRXOGDOZD\VEHDWWKHVDPHOHYHODV
WKHIDUHVRISXEOLFWUDQVSRUWFDUVKDUHZRXOGGHFUHDVHE\ GH:LW 
,Q0XQLFKDEHIRUHDQGDIWHUVWXG\LQGLFDWHGWKHLPSDFWRIUHVLGHQWLDOSDUNLQJSHUPLWVRQWKHPRGDO
FKRLFHRIHPSOR\HHV7KHVKDUHRI629GURSSHGIURPWRZKLOHWUDIILFSHDNVDQGVHDUFKWUDIILF
GXULQJ WKH GD\ ZHUH UHGXFHG 6XFK UHGXFWLRQ LQ WKH VKDUH RI 629 ZDV DOVR UHSRUWHG LQ .DLVHUVODXWHUQ
 DVDUHVXOWRISDUNLQJWLPHOLPLWV
,Q6DO]EXUJDOORQVWUHHWSDUNLQJVSDFHVZHUHWUDQVIRUPHGLQWRVKRUWGXUDWLRQVSDFHV PLQXWHV 
OHDGLQJWRDGHFUHDVHRIWKHDYHUDJHRFFXSDQF\IURPWRZKLOHWKHDYHUDJHSDUNLQJGXUDWLRQZDV
UHGXFHGIURPWRPLQXWHV,QWRWDOWUDIILFLQWKHFLW\¶VFRUHDUHDGHFUHDVHGE\ 7RSS 
%HVLGHWKHDERYHLQGLFDWLYHH[DPSOHV PDQ\FLWLHV ZRUOGZLGHKDYHUHSRUWHGVHYHUDOSRVLWLYHLPSDFWV
RQWUDIILFFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDVDUHVXOWRIWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIDSSURSULDWHSDUNLQJSROLFLHV7KH(8VXSSRUW
SOD\VDQLPSRUWDQWUROHRQWKHZLGHGLVVHPLQDWLRQRIH[SHULHQFHEHWZHHQFLWLHVDQGFRXQWULHV

3DUNLQJSROLFLHVWRZDUGVVXVWDLQDEOHPRELOLW\

3ODQQLQJ D VXVWDLQDEOH WUDQVSRUW V\VWHP SURYHV WR EH D FRPSOLFDWHG WDVN ZLWK KLJK GHJUHHV RI
XQFHUWDLQW\PDLQO\GXHWR L WKHODUJHQXPEHURIDOWHUQDWLYHSRWHQWLDOSROLF\SDFNDJHVDQGWKHZD\WKH\
DUHLPSOHPHQWHGDQG LL WKHWUDYHOHUV¶UHVSRQVHWRHDFKRIWKHVHSDFNDJHV 6KLIWDQ.DSODQ +DNNHUW
  )RFXVLQJ RQ SDUNLQJ SROLFLHV UHVHDUFK KDV KLJKOLJKWHG RYHU WKH ODVW WZR   GHFDGHV VHYHUDO
LVVXHVWKDWKDYHEHHQUDLVHGWKURXJKWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRILQHIILFLHQWSDUNLQJSROLFLHVPDLQO\FRQFHUQLQJ
DVSHFWVRI 'HOOHU-+RHNVHPD' 
900 Magda Pitsiava-Latinopoulou et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 897 – 906

x (FRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQWSDUNLQJLQFUHDVHVWKHFRVWIRUQHZGHYHORSPHQWVWDNHVXSYDOXDEOHVSDFHDQG
UHGXFHVGHYHORSPHQW\LHOGV
x 7UDYHODQGOLIHVW\OHSDWWHUQVORZSDUNLQJFRVWVDQGH[FHVVLYHSDUNLQJDYDLODELOLW\VXSSRUWVVSUDZOLQJ
GHYHORSPHQWDQGXQVXVWDLQDEOHWUDYHOSDWWHUQV
x 7KH HQYLURQPHQW SDUNLQJ SROLFLHV IRVWHULQJ YHKLFOHGHSHQG WUDYHO SDWWHUQV FDQ UHVXOW LQ VXEVWDQWLDO
LQFUHDVHRIODQGDQGIRVVLOIXHOFRQVXPSWLRQGXHWRORZGHQVLW\
x 6RFLDO LQHTXDOLWLHV LQHIILFLHQW SROLFLHV PD\ FDXVH DQ GLVSURSRUWLRQDO GLVWULEXWLRQ RI SDUNLQJ FRVWV WR
ORZLQFRPH KRXVHKROGV  ZKR GULYH OHVV RZQ IHZHU YHKLFOHV DQG PDNH PRUH XVH RI DOWHUQDWLYH
WUDQVSRUWPRGHV
x 7UDQVSRUW GHPDQG SDUNLQJ LV LQIOXHQFHG E\ D UDQJH RI FRPSOH[ DQG XQSUHGLFWDEOH VRFLRHFRQRPLF
IDFWRUVZKLFKFDQQRWEHPRGHOHGDFFXUDWHO\
$VSDUNLQJLVQRWDQHQGLWVHOIDQGLVDOZD\VDULVLQJIURPRWKHUQHHGVSDUNLQJSROLFLHVVKRXOGEHDQ
LQWHJUDOSDUWRIDQ\FLW\¶VSROLF\RQPRELOLW\DQGDFFHVVLELOLW\WDNLQJDOZD\VLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQWKHEDVLF
SULQFLSOHVRIVXVWDLQDELOLW\ :HLQEHUJHU5.DHKQ\- 5XIR0 
x 7KHPLQLPXPSDUNLQJUHTXLUHPHQWVLQDQDUHDVKRXOGVXEVLGL]HGULYLQJE\VKLIWLQJWKHFRVWVRIFDUXVH
WRGHYHORSPHQWDQGWKHQRQGULYLQJSXEOLF
x 7KHGLUHFWDQGLQGLUHFWSDUNLQJFRVWVVKRXOGEXUGHQSDUNHUVDQGQRWWKHRWKHUURDGXVHUV
x $VH[FHVVLYHSDUNLQJZRUVHQVWKHDFFHVVLELOLW\OHYHORIDQDUHDSDUNLQJUHTXLUHPHQWVIRVWHULQJWKHXVH
RIPRUHVXVWDLQDEOHWUDQVSRUWPRGHV SXEOLFWUDQVLWZDONLQJDQGELF\FOLQJ VKRXOGEHVHW
x ,QFUHDVLQJSDUNLQJVXSSO\ORZHUVSULFHVDQGVWLPXODWHVLQFUHDVHGSDUNLQJGHPDQG
x 3DUNLQJGHPDQGLVLQIOXHQFHGE\SULFHDQGWUDYHODOWHUQDWLYHV
x 7KHVXSSO\DQGSULFHRIRQDQGRIIVWUHHWSDUNLQJLQIOXHQFHHDFKRWKHU
:KLOHWKHVHLVVXHVDUHZHOOXQGHUVWRRGWKH\DUHLQIUHTXHQWO\LQYRNHG+RZHYHUDKDQGIXORIFLWLHVLQ
WKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFDDUHXVLQJWKHPWRGHYHORSQHZSROLFLHVZKLFKVXSSRUWEURDGHUVXVWDLQDELOLW\
DQGHFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQWJRDOV

