Topic 3 -Revision [91 marks]

1. [1 mark]
An ideal gas is in a closed container. Which changes to its volume and temperature when
taken together must cause a decrease in the gas pressure?

2. [1 mark]
Two flasks P and Q contain an ideal gas and are connected with a tube of negligible volume
compared to that of the flasks. The volume of P is twice the volume of Q.

P is held at a temperature of 200 K and Q is held at a temperature of 400 K.
!"## %& '"# () *
What is mass of !"## %& '"# () +?

,
A. -
,
B. .

C. 4
D. 8
3. [1 mark]
A mass 𝑚 of water is at a temperature of 290 K. The specific heat capacity of water is 𝑐. Ice,
at its melting point, is added to the water to reduce the water temperature to the freezing
point. The specific latent heat of fusion for ice is 𝐿. What is the minimum mass of ice that is
required?
,/!0
A. 1

234!0
B. 1

,/!1
C. 0

234!1
D. 0

4. [1 mark]
Energy is transferred to water in a flask at a rate P. The water reaches boiling point and
then P is increased. What are the changes to the temperature of the water and to the rate of
vaporization of the water after the change?

5. [1 mark]
An insulated tube is filled with a large number n of lead spheres, each of mass m. The tube
is inverted s times so that the spheres completely fall through an average distance L each
time. The temperature of the spheres is measured before and after the inversions and the
resultant change in temperature is ΔT.
What is the specific heat capacity of lead?

#'1
A. )!56
#'1
B. 56
#'1
C. )56
'1
D. !56

6. [1 mark]
Boiling water is heated in a 2 kW electric kettle. The initial mass of water is 0.4 kg. Assume
the specific latent heat of vaporization of water is 2 MJ kg–1.
What is the time taken for all the water to vaporize?
A. 250 s
B. 400 s
C. 2500 s
D. 4000 s

7. [1 mark]
A gas storage tank of fixed volume V contains N molecules of an ideal gas at temperature T.
7
The pressure at kelvin temperature T is 20 MPa. . molecules are removed and the
temperature changed to 2T. What is the new pressure of the gas?
A. 10 MPa
B. 15 MPa
C. 30 MPa
D. 40 MPa

8. [1 mark]
A substance changes from the solid phase to the gas phase without becoming a liquid and
without a change in temperature.

What is true about the internal energy of the substance and the total intermolecular
potential energy of the substance when this phase change occurs?


9. [1 mark]
The temperature of a fixed mass of an ideal gas changes from 200 °C to 400 °C.

89:; <=;9>=? 9;9@AB CD A:E :> 244 °G
What is 89:; <=;9>=? 9;9@AB CD A:E :> .44 °G?

A. 0.50

B. 0.70

C. 1.4

D. 2.0

10. [1 mark]
.4 24
A container holds 20 g of argon-40( ,- Ar) and 40 g of neon-20 ( ,4 Ne) .

 ;H8I9@ CD :>C8E CD :@AC; J.4
What is ;H8I9@ CD :>C8E CD ;9C; J24 in the container?

A. 0.25

B. 0.5

C. 2

D. 4

11. [1 mark]
A 700 W electric heater is used to heat 1 kg of water without energy losses. The specific
heat capacity of water is 4.2 kJ kg–1 K–1. What is the time taken to heat the water from 25 °C
to 95 °C?

A. 7 s
B. 30 s
C. 7 minutes
D. 420 minutes
12. [1 mark]
A container is filled with a mixture of helium and oxygen at the same temperature. The
molar mass of helium is 4 g mol–1 and that of oxygen is 32 g mol–1.
:K9@:A9 EL99M CD N9O=H8 8CO9?HO9E
What is the ratio :K9@:A9 EL99M CD CPBA9; 8CO9?HO9E?

,
A. -
,
B.
√-

C. √8
D. 8
13. [1 mark]
Container X contains 1.0 mol of an ideal gas. Container Y contains 2.0 mol of the ideal gas. Y
has four times the volume of X. The pressure in X is twice that in Y.
>98L9@:>H@9 CD A:E =; R
What is >98L9@:>H@9 CD A:E =; S?

