Contents

Topics covered on

Particle Physics
Fundamental interaction
Elementary Particles
Quark Flavors

Rnjalbclioe
 ndanentai inteernction

Electromagnetic, weak and strong processes

Various Interaction
Interaction Gravitational Weak Blectromagnetic Strong
Color
Acts on Mass-Encrgy Flavor chargc Elcctric charge
chargc
Particle Hadrons and Elcctrically
All Hadron
affected epton Charged particles
Carrier or
Gluon
Exchanged Graviton W Photon Pion
quanta
0. 1.-ve
Spin and Parity 0. 2. +ve 0. 1,-vc
I, 0,+ve
Mass
m90.2 GeV
my80.2 GeV_
ong s10m (Long range) 10m
Range
range)
Life time(sec)_ 10-10 10 1-1021|1022-1024|
Relative
0 10 10
Strength

KGinjanoalnee
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 Particle Physics damental interaction

Electromagnetic, weak and strong processes

Conservation rules for EM, W, and S interaction

Conserved / Not Conserved

Quantum Weak Electromagnetic Strong
number
Encrgy / Momcntum
Charge / baryon no. f Yes Yes Yes

lepton no./ mass

No (Al=), ) No Yes
No Yes Yes
S No (AS-I, 1) Yes Yes
Y (H¥per charge) No Yes Yes
C(Charm) No Yes Yes
P (Parity) No Yes Yes
CC (Charge-Conjugation) No Yes Yes
Time reversal (T) No Yes Yes
CPT (Ludev s-Pauli theorem) Yes Yes
CP (charge parity) No Yes Yes
RanjanSanoo
Dr: Rakesh Ranjan Sahoo PhD) NP &P [email protected]
 Elementary Particles

Building block ofmatter

The basic building blocks of matter are quarks, leptons and gauge
bosons.
Matter =Quarks +Leptons + Gauge Bosons
Particles

|Hadrons Leptons Gauge Particles

(Heavy Particies) (Light Particies) (Massles paricles)
Stronginteraction eakInteraction Exchange of particles
W.
Baryon Meson
3 quarks or 3 antiquarks 1 quark&1 antiquark

Nucieon Hyperon
Unstabie)

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 elemetra Parttelcs
UTU

Boson ermio
Sealer
B0sen
Coso
ntegp
pto
5
PPa3sess He av PasS

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Po9 Aeey
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Rakesh Ranjan Sahoo D. Rakesh Ranjan Sahoo
 Elementary Particles
continue.

Massless Boson

Stable Mean
Anti- Mass Spin
Particle Symbol life
particle (MeV/c;)| ) Decay
(sec)
Graviton
Not 2 +ve Stable Infinite
observed
Photon Less (-0) 0 1 -1Stable Infinite
Gluon Less (=0)0
91. 19
W Boson W W E

GeVie
80.39
Z Boson Z
GeV/c?
125.3
H H
Higgs boson GieV/e o
ACIcoclno
Dr. Rakesh Ranjan Sahoo (PhD) NP& P rakesh s?4@livs sem 4/20
 e ysies Elementary Particles

Elementary Particles
continue...

Meson (Massive Boson and Strongly Interacting Fermions)

Anti- Mass Mean lifee
Partile Sym bol
particle (MeV/c) | (sec)
139.57
+e2.6x10-
Pion 134.96 0.83x 10-l6
139.57 -e 2.6x10

k" 493 te 1.229x10*

Kaon
497.7
0.89x10 1
5.18x10

Eta 548.7 2x10-19

Parity is ve and spin is zero.
NGIUOll oclO0
Dr. Rakesh Ranjan Sahoo (PhD) NP& P [email protected]
 Eementary Particles
e NeS

Elementary Particles
continue..

Baryon (Strongly Interacting Fermions)

Particle Symbol Anti Mass QSpin Mean life
particle (MeV/c*) TJ (sec)
Proton 938.256te % Infinite
Neutron 939.550 0 1.01x103
Lambda 1115.44 0 | 2.63x 10-10
Sigma 1189.36 +e 0.81x1010
1192.46 0 6x1020
1197.34-e %|1.48x10-10
Xi 1314.9 0 2.9x10-10
Cascade 1321.3-e 1.64x 10-10
Omega 1672.5+0.5-e 3/21.3+0.310
Parity 1S +ve.
Kanjalnoalioe
Dr. Rakesh Ranian Sahoo PhD NP [email protected] 6/ 20
 ee ysIcs Elementary Particles

Elementary Particles
continue.