3XEOLFDFFHSWDQFHRISDUNLQJSROLFLHV

7KHSXEOLFDFFHSWDQFHRISDUNLQJSROLFLHVSURYHVWREHDPDMRULVVXHVLQFHWKHFRPSOH[LW\RISDUNLQJLV
RIWHQQRWZHOOXQGHUVWRRGDQGDFFHSWHGOHDGLQJWRDJHQHUDOUHMHFWLRQRISDUNLQJPHDVXUHV7RWKLVHQG
FRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGLQIRUPDWLRQZLWKWRWKHSXEOLFVHHPVWREHWKHNH\IRUDQHIIHFWLYHSDUNLQJSROLF\
DFWLQJDVDSDUWRIDQLQWHJUDWHGWUDQVSRUWDWLRQSODQQLQJSURFHVV0RUHVSHFLILFDOO\WKHSXEOLFDFFHSWDQFH
RISDUNLQJSROLFLHVUHODWHVWR GH:LW 
x 3URYLVLRQRIWKHQHFHVVDU\LQIRUPDWLRQWRWKHSXEOLF SULRUWRWKHPHDVXUHV 5HVLGHQWVKDYHWREH
LQIRUPHGUHJDUGLQJWKHSURSRVHGSDUNLQJPHDVXUHVDQGEHDZDUHRIWKHLUVFRSHDQGREMHFWLYHV
x 3HUFHLYHGEHQHILWV3DUNLQJSROLFLHVVKRXOGEHSHUFHLYHGDVDIDFLOLWDWLQJWRRODQGQRWDVDZD\WR
LQFUHDVHUHYHQXH
x $YDLODELOLW\RIDOWHUQDWLYHWUDQVSRUWPRGHV3UDFWLFDOH[SHULHQFHIURPPDQ\FRXQWULHVLQGLFDWHVWKDWD
VXIILFLHQWVXSSO\RISXEOLFWUDQVSRUWVKRXOGEHSDUWRIDSDUNLQJSROLF\SDFNDJH
x 5HYHQXH DOORFDWLRQ 7KH SXEOLF VKRXOG EH LQIRUPHG UHJDUGLQJ WKH XVH RI SDUNLQJ FKDUJHV DQG WKH
EHQHILWWKDWLVH[SHFWHGWREHGHULYHGIURPWKHPIRUWKHWUDQVSRUWVHFWRU
x /HYHORISROLF\HQIRUFHPHQW:KHUHSROLF\HQIRUFHPHQWLVQRWYHU\VWULFWKLJKUDWHVRIQRQDFFHSWDQFH
DUHUHSRUWHGLQWKHIRUPRILOOHJDOSDUNLQJ LQGLFDWRURIDFFHSWDQFH 
x ,QQRYDWLYH PHDVXUHV ,QQRYDWLYH PHDVXUHV FDQ FRQWULEXWH WR D KLJKHU DFFHSWDQFH RI SDUNLQJ SROLFLHV
GXHWRDKLJKHUGLVFLSOLQHFRQFHUQLQJUHJXODWLRQVRISD\PHQWLVVXHVDQGSDUNLQJWLPHUHVWULFWLRQV
x &RPPXQLFDWLRQHIIRUWV&RPPXQLFDWLRQHIIRUWVVKRXOGDOUHDG\EHLQLWLDWHGLQWKHYHU\EHJLQQLQJRIWKH
GHFLVLRQPDNLQJSURFHVV
x (DUOLHUSDUNLQJSROLF\H[SHULHQFHV7KH(8VXSSRUWIRUDFWLYLWLHVDLPLQJDWWKHZLGHGLVVHPLQDWLRQRI
JRRGH[SHULHQFHVEHWZHHQFLWLHVDQGFRXQWULHVSURYHVWREHDQLPSRUWDQWLVVXH
$ JRRG H[DPSOH RI D SDUNLQJ SROLF\ LQWURGXFHG DORQJ ZLWK WKH SDUWLFLSDWLRQ RI WKH SXEOLF LV WKDW RI
%DUFHORQD:LWKWKHLQWHJUDWHGRIIHURIGLIIHUHQWVHUYLFHVWKH%DUFHORQD0RELOLW\6HUYLFHV %60 ZRUNHG
WRZDUGV DFKLHYLQJ HIILFLHQW DQG VXVWDLQDEOH PRELOLW\ LQ WKH FLW\ $OWKRXJK WKLV QHZ LQLWLDWLYH HQJDJHG
Magda Pitsiava-Latinopoulou et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 897 – 906 901

DGGLWLRQDO ILQDQFLDO EXUGHQ WR WKH XVHUV RI WKLV SDUNLQJ DUHD VLQFH  WKH JHQHUDO DFFHSWDQFH RI WKH
SDUNLQJSROLF\KDVLQFUHDVHGE\PRUHWKDQ7KHVKRSRZQHUVSDUWLFXODUO\DSSUHFLDWHGWKHDGYDQWDJHV
RIWKHQHZSDUNLQJPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHP &LW\3DUNLQJLQ(XURSHFRQVRUWLXP 