,
A. .
,
B. 2

C. 1
D. 2
14. [1 mark]
A fixed mass of an ideal gas is trapped in a cylinder of constant volume and its temperature
is varied. Which graph shows the variation of the pressure of the gas with temperature in
degrees Celsius?

15. [1 mark]
EL9?=D=? N9:> ?:L:?=>B CD ?CLL9@
What are the units of the ratio EL9?=D=? O:>9;> N9:> CD K:LC@=T:>=C; CD ?CLL9@?

A. no units
B. k
C. k–1
D. k–2
16. [1 mark]
A sealed cylinder of length l and cross-sectional area A contains N molecules of an ideal gas
at kelvin temperature T.

What is the force acting on the area of the cylinder marked A due to the gas?
7U6
A. V

7U6
B. VW

7X! 6
C. VW

7X! 6
D. V

17. [1 mark]
The graph shows how the temperature of a liquid varies with time when energy is
supplied to the liquid at a constant rate P. The gradient of the graph is K and the liquid has
a specific heat capacity c.

What is the mass of the liquid?
*
A. 0Y
 *Y
B. 0
*0
C. Y
0Y
D. *

18. [1 mark]
A container that contains a fixed mass of an ideal gas is at rest on a truck. The truck
now moves away horizontally at a constant velocity. What is the change, if any, in the
internal energy of the gas and the change, if any, in the temperature of the gas when the
truck has been travelling for some time?

19. [1 mark]
A sealed container contains water at 5 °C and ice at 0 °C. This system is thermally
isolated from its surroundings. What happens to the total internal energy of the system?
A. It remains the same.
B. It decreases.
C. It increases until the ice melts and then remains the same.
D. It increases.
20. [1 mark]
A 1.0 kW heater supplies energy to a liquid of mass 0.50 kg. The temperature of the liquid
changes by 80 K in a time of 200 s. The specific heat capacity of the liquid is 4.0 kJ kg–1 K–1.
What is the average power lost by the liquid?
A. 0
B. 200 W
C. 800 W
D. 1600 W
21. [1 mark]
Under what conditions of pressure and temperature does a real gas approximate to an
ideal gas?

22. [1 mark]
What does the constant n represent in the equation of state for an ideal gas pV = nRT?
A. The number of atoms in the gas
B. The number of moles of the gas
C. The number of molecules of the gas
D. The number of particles in the gas
23. [1 mark]
A liquid is initially at its freezing point. Energy is removed at a uniform rate from the liquid
until it freezes completely.
Which graph shows how the temperature T of the liquid varies with the energy Q removed
from the liquid?

24. [1 mark]
A thin-walled cylinder of weight W, open at both ends, rests on a flat surface. The cylinder
has a height L, an average radius R and a thickness x where R is much greater than x.

What is the pressure exerted by the cylinder walls on the flat surface?
Z
A. 2[U\
 Z
B. [U" \
Z
C. [U"
Z
D. [U" 1

25. [1 mark]
A fixed mass of an ideal gas in a closed container with a movable piston initially occupies
a volume V. The position of the piston is changed, so that the mean kinetic energy of the
particles in the gas is doubled and the pressure remains constant.
What is the new volume of the gas?
]
A. .
]
B. 2

C. 2V
D. 4V
26. [1 mark]
Two pulses are travelling towards each other.

What is a possible pulse shape when the pulses overlap?

27. [1 mark]
The graph shows the variation with time t of the temperature T of two samples, X and Y. X
and Y have the same mass and are initially in the solid phase. Thermal energy is
being provided to X and Y at the same constant rate.

What is the correct comparison of the specific latent heats LX and LY and specific heat
capacities in the liquid phase cX and cY of X and Y?

