The document discusses three main methods for lighting calculations - point to point, watts per square meter, and lumen methods. It provides details on how calculations are done for each method, including formulas used and factors considered like light source shape and positioning. Examples are given of calculating lighting needs for different space types using the watts per square meter method.
The document discusses three main methods for lighting calculations - point to point, watts per square meter, and lumen methods. It provides details on how calculations are done for each method, including formulas used and factors considered like light source shape and positioning. Examples are given of calculating lighting needs for different space types using the watts per square meter method.
The document discusses three main methods for lighting calculations - point to point, watts per square meter, and lumen methods. It provides details on how calculations are done for each method, including formulas used and factors considered like light source shape and positioning. Examples are given of calculating lighting needs for different space types using the watts per square meter method.
The document discusses three main methods for lighting calculations - point to point, watts per square meter, and lumen methods. It provides details on how calculations are done for each method, including formulas used and factors considered like light source shape and positioning. Examples are given of calculating lighting needs for different space types using the watts per square meter method.
CALCULATIONS Point Source, Line Sources Or Area Source • Light sources vary in shape • Three basic shapes- point sources, line sources and area sources • Each radiates light differently, thus causing distinctive effects Methods for calculating illumination
There are three method for lighting calculations:-
1) Point to Point OR Inverse – Square law method
2) Watts per square meter method
3) Lumen or Light flux method
Point to Point OR Inverse – Square law method • Particularly suitable for outdoor schemes • It may also be suitable for indoor schemes where the light reflected onto the working plane from walls, ceilings etc., is negligible. • The point to point method uses the inverse square law and cosine law, the light intensity in a given direction is found from polar diagrams supplied by manufacturers. • Accent or task lighting. • To determine the illumination at a small specific location in the room from a point light source. • Simply get polar plot for luminaire and work out the illumination on surface for a given lamp. • Called the point illumination method. Calculation Method
• Estimate location of lighting equipment
• Light density = Candle power = Candela • Candela information given by Manufacturer • Center Beam Candle Power – CBCP – center of a directional light • Illuminance= Candela value ÷ Distance (squared) (in feet), i.e., E=I/d² (This formula is practical only in the case where source is directly above the work plane) • If light source is at some distance from the perpendicular to the light source, then cosine law should be considered. • E= I/d² X cosθ , (where θ is the angle formed between the perpendicular and the work plane) O
adjacent
A O’ opposite B O
Lux (E) = I / D2 x
I = Luminous intensity (CD)
D = Distance from light source to point
of interest adjacent
= The cosine of the angle between
the light source and point of interest
O’ opposite B SOLVE Luminaire and Lamp Type • Candela represented in form of a distribution diagram • Provided by manufacturers • When sources is not perpendicular (90 degree angle to surface) – Candela value needed = (Illuminance level desired x distance squared) ÷ cosine of the angle – CD = (E x D2) ÷ cosine of angle – E = (CD x cosine of angle) x D2 Watts per square meter method
• Principal based on “Rule of thumb”.
• Very handy for rough calculation or checking. • Illumination based on assumption and consists in making an allowance of watts per square meter of area. WATTS-PER-SQUARE FOOT METHOD: •Multiply room area in sq.ft. by watts/sq.ft. (refer table). •How many watts of either fluorescent or halogen sources you need to achieve. Sl. Average light level desired Watt per square foot Watt per square foot of No. & typical application fluorescent/ compact incandescent / halogen fluorescent /HID lights lamps 1 2.5 – 5 fc (25-50 lux) 0.1 – 0.2 0.3 – 0.7 (foot-candle) Hotel corridors, stair towers 2 5 – 10 fc (50-100 lux) 0.2 – 0.4 0.7 – 1.0 Office corridors, parking garages, theatres(house lights) 3 10 – 20 fc (100-200 lux) 0.4 – 0.8 1.0 – 2.0 Building lobbies, waiting areas, elevator lobbies, malls, hotel function spaces, school corridors WATTS-PER-SQUARE FOOT METHOD: Sl. Average light level desired Watt per square foot Watt per square foot of No. & typical application fluorescent, compact incandescent or halogen fluorescent or HID lights lamps 4 20 – 50 fc (200-500 lux) 0.8 – 1.2 Not recommended* Office areas, classrooms, lecture halls, conference rooms, ambient retail lighting, industrial workshops, gyms 5 50 – 100 fc (500-1000 lux) 1.2 – 2.0 Not recommended* Grocery stores, laboratories, work areas, sports courts
* These levels are for general lighting only. it is not good to produce high light levels of general light using halogen sources. However we can use halogen sources for accent lighting in these space types. WATTS-PER-SQUARE FOOT METHOD:
PROBLEM 1:
•Average overall proper light level for a class room is about 50
foot- candle. •Using table – approximate amount of light needed = 1.2 watts/sq.ft. of fluorescent lighting. •Area of classroom = 800 sq.ft.
•Total lighting power needed for this room = (800 X 1.2) watt = 960 watt.
•If we plan on using luminaires with 80 watt lamps:
We will need = 960 = 12 luminaires 80
•If we plan on using luminaires with two 64 watt lamps each:
We will need = 960 = 15 luminaires 64 WATTS-PER-SQUARE FOOT METHOD:
PROBLEM 2:
•Consider the house lighting for a motion picture
theater: Recommended light level = 10 fc •Lighting needs to dim over a full range – hence choose halogen lighting. •Using table – approximate amount of light needed = 1.0 watts/sq.ft. •Area of theater hall = 3000 sq.ft.