,QWURGXFLQJDQHZSDUNLQJSROLF\LQDPHGLXPVL]HGFLW\LQ*UHHFH

3DUNLQJSROLFLHVQRORQJHUFKDUDFWHUL]HRQO\ODUJHVL]HGFLWLHV0HGLXPVL]HGFLWLHVDOVRSUHVHQWVSHFLDO
FKDOOHQJHVLQWHUPVRISDUNLQJSROLFLHVDQGVXVWDLQDEOHPRELOLW\$SDUNLQJSROLF\LQDPHGLXPVL]HGFLW\
PXVWDGGUHVVVHYHUDOLVVXHVHQVXULQJWKHDFFHVVLELOLW\RIWKHFLW\FHQWHUXUEDQIDFLOLWLHVDQGHQFRXUDJLQJ
PLJUDQW ZRUNHUV WR FKDQJH WKHLU PRGH RI WUDQVSRUW SURPRWLQJ WKH XVH RI SXEOLF WUDQVSRUW DQG RWKHU
VXVWDLQDEOHPRGHV+HQFHLQRUGHUWRPHHWVXVWDLQDEOHSDUNLQJSROLFLHVLWLVFULWLFDOWRLQWURGXFHPHDVXUHV
WKDWDGGUHVVDOODVSHFWVRIVXVWDLQDEOH PRELOLW\VXFKDVHQYLURQPHQWDODZDUHQHVV PRUHHIILFLHQWHQHUJ\
FRQVXPSWLRQVRFLDODFFHSWDQFHDQGHFRQRPLFYLDELOLW\ &(578 6XFKPHDVXUHVZHUHSURSRVHGLQ
DWUDQVSRUWVWXG\LQZKLFKWKHSDUNLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHFLW\RI*LDQQLWVDZHUHLQYHVWLJDWHG
7KH FLW\ LV ORFDWHG DERXW VL[W\   NLORPHWHUV RXWVLGH 7KHVVDORQLNL DQG KDV D SRSXODWLRQ RI WKLUW\
WKRXVDQG  LQKDELWDQWV7KHILHOGPHDVXUHPHQWVRISDUNLQJVXUYH\ZHUHKHOGEHWZHHQ-DQXDU\DQG
-XQH  DQG WKH ZKROH SDUNLQJ VWXG\ UDQ IRU DERXW D \HDU 1RYHPEHU  ± 'HFHPEHU   7KH
SDUNLQJVWXG\OHGWRVSHFLILFUHVXOWVVXPPDUL]HGEHORZ 3DSRXWVLV. 6GRXNRSRXORV/ 
x 3DUNLQJVXSSO\LQWKHVWXG\DUHDSDUNLQJVSDFHVRIZKLFKDUHRQVWUHHWVSDFHV  DQG
RIIVWUHHWRQHV  
x 3DUNLQJGHPDQGLVSDUNLQJVSDFHV
x ,OOHJDOO\SDUNHGYHKLFOHVYHKLFOHV GXHWRSDUNLQJOHJLVODWLRQDQGGXHWRURDGJHRPHWU\ 
x 3DUNLQJWXUQRYHU RIWKUHHVHOHFWHGURXWHVZLWKLQWKHFLW\ YHKKLQWKHILUVWURXWHYHKK
LQWKHVHFRQGDQGYHKKLQWKHWKLUG
x )RUDOOWKUHHURXWHVOHJDOSDUNLQJWXUQRYHUYHKLFOHVKLOOHJDOSDUNLQJWXUQRYHUYHKK
DQGWRWDOSDUNLQJWXUQRYHUYHKK
x 'LVWULEXWLRQRIWKHWRWDOSDUNLQJGHPDQGEDVHGRQWKHWRWDOSDUNLQJGXUDWLRQRIWKHWRWDOQXPEHU
RIYHKLFOHVKDGSDUNHGIRUXSWRKRXUVKDGSDUNHGEHWZHHQKRXUVDQGILQDOO\WKHP
KDGSDUNHGIRUPRUHWKDQKRXUV
7KHH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHSDUNLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQWKHFLW\RI*LDQQLWVDDVSUHVHQWHGDERYHDORQJZLWKD
VWDWHGSUHIHUHQFH VXUYH\ ZKLFK ZDV DOVR FRQGXFWHG DLPLQJ WR LGHQWLI\ WKH UHVSRQGHQWV¶ UHVLGHQWV DQG
YLVLWRUV  SRLQW RI YLHZ UHJDUGLQJ WKH PDMRU WUDIILF SUREOHPV HQFRXQWHUHG ZLWKLQ WKH FLW\ LQGLFDWHG WKH
PDLQSUREOHPVWKDWWKHORFDOFRPPXQLW\IDFHVZKLFKFDQEHVXPPDUL]HGWRWKHIROORZLQJ L KLJKUDWHRI
ERWK FDU RZQHUVKLS SHU KDELWDQW DQG XVDJH LL  WKH LOOHJDO SDUNLQJ DV D UHVXOW RI WKH LQFUHDVHG SDUNLQJ
GHPDQGH[FHHGLQJWKHH[LVWLQJSDUNLQJVXSSO\LQWKHFLW\FHQWHU LLL WKHORZWXUQRYHURIFDUVDWRQVWUHHW
SDUNLQJ SODFHV LY  WKH WUDIILF FRQJHVWLRQ FDXVHG E\ GULYHUV FLUFOLQJ WKH DUHD LQ RUGHU WR ORFDWH DQ
DYDLODEOHSODFHWRSDUNDQG Y ORFDOGHOLYHU\WUXFNVRFFXS\LQJPDQ\SDUNLQJVSDFHVDLPLQJWRVHUYHWKHLU
FXVWRPHUVGXULQJSHDNKRXUV
7KHSURSRVHGPHDVXUHVDLPLQJWRDOWHUWKHSDUNLQJVWDWXVTXRRIWKH*LDQQLWVDFLW\FHQWHUDQGPHHWWKH
WDUJHWVRIVXVWDLQDEOHPRELOLW\FDQEHVXPPDUL]HGWRWKHIROORZLQJ
x ,QWURGXFWLRQ RI D &RQWUROOHG 3DUNLQJ =RQH &3=  LQ WKH FLW\ FHQWHU :LWKLQ WKLV ]RQH )LJ   WZR
W\SHVRILQWHUYHQWLRQVZHUHSURSRVHG7KHILUVWIRFXVHGRQWKHFHQWUDOURDGVZLWKLQWKH&3=ZKHUHD
SULFLQJSDUNLQJSROLF\ZDVLQWURGXFHGIRUFLQJERWKUHVLGHQWVDQGYLVLWRUVZKRZDQWWRSDUNWKHUHWRSD\
DIDUHRI¼KRXU7KHSURSRVHGSDUNLQJSROLF\ZDVH[SHFWHGWRODVWDOOGD\V H[FHSW6XQGD\ IURP
DPWRSP7KHUHPDLQLQJDYDLODEOHSDUNLQJVSDFHVZRXOGSHUPLWWKHSDUNLQJQHHGVRIWKHUHVLGHQWV
ZKROLYHZLWKLQWKH&3=%\DFTXLULQJDVSHFLILFUHVLGHQWFDUGUHVLGHQWVZRXOGKDYHWKHRSSRUWXQLW\
WR SDUN WKHUH IUHH RI FKDUJH 7KH SRWHQWLDO EHQHILWV DFFRUGLQJ WR SHUWLQHQW OLWHUDWXUH LQFOXGH L  OHVV
FRQJHVWLRQ GXH WR ODFN RI REVWUXFWLRQV HJ LOOHJDO SDUNLQJ  LL  KLJKHU WXUQRYHU RI SDUNLQJ VSDFHV 
WKXV HDVLHU WR SDUN LLL  UHGXFHG SROOXWLRQ DQG IXHO XVH GXH WR OHVV FLUFXODWLQJ WUDIILF DQG OHVV
FRQJHVWLRQ LY VDIHUVWUHHWVGXHWROHVVFLUFXODWLQJWUDIILF Y LPSURYHGHPHUJHQF\VHUYLFHDFFHVVGXH
WROHVVFRQJHVWHGVWUHHWVDQG YL UHGXFHGUHVRXUFHVIRUHQIRUFHPHQW
902 Magda Pitsiava-Latinopoulou et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 897 – 906