28. [1 mark]
A mass m of ice at a temperature of –5 °C is changed into water at a temperature of 50 °C.
Specific heat capacity of ice = ci
Specific heat capacity of water = cw
Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = L
Which expression gives the energy needed for this change to occur?
A. 55 m cw + m L
B. 55 m ci + 5 m L
C. 5 m ci + 50 m cw + m L
D. 5 m ci + 50 m cw + 5 m L
29. [1 mark]
A sealed container contains a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen gas.
8:EE CD :; CPBA9; 8CO9?HO9 -
The ratio 8:EE CD : ;=>@CA9; 8CO9?HO9 is /.

:K9@:A9 <=;9>=? 9;9@AB CD CPBA9; 8CO9?HO9E

The ratio :K9@:A9 <=;9>=? 9;9@AB CD ;=>@CA9; 8CO9?HO9E is

A. 1.
/
B. -.
-
C. /.

D. dependent on the concentration of each gas.

30. [1 mark]
Energy is supplied at a constant rate to a fixed mass of a material. The material begins as a
solid. The graph shows the variation of the temperature of the material with time.

The specific heat capacities of the solid, liquid and gaseous forms of the material are cs cl
and cg respectively. What can be deduced about the values of cs cl and cg?
A. cs > cg > cl
B. cl > cs > cg
C. cl > cg > cs
D. cg > cs > cl
31. [1 mark]
Under which conditions of pressure and density will a real gas approximate to an ideal gas?

32. [1 mark]
A liquid of mass m and specific heat capacity c cools. The rate of change of the temperature
of the liquid is k. What is the rate at which thermal energy is transferred from the liquid?
!0
A. X
X
B. !0
,
C. X!0

D. kmc

33. [1 mark]
]
Cylinder X has a volume 𝑉 and contains 3.0 mol of an ideal gas. Cylinder Y has a volume 2
and contains 2.0 mol of the same gas.

The gases in X and Y are at the same temperature 𝑇. The containers are joined by a valve
which is opened so that the temperatures do not change.
What is the change in pressure in X?
, U6
A. + ^ - ] .
, U6
B. − ^ - ] .
2 U6
C. + ^ - ] .
2 U6
D. − ^ - ] .

34. [1 mark]
A solid substance has just reached its melting point. Thermal energy is supplied to the
substance at a constant rate. Which graph shows the variation of the temperature T of the
substance with energy E supplied?

35. [1 mark]
Q and R are two rigid containers of volume 3V and V respectively containing molecules of
the same ideal gas initially at the same temperature. The gas pressures in Q and R are p and
3p respectively. The containers are connected through a valve of negligible volume that is
initially closed.

The valve is opened in such a way that the temperature of the gases does not change. What
is the change of pressure in Q?
A. +p
_`
B. 2
J`
C. 2
D. –p
36. [1 mark]
Unpolarized light of intensity I0 is incident on a polarizing filter. Light from this filter is
incident on a second filter, which has its axis of polarization at 30˚ to that of the first filter.
√^
The value of cos 30˚ is 2 . What is the intensity of the light emerging through the second
filter?
√^
A. 2 I0
^
B. 2I0
^
C. .I0
^
D. -I0

37. [1 mark]
The fraction of the internal energy that is due to molecular vibration varies in the different
states of matter. What gives the order from highest fraction to lowest fraction of internal
energy due to molecular vibration?
A. liquid > gas > solid
B. solid > liquid > gas
C. solid > gas > liquid
D. gas > liquid > solid
38. [1 mark]
An ideal gas has a volume of 15 ml, a temperature of 20 °C and a pressure of 100 kPa. The
volume of the gas is reduced to 5 ml and the temperature is raised to 40 °C. What is the new
pressure of the gas?
A. 600 kPa
B. 320 kPa
C. 200 kPa
D. 35 kPa
39. [1 mark]
A container with 0.60kg of a liquid substance is placed on a heater at time t=0. The specific
latent heat of vaporization of the substance is 200kJkg–1. The graph shows the variation of
the temperature T of the substance with time t.

What is the power of the heater?
A. 1200 W
B. 3000 W
C. 4800 W
D. 13 300 W
40. [1 mark]
An ideal gas and a solid of the same substance are at the same temperature. The average
kinetic energy of the gas molecules is 𝐸A and the average kinetic energy of the solid
molecules is 𝐸E . What is the comparison between 𝐸A and 𝐸A ?