)LJ8UEDQDUHDRI*LDQQLWVDFLW\DQGWKHDFFRUGLQJSDUNLQJUHJLPH 3DSRXWVLV. 6GRXNRSRXORV/ 

x &RQYHUWLQJµLOOHJDO¶SDUNLQJSODFHVWRµOHJDO¶RQHV ZLWKLQ WKH&3=E\UHPRYLQJWKHH[LVWLQJSDUNLQJ


VLJQVLQVHYHUDOVWUHHWV'XULQJWKHVXUYH\LWZDVIRXQGRXWWKDWWKRVHSDUNLQJVSDFHVEHLQJLOOHJDOGLG
QRWLPSURYHWKHWUDIILFFRQGLWLRQVZLWKLQWKHFLW\FHQWHU7KLVFKDQJHZRXOGOHDGWRDVOLJKWLQFUHDVHRI
WKHH[LVWLQJSDUNLQJVXSSO\ZLWKLQWKH&3=
x ,QVWDOO VKRUW SLOODUV RQ FHUWDLQ SRLQWV ZLWK WKH FLW\¶V WUDQVSRUW QHWZRUN LQ RUGHU WR SUHYHQW LOOHJDO
SDUNLQJ7KLVPHDVXUHZDVLQFOXGHGLQWKHEURDGHUFRQWH[WRISURSRVLQJWUDIILFFDOPLQJPHDVXUHVWKDW
ZRXOG SUHYHQW LOOHJDO RQVWUHHW SDUNLQJ VXFK DV ZLGHQLQJ WKH DGMDFHQW SDYHPHQWV PRGLI\LQJ WKH
OD\RXW RI WKH H[LVWLQJ SDUNLQJ VSDFHV DQG FOHDUO\ PDUNLQJ WKHP 6WUHHWV QHDUE\ DUHDV RI LQFUHDVHG
DWWUDFWLRQVXFKDVWKHSROLFHKHDGTXDUWHUVWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\DGPLQLVWUDWLRQHWFZHUHIRXQGWREHKLJKO\
FRQJHVWHG GXULQJ SHDN KRXUV GXH WKH ODUJH QXPEHU RI FDUV LOOHJDOO\ SDUNLQJ WKHUH ,QVWDOOLQJ VKRUW
SLOODUV RQ WKH RQH VLGH RI WKH VWUHHW ZRXOG SUHYHQW YHKLFOHV IURP LOOHJDOO\ SDUNLQJ WKHUH ZKLOH WKH
VSHFLILFSDUNLQJSODFHV HYHQWKRXJKWKH\ZHUHLOOHJDO ZHUHSURSRVHGWREHORFDWHGWRDIUHHRIFKDUJH
SXEOLFSDUNLQJSODFHORFDWHGDURXQGPHWHUVIDUIURPWKDWDUHD
7KH QHZ SDUNLQJ SROLF\ ZRXOG VHW XS VHYHQW\   DGGLWLRQDO SDUNLQJ VSDFHV 7KH GLIIHUHQFH ZRXOG
RFFXU E\ WKH SDUNLQJ VFKHPH FKDQJH LQ WKH QHZ &3= DQG WKH DGGLWLRQ RI SDUNLQJ VSDFHV LQWR WKH &3=
UHJLPHZKLFKZHUHSUHYLRXVO\LOOHJDO 3DSRXWVLV. 6GRXNRSRXORV/ 7KH&3=LVH[SHFWHGWR
UHVXOWLQKLJKHUWXUQRYHURISDUNLQJYHKLFOHVZLWKLQWKHFLW\FHQWHUOHVVWLPHUHTXLUHGIRUDGULYHUWRORFDWH
DYDLODEOHVSDFHWRSDUNDQGUHGXFHGWUDIILFYROXPHV7KHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRID&3=FDQDOVRFRQWULEXWHWR
D JUHDW H[WHQW LQ PLQLPL]LQJ &2 DQG RWKHU *+* HPLVVLRQV DV ZHOO DV HQHUJ\ FRQVXPSWLRQ GXH WR OHVV
RSHUDWLRQDOFRVWV2WKHUSRVLWLYHHQYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWVFRXOGEHWKHGHHVFDODWLRQRIWKHOHYHORIQRLVH
SURGXFHGE\FDUV EUDNLQJVKDUSDFFHOHUDWLRQHWF DQGWKHLPSURYHPHQWRIVSDFHRFFXSDQF\DQLVVXHRI
PRUHUHOHYDQFHWRDHVWKHWLFYLHZRIWKHXUEDQHQYLURQPHQW7KHH[SHFWHGRXWFRPHGRHVQRWLQFOXGHWKH
LQFUHDVHRIWRWDOSDUNLQJSODFHVRIIHUHGLQWKHVWXG\DUHDEHFDXVHWKLVFRXOGJHQHUDWHPRUHFDUWULSVWRWKH
FHQWHURIWKHFLW\DQGILQDOO\DLPWRUDLVHWKHWUDIILFFRQJHVWLRQWKDQUHGXFHLW
7KHVRFLDOLPSDFWRISDUNLQJSROLFLHVLVGLUHFWO\UHODWHGWR L DFFHVVLELOLW\ HVSHFLDOO\WKURXJKUHGXFLQJ
WKHMRXUQH\V¶WLPHDQGFRVW  LL WKHLQFUHDVHGXVHRIVXVWDLQDEOHWUDQVSRUWPRGHV HJSXEOLFWUDQVSRUW
ELF\FOLQJ ZDONLQJ  WKXV HQKDQFLQJ WKHLU DWWUDFWLRQ LLL  LPSURYHG TXDOLW\ RI OLIH LQ WKH FLW\ FHQWHU
UHVXOWLQJ IURP WKH UHGXFWLRQ RI WUDIILF FRQJHVWLRQ DQG WKH PLQLPL]DWLRQ RI WKH QHJDWLYH HQYLURQPHQWDO
LPSDFWVDQGILQDOO\ LY WKHLQFUHDVHGHIILFLHQF\RIWKHRYHUDOOWUDQVSRUWV\VWHP
7KHHFRQRPLFEHQHILWVRISDUNLQJSROLFLHVFDQEHUHDOL]HGWKURXJKWKHLPSURYHPHQWRIWKHHIILFLHQF\
RI ORFDO PDUNHW RSHUDWLRQV LQ WHUPV RI FRQVLVWHQW DQG UHOLDEOH GLVWULEXWLRQ VHUYLFHV 7KH XUEDQ WUDQVSRUW
HQYLURQPHQWLQPHGLXPVL]HGFLWLHVWHQGVWRFDXVHGHOD\VHVSHFLDOO\LQWKHKLJKO\FRQJHVWHGFLW\FHQWHUV
ZKLOH WKH QHHG WR IXUWKHU LQFUHDVH SDUNLQJ GHPDQG EHFRPHV DSSDUHQW IRU LPSURYLQJ WKH HIILFLHQF\ RI
XUEDQ GHOLYHULHV ,Q D QXWVKHOO UHGXFLQJ WUDIILF FRQJHVWLRQ DV D UHVXOW RI WKH SURSRVHG SDUNLQJ SROLF\
&3=  FRXOG IDFLOLWDWH XUEDQ GLVWULEXWLRQ DFWLYLWLHV WKXV UHDOL]LQJ VDYLQJV LQ WHUPV RI WLPH PRQH\ DQG
VSDFHRFFXSDWLRQ
$QRWKHULPSDFWRQWKHORFDOHFRQRP\WKDWFDQEHLGHQWLILHGWKURXJKWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH&3=LV
WKH LQFUHDVHG DFFHVVLELOLW\ RI WKH ORFDO PDUNHW ZKLFK LV WR D ODUJH H[WHQW ORFDWHG LQ WKH FLW\ FHQWHU
3UHVHUYLQJ WKH YLDELOLW\ RI VKRSV LQ WKH FHQWHU RI *LDQQLWVD SURYHV WR EH DQ LPSRUWDQW LVVXH DV WKHUH LV
Magda Pitsiava-Latinopoulou et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 897 – 906 903

ILHUFHFRPSHWLWLRQZLWKVXSHUPDUNHWVDQGRWKHUVKRSVZLWKODUJHSDUNLQJIDFLOLWLHVORFDWHGRQWKHRXWVNLUWV
RI WKH FLW\ 7KH SURSRVHG SDUNLQJ SROLF\ DORQJ ZLWK WKH IDFW WKDW QR RIIVWUHHW SDUNLQJ LV RIIHUHG FDQ
DVVLVWWKHYLVLWRUVRIWKHFLW\FHQWHULQHIILFLHQWO\XVLQJWKHLUSDUNLQJWLPHHQDEOLQJWKHKLJKWXUQRYHURI
FDUVWKXVIRVWHULQJIXUWKHUHFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHORFDOPDUNHW

,QFRUSRUDWLQJVXVWDLQDELOLW\LQWRSDUNLQJSROLFLHVLQPHGLXPVL]HGFLWLHV

7KHRYHUDOOLPSDFWRIQHZSDUNLQJSROLFLHVWRZDUGVWKHORQJSURFHVVRIDFKLHYLQJVXVWDLQDEOHPRELOLW\
SURYHVWREHVXEVWDQWLDO$WKRURXJKUHYLHZRISHUWLQHQWOLWHUDWXUHDVZHOODVHPSLULFDONQRZOHGJHHQDEOHG
WKHGHYHORSPHQWRITXDQWLWDWLYHDQGTXDOLWDWLYH6XVWDLQDEOH0RELOLW\,QGLFDWRUV 60, IRUHYDOXDWLQJWKH
VXVWDLQDEOH LPSDFW RI WKH SURSRVHG SDUNLQJ PHDVXUHV )DOOLQJ XQGHU WKUHH   PDMRU FDWHJRULHV LH
HQYLURQPHQWDOHQHUJ\ VRFLDO DQG HFRQRPLF RQHV 6KLIWDQ .DSODQ  +DNNHUW   WKH 60, ZLOO
IDFLOLWDWHWKHFRPSDULVRQRIWKHEHIRUHDQGDIWHUVLWXDWLRQKLJKOLJKWLQJWKHEHQHILWVWKDWZHUHJDLQHG
$V PHQWLRQHG EHIRUH WKH RYHUDUFKLQJ WDUJHW RI WKH SURSRVHG &3= LV WKH DXJPHQWDWLRQ RI SDUNLQJ
WXUQRYHUDQGWKHUHGXFWLRQRIWUDIILFFRQJHVWLRQHVSHFLDOO\LQWKHVWUHHWVRIWKHFRPPHUFLDOFLW\FHQWHU7R
HYDOXDWH WKH LPSDFW RI WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH &3= DV ZHOO DV RWKHU VXVWDLQDEOH SDUNLQJ VWLPXODWLQJ
PHDVXUHV D VHW RI 60, DUH SURSRVHG DQG GHVFULEHG EHORZ 6XVWDLQDEOH 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ ,QGLFDWRUV
6XEFRPPLWHH 
6XVWDLQDEOH0RELOLW\,QGLFDWRUVUHOHYDQWWRWKHHQYLURQPHQWHQHUJ\
x 2YHUDOOSDUNLQJURWDWLRQUDWLRSHUGD\ K DQGDYHUDJHSDUNLQJWXUQRYHU SHUKRXU LQWKH&3=
+LJKSDUNLQJWXUQRYHULQGLFDWHVOHVVWULSWLPHLQWKHXUEDQQHWZRUN IRUSDUNLQJSODFHRFFXSDWLRQ DQG
OHVVHQYLURQPHQWDOHPLVVLRQV
x 7RWDOSDUNLQJGHPDQGIRUSDUNLQJVWDWLRQVDVDSHUFHQWDJHRIWKHWRWDOSDUNLQJGHPDQGLQWKHDUHD
$QLQFUHDVHLQWKDWLQGLFDWRUZRXOGVKRZWKDWWKHPHDVXUHVVXFFHHGHGWKHLUWDUJHW
x $QQXDOHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQSHUUHVLGHQW RULQWRWDO LQWKHFLW\FHQWHURULQWKHLQWURGXFHG&3=
7KHUHGXFWLRQRIWKLVLQGLFDWRUZRXOGHQVXUHWKHSROLF\¶VVXFFHVVIXOLPSOHPHQWDWLRQDQGHIIHFWLYHQHVV
x /HYHOVRI&212[K\GURFDUERQVDQGSDUWLFOHVSHUUHVLGHQW RUWRWDO LQWKHFLW\FHQWHURULQWKH
LQWURGXFHG&3=5HGXFHGOHYHORIHPLVVLRQVLQGLFDWHVHIIHFWLYHSDUNLQJSROLF\
x 'DLO\ LQGLYLGXDO FRQVXPSWLRQ RI SXEOLF VSDFH LQYROYHG LQ SDUNLQJ 'HFUHDVH LQ WKH YDOXH RI WKLV
LQGLFDWRUPHDQVOHVVWUDIILFIORZLQWKHFLW\FHQWHUWKXVOHVVSDUNHGFDUV HLWKHUOHJDORULOOHJDO 
x $ VHFRQGDU\ LQGLFDWRU FRXOG EH WKH OHYHO RI QRLVH LQ D FHQWUDO VWUHHW RI *LDQQLWVD SHU GD\ RU
DQQXDOO\ 
:LWKWKHFRQWH[WRIXUEDQVXVWDLQDEOHPRELOLW\WKHIROORZLQJVRFLDOLQGLFDWRUVFRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHG
x 3URSRUWLRQRIKRXVHKROGVRZQLQJRUPRUHFDUV$OWKRXJKQRWGLUHFWO\UHOHYDQWWRWKHLPSDFWRI
SDUNLQJSROLFLHVWKLVLQGLFDWRUFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGLQPXOWLSOHZD\V
x 7ULSVHQGLQJWRWKHFLW\FHQWHU/LPLWLQJWKLVLQGLFDWRUZLOOUHVXOWLQOHVVWUDIILFFRQJHVWLRQLQWKHFLW\
FHQWHU
x ([SHQGLWXUHV IRU XUEDQ PRELOLW\ DPRXQWV IRU SULYDWHSXEOLF WUDQVSRUW UHODWLQJ WR WULSV LQ WKH FLW\
FHQWHU$VOLJKWFRVWUHGXFWLRQIRUSULYDWHWUDQVSRUWDQGRUDQLQFUHDVHLQWKHFRVWVIRUSXEOLFWUDQVSRUW
UHIOHFWVDQDSSDUHQWFKDQJHLQUHVLGHQWSUHIHUHQFHVUHJDUGLQJWKHLUPRELOLW\LQWKHQHWZRUN
x $ZDUHQHVVOHYHO'HJUHHWRZKLFKWKHDZDUHQHVVRIWKHSROLFLHVPHDVXUHVKDVFKDQJHG
x $FFHSWDQFH OHYHO $WWLWXGHVXUYH\RIFXUUHQWDFFHSWDQFHRIWKH PHDVXUHV7KHWZRODVWLQGLFDWRUVDUH
FRQVLGHUHGDVTXDQWLWDWLYHRQHV
(FRQRPLF LQGLFDWRUV VKRXOG EH FDUHIXOO\ FRQVLGHUHG DV WKH\ UHSUHVHQW ORFDO PDUNHW XSWDNH ZKLFK
HQFRPSDVVHVORFDODXWKRULWLHVUHVLGHQWVDQGFRPSDQLHV$OLVWRIUHFRPPHQGHGLQGLFDWRUVZRXOGEH
x 'HOD\VRIIUHLJKWGLVWULEXWLRQLQWKHFLW\FHQWHUDQGHVSHFLDOO\LQWKH&3=0LQLPL]DWLRQRIGHOD\VLQ
XUEDQIUHLJKWGLVWULEXWLRQZRXOGLPSURYHWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHXUEDQORJLVWLFV\VWHP
x 0RGDO VKLIW WR QRQPRWRUL]HG WUDQVSRUW PHDQV SHU WULS W\SH RU SHU WUDYHOHU W\SH 7KLV TXDQWLWDWLYH
LQGLFDWRUUHYHDOVWKHFKDQJHRIWUDYHORSWLRQVWRPRUHHQYLURQPHQWDOO\IULHQGO\WUDQVSRUWPRGHV
x 4XDOLW\ RI XUEDQ PRELOLW\ ZDONLQJ F\FOLQJ SXEOLF WUDQVLW GULYLQJ WD[L HWF  7KLV LQGLFDWRU ZLOO
UHYHDOWKHLPSURYHPHQWRUQRWRIWKHTXDOLW\RIPRELOLW\LQWKHFLW\FHQWHU
904 Magda Pitsiava-Latinopoulou et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 897 – 906

&RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQFDVHV±&URVVHYDOXDWLRQ

7KHDERYHPHQWLRQHGSDUNLQJSROLF\LQWURGXFHVVXVWDLQDELOLW\DVSHFWVLQWRWKHFLW\¶VWUDQVSRUWQHWZRUN
DLPLQJ WR DFKLHYH HQYLURQPHQWDO HFRQRPLF DV ZHOO DV VRFLDO ZHOIDUH 7R HVWLPDWH WKH LPSDFW RI WKH
SURSRVHGPHDVXUHVWRWKHFLW\RI*LDQQLWVDDGLUHFWFRPSDULVRQZLWKFDVHVFLWLHVRIVLPLODUFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
HLWKHULQ*UHHFHRUDEURDGLVSHUIRUPHGDQGGHVFULEHGEHORZ
$Q H[DPSOH RI VXFFHVVIXOO\ LPSOHPHQWLQJ D &3= KDV EHHQ UHFRUGHG LQ *UD] $XVWULD 7KH &3= ZDV
LQWURGXFHGLQWKHFHQWUDODQGLQQHUFLW\IROORZLQJDVLPLODUSDWWHUQWRWKHRQHLQWKHFLW\RI*LDQQLWVD$VD
UHVXOWWKH³VSLOORYHU´HIIHFWRQWKHLQQHUFRQWUROOHG]RQHZDVUHGXFHGNHHSLQJ*UD]HFRQRPLFDOO\KHDOWK\
DQGPDLQWDLQLQJLWVKLJKPRGHVKDUHIRUZDONLQJF\FOLQJDQGSXEOLFWUDQVSRUW 5\H 
,Q1RUZLFKWKHPDLQHPSOR\PHQWFHQWHULQ(DVW(QJODQGWKHLQFUHDVHRIFDURZQHUVKLSOHYHOVDVZHOO
DVWKHWHQGHQF\RIFRPPXWHUVSDUNLQJLQUHVLGHQWLDOVWUHHWVDURXQGWKHFLW\FHQWHUIRUFHGWKH&LW\&RXQFLO
WRLPSOHPHQWDPRUHHIILFLHQWFKDUJLQJPHDVXUHEDVHGRQYHKLFOHWHFKQRORJ\7KHPDLQUHVXOWVRIWKHQHZ
PHDVXUH FDQ EH VXPPDUL]HG WR WKH IROORZLQJ L  VOLJKW GRZQZDUG WUHQG LQ WKH IXHO FRQVXPSWLRQ LL 
UHGXFWLRQRIWKHWRWDODPRXQWRIHPLVVLRQV HJ&2 FRPLQJRXWIURPYHKLFOHVXVH LLL VOLJKWLQFUHDVHRI
WKHSXEOLFDZDUHQHVVUHJDUGLQJWKHQHZSROLF\DQG LY LQFUHDVHLQSROLF\DFFHSWDQFHHVSHFLDOO\E\WKRVH
ZKRVXIIHUILQDQFLDOO\IURPWKHUHYLVHGWDULIIV$ORQJZLWKWKHVHUHVXOWVWKHUHKDVEHHQDWUHQGWRLQFUHDVH
WKHXVHRI IXHOHIILFLHQW YHKLFOHVUDLVHSXEOLFDZDUHQHVVDQGWKHSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHDGYDQWDJHVLQRZLQJ
IXHOHIILFLHQWYHKLFOHVDQGHQJDJHSROLWLFDOVXSSRUW &,9,7$660,/(FRQVRUWLXP 
7KH &$*,' LQLWLDWLYH FDUULHG RXW LQ  LQ %RXOGHU FLW\ &RORUDGR 86$  DLPHG PDLQO\ DW
LPSURYLQJ DFFHVV WR GRZQWRZQ PDQDJLQJ DQG SURPRWLQJ GRZQWRZQ SXEOLF VSDFH DQG SURPRWLQJ
GRZQWRZQEXVLQHVVDVVLVWLQJWKHORFDOPDUNHW,WVPDLQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVZHUHWKHREOLJDWRU\FKDUJLQJRIRQ
DQG RIIVWUHHW SDUNLQJ SULFLQJ LQGLFDWLYH WR HQVXUH VKRUWWLPH RQ VWUHHW SDUNLQJ DQG ILQDOO\ WKH SDUNLQJ
UHYHQXHVXEVLGL]LQJWKHEXVSXEOLFWUDQVSRUWZKLFKZDVFDUHIXOO\GHSOR\HGWRVHUYHGRZQWRZQHPSOR\HHV
6RPHRIWKHRXWFRPHVRIWKLVSURJUDPLQDWZHQW\ILYH\HDUSHULRGZHUH L DERQGDEOHUHYHQXHVWUHDP
IURPUHDOHVWDWHWD[HVDQGSDUNLQJPHWHUV LL LVVXHGGHEWWREXLOGFHQWUDOO\ORFDWHGSXEOLFJDUDJHV LLL 
SURPRWLRQRIVHDVRQDOHYHQWVWRDWWUDFWYLVLWRUVDQGSURPRWHEXVLQHVVDQG LY UDLVHGPHWHUUDWHVWRFUHDWH
WXUQRYHUDQGUDLVHUHYHQXHIRUERQGVDQGRSHUDWLRQV :HLQEHUJHU5.DHKQ\- 5XIR0 
7KH UDQJH RI PHDVXUHV WKDW DUH SURSRVHG LQ WKH FLW\ RI *LDQQLWVD FDQ EH VXFFHVVIXOO\ WUDQVIHUUHG WR
FLWLHVRIVLPLODUWUDIILFDQGVRFLRHFRQRPLFFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDURXQG*UHHFHZLWKWKHREMHFWLYHWRLQFRUSRUDWH
DVXVWDLQDEOHDVSHFWRIPRELOLW\ZLWKRXWVDFULILFLQJWKHLUH[LVWLQJVWUXFWXUHV$GLDJQRVLVRIWKHVLWXDWLRQ
LQWKHWDUJHWFLW\LVUHTXLUHGIROORZHGE\DSUHVHOHFWLRQRIWKHSRVVLEOHPHDVXUHVDGGUHVVLQJWKHSUREOHPV
LGHQWLILHG 2QFH WKLV LV GHILQHG WKH WUDQVIHUDELOLW\ SURFHVV FDQ EH LQLWLDWHG HQDEOLQJ WKH LQGHSWK
XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHVWHSVLQYROYHGDQGWKHK\SRWKHVLVDQGIHDVLELOLW\RIWKHSURFHVVLQRUGHUWREHFRPH
RSHUDWLRQDO 7KH ILJXUH EHORZ )LJXUH   LQGLFDWHV JXLGHOLQHV WKDW VKRXOG EH FRQVLGHUHG IRUPLQJ D
WUDQVIHUDELOLW\IUDPHZRUN


)LJ7UDQVIHUDELOLW\JXLGHOLQHVRIVXVWDLQDEOHPRELOLW\PHDVXUHVWRRWKHUFRQWH[WV 0DFDULR 0DUTXHV 
Magda Pitsiava-Latinopoulou et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 897 – 906 905