A. 𝐸A is less than 𝐸E .

B. 𝐸A equals 𝐸E .

C. 𝐸A is greater than 𝐸E .

D. The relationship between 𝐸A and 𝐸E cannot be determined.

41. [1 mark]
Which of the following is numerically equal to the specific heat capacity of the substance of
a solid body?
A. The thermal energy required to melt the body
B. The thermal energy required to increase the temperature of unit mass of the body by 1K
C. The thermal energy required to increase the temperature of the body by 1K
D. The total kinetic and potential energy of all the molecules in the body
42. [1 mark]
A fixed mass of an ideal gas has a constant volume. Two quantities, R and S, of the gas vary
as shown by the graph below.

What quantities do R and S represent?

43. [1 mark]
A fixed mass of an ideal gas undergoes an isochoric (isovolumetric) change. This increases
the pressure of the gas. Which describes the change of internal energy of the gas and the
direction of transfer of thermal energy?

44. [1 mark]
Two objects are in thermal contact, initially at different temperatures. Which of the
following determines the transfer of thermal energy between the objects?
I. The mass of each object
II. The thermal capacity of the objects
III. The temperature of the objects
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. III only
45. [1 mark]
What are the conditions of temperature and pressure at which the behaviour of a real gas
approximates to the behaviour of an ideal gas?
A. Low pressure and low temperature
B. Low pressure and high temperature
C. High pressure and low temperature
D. High pressure and high temperature
46. [1 mark]
An ideal gas expands at constant pressure. The graph shows the relationship between
pressure P and volume V for this change.

The change in the internal energy of the gas during this expansion is 1800 J. What is the
amount and the direction of thermal energy transferred?
A. 3000 J into the gas
B. 3000 J out of the gas
C. 600 J into the gas
D. 600 J out of the gas
47. [1 mark]
Two containers, X and Y, are each filled by an ideal gas at the same temperature. The
volume of Y is half the volume of X. The number of moles of gas in Y is three times the
number of moles of the gas in X. The pressure of the gas in X is PX and the pressure of the
gas in Y is PY.
*
What is the ratio *# ?
$

,
A. a
2
B. ^
^
C. 2

D. 6
48. [1 mark]
Which of the following correctly identifies the properties of the molecules of a substance
that determine the substance’s internal energy?
A. The total potential energy and random kinetic energy
B. The random kinetic energy
C. The total gravitational potential energy and random kinetic energy
D. The total potential energy


49. [1 mark]
The molar mass of magnesium is 24g. 12g of magnesium contains the same number of
particles as
A. 6 g of carbon-12.
B. 12 g of carbon-12.
C. 24 g of carbon-12.
D. 6.02×1023 g of carbon-12.
50. [1 mark]
A fixed mass of an ideal gas is at temperature T. The pressure is doubled and the volume is
halved. What is the temperature after these changes?
6
A. 2

B. T
C. 2T
D. 4T
51. [1 mark]
The graph shows the variation with absolute temperature 𝑇 of the pressure 𝑝 of a fixed
mass of an ideal gas.

Which of the following is correct concerning the volume and the density of the gas?

52. [1 mark]
An ice cube and an iceberg are both at a temperature of 0 °C. Which of the following is a
correct comparison of the average random kinetic energy and the total kinetic energy of
the molecules of the ice cube and the iceberg?

53. [1 mark]
Water at a temperature of 0 °C is kept in a thermally insulated container. A lump of ice, also
at 0 °C, is placed in the water and completely submerged.

Which of the following is true in respect of both the net amount of ice that will melt and the
change in temperature of the water?

54. [1 mark]
The behaviour of a monatomic gas such as helium will approximate to that of an ideal gas
when it is kept at
A. a temperature close to absolute zero.
B. low pressure.
C. very high pressure.
D. very high temperature.
55. [1 mark]
The behaviour of real gases is different from that predicted for ideal gases. Which of the
following statements about real gases is not correct?
A. Gas molecules have potential energy.
B. Forces between gas molecules are always negligible.
C. Gas molecules have volume.
D. Real gases can liquefy.
56a. [2 marks]
The air in a kitchen has pressure 1.0 × 105 Pa and temperature 22°C. A refrigerator of
internal volume 0.36 m3 is installed in the kitchen.
With the door open the air in the refrigerator is initially at the same temperature and
pressure as the air in the kitchen. Calculate the number of molecules of air in the
refrigerator.