'LVFXVVLRQ

,QFRUSRUDWLQJ VXVWDLQDELOLW\ LQWR PRELOLW\ VFKHPHV SURYHV WR EH D FRPSOLFDWHG SURFHGXUH GXH WR WKH
JUHDW DWWHQWLRQ WKDW KDV WR EH SODFHG LQ WKH UHIRUPXODWLRQ RI XUEDQ PRELOLW\ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV $OWKRXJK
SDUNLQJ PDQDJHPHQW SURYHV WR EH DQ DSSURSULDWH WRRO IRUGHILQLQJ PRELOLW\ DVSHFWV LQ DQ XUEDQ DUHDRU
FLW\FHQWHUWKHLPSDFWRISDUNLQJSROLFLHVVXSSRUWLQJVXVWDLQDEOHPRELOLW\FDQQRWEHHDVLO\HYDOXDWHG
0DQ\ DWWHPSWV KDYH EHHQ PDGH WR LPSOHPHQW SURSHU WDUJHWHG DQG VXVWDLQDELOLW\RULHQWHG SDUNLQJ
SROLFLHV (YHQWXDOO\ DQ\ SDUNLQJ SROLF\ ZLOO DLP WR FKDQJH ORQJ WR VKRUW VWD\ SDUNLQJ LQ XUEDQ DUHDV
SUHYHQWLQJLQWKDWZD\FRPPXWHUVIURPRFFXS\LQJSDUNLQJSODFHVSODQQHGIRUYLVLWRUVDQGFRQVXPHUV$
ZHOORUJDQL]HGDQGFDUHIXOO\LPSOHPHQWHGSDUNLQJSROLF\ZLOOFHUWDLQO\KDYHDPLWLJDWLQJHIIHFWRQXUEDQ
FDUPRELOLW\DORQJ ZLWKRWKHU PDMRUEHQHILWV HQYLURQPHQWDOHFRQRPLFDQGVRFLDO +RZHYHUDODFNRI
HIIHFWLYHQHVVFKDUDFWHUL]HVVXFKLQLWLDWLYHVGXHWRWKHDGGLWLRQDOILQDQFLDOEXUGHQWKDWDULVHVIRUWKHORFDO
FRPPXQLW\7RWKLVHQGWKHVXFFHVVIXOLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIDSDUNLQJSROLF\ODUJHO\GHSHQGVRQWKHVRFLDO
DFFHSWDQFHRIWKHSURSRVHGPHDVXUHV&OHDUO\WKHUHLVDQHHGWRLQIRUPSHRSOHWKDWGHVSLWHWKHDGGLWLRQDO
ILQDQFLDOEXUGHQWKDWPD\DULVHWKHSURSRVHGPHDVXUHVZLOOEHQHILWWKHORFDOFRPPXQLW\LQWKHORQJWHUP
7KH GLIILFXOW\ VSHFLILFDOO\ OLHV RQ SHUVXDGLQJ SURIHVVLRQDOV RI FRQIOLFWLQJ LQWHUHVWV IRU WKH SURSRVHG
PHDVXUHVZKLFKSURYHVWREHDNH\PLOHVWRQHLQWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQSURFHVVRIVXVWDLQDEOHSROLFLHV
7KHDERYHFOHDUO\KLJKOLJKWWKHQHFHVVLW\RIZLGHO\GLVVHPLQDWLQJSROLFLHVDQGPHDVXUHVSULRUWRWKHLU
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ &KDQJHV RQ XUEDQ PRELOLW\ VFKHPHV PD\ EH HDVLO\ FRPPXQLFDWHG DPRQJ UHVLGHQWV RI
PHGLXPVL]HGFLWLHVFRPSDUHGWRWKHODUJHVWRQHDVWKH\VKDUHVWURQJHUUHODWLRQVKLSVDQGSUHVHQWWKHVDPH
QHHGVLQWHUPVRIVRFLDOZHOIDUHDQGHFRQRPLFDQGVRFLDOVWDWXV
0HGLXPVL]HG FLWLHV SUHVHQW VSHFLDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV FRPSDUHG WR WKH ODUJHUVL]HG RQHV DV UHVLGHQWLDO
FRPPHUFLDOLQGXVWULDODQGRWKHUDUHDVDUHQRWFOHDUO\GLVWLQJXLVKHG,QWKHFLW\RI*LDQQLWVDWKH&3=ZDV
SURSRVHG WR EH LPSOHPHQWHG LQ VWUHHWV QHDUE\ WKH FLW\ FHQWHU ZKLFK DUH FKDUDFWHUL]HG DV KLJKO\
FRPPHUFLDODQGFRQJHVWHG+RZHYHUWKHUHVLGHQWLDODUHDSURYHVWREHUHDOO\FORVHWRWKHFRPPHUFLDOURDG
QHWZRUNDQGVSUDZOVXSWRWKHFLW\¶VVXEXUEV7KHUHIRUHLQPHGLXPVL]HGDQGVPDOOHUFLWLHVWKHUHLVQRWD
SXUHO\ FRPPHUFLDO DUHD EXW LQVWHDG FHQWUDO FRPPHUFLDO URDG ZKHUHDV LQ ODUJHUVL]HG FLWLHV WKH
FRPPHUFLDODUHDVDUHXVXDOO\FOHDUO\GLVWLQJXLVKHGIURPWKHUHVLGHQWLDORQHV
$IWHU WKH VXFFHVVIXO LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ DQG RSHUDWLRQ RI VXFK SROLFLHV WKH QH[W VWHS LV WR UHSOLFDWH WKLV
DSSURDFKRQDQXPEHURIXUEDQDUHDVZLWKLQ*UHHFHSUHVHQWLQJVLPLODUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVUHJDUGLQJWKHLUVL]H
XUEDQVWUXFWXUHDQGQHWZRUNRIWUDQVSRUWVHUYLFHV7KHVHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVFDQVOLJKWO\GLIIHUIURPDFLW\WR
DQRWKHU 7KHVH GLIIHUHQFHV ZLOO VWRNH WKRXJKWV RQ WKH VXVWDLQDEOHFKDUDFWHU RI XUEDQ WUDYHO V\VWHPV
&RPSDUDWLYHDQDO\VLVZLOODOVROHDGWRUHGHILQLQJWKHOLVWRILQGLFDWRUVSURSRVHGKHUH,WDOVRDSSHDUVWREH
YHU\LQWHUHVWLQJWRH[SORUHVWDWLVWLFDOUHVRXUFHVLQGLIIHUHQW(XURSHDQFRXQWULHVHQDEOLQJDQLQWHUQDWLRQDO
FRPSDULVRQZLWKGLIIHUHQWPRELOLW\FXOWXUHVDQGFRQWUDVWHGXUEDQSROLFLHV 1LFRODV-3HWDO 
7RVXPXSWKLVUHVHDUFKOHDGVWRWHQNH\UHFRPPHQGDWLRQVFRQFHUQLQJJRYHUQPHQWDODFWLRQDLPLQJWR
IRVWHU VXVWDLQDELOLW\ LQWR XUEDQ PRELOLW\ SDWWHUQV   HOLPLQDWH PLQLPXP SDUNLQJ UHTXLUHPHQWV DQG
HQFRXUDJH GHYHORSHUV WR µXQEXQGOH¶ SDUNLQJ   FRRUGLQDWH RQ DQG RIIVWUHHW SDUNLQJ PDQDJHPHQW DQG
FKDUJLQJ   FKDUJH IRU RQVWUHHW SDUNLQJ WR HQVXUH WKDW SHUIRUPDQFH VWDQGDUGV LQFOXGLQJ RFFXSDQF\
UDWHVDUHPHW  FUHDWHSDUNLQJEHQHILWGLVWULFWV  XVHSDUNLQJWHFKQRORJLHVWKDWRIIHUFXVWRPHUVDQG
SROLF\PDNHUVWKHPD[LPXPIOH[LELOLW\  UHFODLPVWUHHWVSDFHIURPFDUSDUNLQJIRURWKHUQHHGHGSXEOLF
XVHVVXFKDVELNHVKDULQJF\FOLQJODQHVZLGHQHGVLGHZDONVRUVKDUHGVSDFHV  GHVLJQSDUNLQJIDFLOLWLHV
WKDW DUH ZHOO LQWHJUDWHG ZLWK VXUURXQGLQJ EXLOGLQJV DQG ZDONLQJ HQYLURQPHQWV   LQFRUSRUDWH SDUNLQJ
SROLFLHVLQWR PHWURSROLWDQWUDQVSRUWDWLRQSODQV  LQFOXGHLQQRYDWLYHSDUNLQJ PDQDJHPHQWLQVWDWHZLGH
OLYDELOLW\ LQLWLDWLYHV FRQJHVWLRQ PDQDJHPHQW DLU SROOXWLRQ FRQWURO VWUDWHJLHV FOLPDWH DFWLRQ SODQV DQG
LQQRYDWLYH ILQDQFLQJ SURJUDPV DQG   SURPRWH SDUNLQJ DQG FRPPXWHU SURJUDPV WKDW H[SDQG WUDYHO
FKRLFHVIRUHPSOR\HHVDQGYLVLWRUV
7KH  FKDOOHQJH  IRU  IXWXUH  XUEDQ  WUDQVSRUW  V\VWHPV ZLOO EH WR IXOILOO WKH GHPDQG IRU SHRSOH¶V
DFFHVVLELOLW\DQGPRELOLW\ZLWKHIILFLHQWDQGTXDOLW\VHUYLFHVPLQLPL]LQJDWWKHVDPHWLPHWKHLPSDFWV
RQHQYLURQPHQWORFDOHFRQRP\DQGVDIHW\ZKLOHDWWKHVDPHWLPHVDIHJXDUGLQJWKHTXDOLW\RIOLIHLQWKH
XUEDQHQYLURQPHQW7RDFKLHYHWKLVSURMHFWHGDFWLRQV HJLQFUHDVHG3DUN 5LGHIDFLOLWLHVH[WHQVLRQRI
FRQWUROOHG SDUNLQJ DUHD HWF  ZLOO QRW EH HQRXJK 7KHUH ZLOO DOZD\V EH QHHGV DQG URRP IRU IXUWKHU
906 Magda Pitsiava-Latinopoulou et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 897 – 906