56b. [2 marks]
The refrigerator door is closed. The air in the refrigerator is cooled to 5.0°C and the number
of air molecules in the refrigerator stays the same.
Determine the pressure of the air inside the refrigerator.

56c. [2 marks]
The door of the refrigerator has an area of 0.72 m2. Show that the minimum force needed to
open the refrigerator door is about 4 kN.

56d. [2 marks]
Comment on the magnitude of the force in (b)(ii).

57a. [1 mark]
A container of volume 3.2 × 10-6 m3 is filled with helium gas at a pressure of 5.1 × 105 Pa
and temperature 320 K. Assume that this sample of helium gas behaves as an ideal gas.
The molar mass of helium is 4.0 g mol-1. Show that the mass of a helium atom is 6.6 × 10-27
kg.

57b. [2 marks]
Estimate the average speed of the helium atoms in the container.

57c. [2 marks]
Show that the number of helium atoms in the container is about 4 × 1020.

57d. [1 mark]
A helium atom has a volume of 4.9 × 10-31 m3.
>C>:O KCOH89 CD N9O=H8 :>C8E
Calculate the ratio KCOH89 CD N9O=H8 A:E
.

57e. [2 marks]
Explain, using your answer to (d)(i) and with reference to the kinetic model, why this
sample of helium can be assumed to be an ideal gas.

58a. [2 marks]
A container of volume 3.2 × 10-6 m3 is filled with helium gas at a pressure of 5.1 × 105 Pa
and temperature 320 K. Assume that this sample of helium gas behaves as an ideal gas.


The mass of a helium atom is 6.6 × 10-27 kg. Estimate the average speed of the helium atoms
in the container.

58b. [2 marks]
Show that the number of helium atoms in the container is 4 × 1020.

58c. [1 mark]
A helium atom has a volume of 4.9 × 10-31 m3.
 KCOH89 CD N9O=H8 :>C8E
Calculate the ratio KCOH89 CD N9O=H8 A:E
.

58d. [2 marks]
Discuss, by reference to the kinetic model of an ideal gas and the answer to (c)(i), whether
the assumption that helium behaves as an ideal gas is justified.

59a. [2 marks]
Liquid oxygen at its boiling point is stored in an insulated tank. Gaseous oxygen is
produced from the tank when required using an electrical heater placed in the liquid.
The following data are available.
Mass of 1.0 mol of oxygen = 32 g
Specific latent heat of vaporization of oxygen = 2.1 × 105 J kg–1
Distinguish between the internal energy of the oxygen at the boiling point when it is in its
liquid phase and when it is in its gas phase.

59b. [2 marks]
An oxygen flow rate of 0.25 mol s–1 is needed.
Calculate, in kW, the heater power required.

59c. [2 marks]
Calculate the volume of the oxygen produced in one second when it is allowed to expand to
a pressure of 0.11 MPa and to reach a temperature of –13 °C.

59d. [1 mark]
State one assumption of the kinetic model of an ideal gas that does not apply to oxygen.

60a. [3 marks]
A closed box of fixed volume 0.15 m3 contains 3.0 mol of an ideal monatomic gas. The
temperature of the gas is 290 K.
When the gas is supplied with 0.86 kJ of energy, its temperature increases by 23 K. The
specific heat capacity of the gas is 3.1 kJ kg–1 K–1.
Determine, in kJ, the total kinetic energy of the particles of the gas.

60b. [3 marks]
A closed box of fixed volume 0.15 m3 contains 3.0 mol of an ideal monatomic gas. The
temperature of the gas is 290 K.
Explain, with reference to the kinetic model of an ideal gas, how an increase in temperature
of the gas leads to an increase in pressure.




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