LPSURYHPHQWVVXFKDVH[WHQGHGWUDQVSRUWDQGSDUNLQJSODQQLQJZKLFKVKRXOGEHFRQWLQXRXVO\UHJDUGHG
DVFUXFLDOLVVXHVIRUWKHOLYDELOLW\RIDPHGLXPVL]HGFLW\ :HLQEHUJHU5.DHKQ\- 5XIR0 

5HIHUHQFHV

&LW\3DUNLQJLQ(XURSHFRQVRUWLXP  &LW\SDUNLQJLQ(XURSH*RRGSUDFWLFHH[DPSOHVQHZORFDODSSURDFKHV)LQDO5HSRUW


%DLJDEXORYD=  7UDQVSRUWSROLF\LQ/RQGRQ/HVVRQVIRU$OPDW\7UDQVSRUW6WXGLHV8QLW:RUNLQJ3DSHU6HULHV6FKRRORI
*HRJUDSK\DQGWKH(QYLURQPHQW2[IRUG
%UDGOH\-  7RZDUGDFRPPRQSDUNLQJSROLF\$FURVVMXULVGLFWLRQDOPDWUL[FRPSDULVRQRIPXQLFLSDORIIVWUHHWSDUNLQJ
UHJXODWLRQVLQ0HWURSROLWDQ'DGH&RXQW\)ORULGD7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ5HVHDUFK5HFRUG-RXUQDORIWKH7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ5HVHDUFK
%RDUG
&HQWUHIRUWKH6WXG\RI8UEDQ3ODQQLQJ7UDQVSRUWDQG3XEOLF)DFLOLWLHV±&(578  3DUNLQJLQPHGLXPVL]HGWRZQV
)DFWVKHHWQR
&,9,7$660,/(FRQVRUWLXP  ,QIOXHQFLQJWKHFKRLFHRIYHKLFOHWRZDUGVVPDOOHUDQGPRUHIXHOHIILFLHQWYHKLFOHV)XOO
HYDOXDWLRQUHSRUW
GH:LW7  863DUNLQJSROLFLHVDQGWKHHIIHFWVRQHFRQRP\DQGPRELOLW\5HSRUWRQ&267$FWLRQ7HFKQLFDO
&RPPLWHHRQ7UDQVSRUW
'HOOHU-+RHNVHPD'  3DUNLQJPDQDJHPHQW2QHHOHPHQWWRZDUGVVXVWDLQDEOHWUDQVSRUWRQWKH6XQVKLQH&RDVW
,QWHUQDWLRQDO3XEOLF:RUNV&RQIHUHQFH&DQEHUUD$XVWUDOLD
'LMN0 0RQWDOYR&  3ROLF\IUDPHVRI3DUNDQG5LGHLQ(XURSH-RXUQDORI7UDQVSRUW*HRJUDSK\
)HHQH\%  $UHYLHZRIWKHLPSDFWRISDUNLQJSROLF\PHDVXUHVRQWUDYHOGHPDQG7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ3ODQQLQJDQG7HFKQRORJ\
  
0DUVGHQ*  7KHHYLGHQFHEDVHIRUSDUNLQJSROLFLHVDUHYLHZ7UDQVSRUW3ROLF\  
0DFDULR5 0DUTXHV&)  7UDQVIHUDELOLW\RIVXVWDLQDEOHXUEDQPRELOLW\PHDVXUHV-RXUQDORI5HVHDUFKLQ7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ
(FRQRPLFV
1LFRODV-33RFKHW3 3RLPERHXI+  7RZDUGVVXVWDLQDEOHPRELOLW\LQGLFDWRUVDSSOLFDWLRQWRWKH/\RQVFRQXUEDWLRQ
7UDQVSRUW3ROLF\
3DSRXWVLV. 6GRXNRSRXORV/  ,QYHVWLJDWLRQRISDUNLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQWKHFLW\RI*LDQQLWVD7KHVLVWLWOH'HSDUWPHQW
RI5XUDODQG6XUYH\LQJ(QJLQHHULQJ6FKRRORI(QJLQHHULQJ$ULVWRWOH8QLYHUVLW\RI7KHVVDORQLNL
5\H7  3DUNLQJPDQDJHPHQW$FRQWULEXWLRQWRZDUGVOLYHDEOHFLWLHV,Q6XVWDLQDEOH8UEDQ7UDQVSRUWSURMHFW$VLD
6XVWDLQDEOH7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ$VRXUFHERRNIRUSROLF\PDNHUVLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
6KLIWDQ<%XUG(GHQ5  0RGHOLQJUHVSRQVHWRSDUNLQJSROLF\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ5HVHDUFK5HFRUG-RXUQDORIWKH
7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ5HVHDUFK%RDUG
6KLIWDQ<.DSODQ6 +DNNHUW6  6FHQDULREXLOGLQJDVDWRROIRUSODQQLQJDVXVWDLQDEOHWUDQVSRUWDWLRQV\VWHP
7UDVSRUWDWLRQ5HVHDUFK3DUW'7UDQVSRUWDQG(QYLURQPHQW
6LVLRSLNX9  2QVWUHHWSDUNLQJRQVWDWHURDGV3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH,7(,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH&KLFDJR,OOLQRLV
6XVWDLQDEOH7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ,QGLFDWRUV6XEFRPPLWHH  6XVWDLQDEOHWUDQVSRUWLQGLFDWRUVDUHFRPPHQGHGUHVHDUFKSURJUDPIRU
GHYHORSLQJVXVWDLQDEOHWUDQVSRUWDWLRQLQGLFDWRUVDQGGDWD7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ5HVHDUFK5HFRUG-RXUQDORIWKH7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ
5HVHDUFK%RDUG
7KH)HGHUDO(QYLURQPHQW$JHQF\  4XDOLW\WDUJHWVDQGLQGLFDWRUVIRUVXVWDLQDEOHPRELOLW\8VHUJXLGH3HRSOH7RZQ
7UDQVSRUW(QYLURQPHQWSURMHFW
7RSS+  7KHUROHRISDUNLQJLQWUDIILFFDOPLQJ:RUOG7UDQVSRUW3ROLF\DQG3UDFWLFH
:HLQEHUJHU5.DHKQ\- 5XIR0  863DUNLQJSROLFLHV$QRYHUYLHZRIPDQDJHPHQWVWUDWHJLHV5HSRUWIRUWKH
,QVWLWXWHIRU7UDQVSRUWDWLRQDQG'HYHORSPHQWSROLF\

You might also like