Lepton (Weakly Interacting Fermions)

article Symbol Anti- Mass PMean life
particle (MeV/c) (sec)
Electron e
0.511 -e-1,1| Infinite
Muon 105.66 2.2x10
- , 1|

Tau 1776 4.6x10-13

Electron #0, Infinite
Neutrinoo e2.2 eV/c2
Muon #0, Infinite
neutrino <17 eV/c
Tau Neutrino #0, Infinite
IsI5.5 eV/e
Spin is
dInjanoaliee
Dr. Rakesh Ranjan Sahoo PhD) NP&P rakesh.s240live.com
 nentayarcice

The Standard model of particle physics

hme

Y
amb
Eceie Chage
er of Cekor
Modelof Elementary Particles Higgs boson
orlgin of mass
Three Generations of Matter(Fermionsoroe Carriers

Char nth
Dectro Spin
maggnetism
131000
Higes
uon

Strong

b
I n t e r actions

PCO
Neuto euub

V V
O000070 Weak
Interactions
Wplus

105 66 90990

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Dr. Rakesh Ranjan Sahoo (PhD) NP&F rekssh.sg49liys.sem 8 ( 20
 E yse Uark Favors

Quark Flavors

Fractional charge
Quantum no.
of quark particle
Down Charmed Strange Bottom
Up(u) Top((0)
(d (S) (b)
Charge +2/5 e -1/3 e +2/3 e -1/3 e +2/3 e -1/3 e
Mass 2.3 4.7 -1275 95 173.5 .18
MeV/c MeV/c MeV/c MeV/c GeV/c2 GeVie
Spin
I (lsospin) 0
l3 /2
B 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3
S (Strangeness) 0 -1

C(Charmness)
B' (Bottomness) -I

T (Topness)
Note: I is the z-component
of 1. The antiquarks are 7,d.7,3,7,6.
Isospin of antiquark is same as quark and B is -1/3.

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Dr. Rakesh Ranjan Sahoo (PhD) NP & rakesh.s24Qlive.com 9 20
 *****

Quark Flavors

Gell-Mann-Nishijima Scheme
Gellmen- Nishijima relation for charge ofthe particle
-
where Q, s, B and S are charge, third component of Isospin, Baryon
number and Strangeness respectively. Y=B-S is called hypercharge of
the particle.
The old formula of Gell Mann-Nishijima does hold good for u
and d Quarks. However, for other quarks, s.c,b,t the formula does not

hold good.

kanjanoahoo
Dr. Rakesh Ranjan Sahoo (PhD) NP&Pp [email protected] 10/20
 Pysic uaTAavors

Gell-Mann-Nishijima Scheme
continue..

Now if we include the S, C, B', T are the charmness no., strangeness

no., topness no. and bottomness numbers. Then we can reproduce the
charges by Extended Gell Mann-Nishijima formula
Q-1,+(+B+T+C+8)2
Therefore, we may write as in below table
Gell Mann-Nishijima formula
Quarks falvors Old formula Newformula
2/3 2/3
d -1/3 -1/3
1/6 2/3
S -1/3 -1/3
1/6 2/3
b 1/6 -1/3
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Dr. Rakesh Ranjan Sahoo (PhD) NP& P [email protected] 11/2
 arecle Pnysics
Quark Flavors

Quark Color (Color degrees of freedom)

The baryons are composed of quarks was that the presence of the two
(meson) or three (bary on) quarks of the same kind in particular, ex.
P)=ud). n )=|a), violates the Pauli exclusion principle.
To get around this problem, it was suggested that quarks and
antiquarks have an additional property óf some kind i.e. another degree
of freedom.
In the case quarks, this property become known as 'color' and its

three possibilities are called red(). green(g) and blue(b) and the
corresponding anti color states anti-red (), anti-green) and anti-blue

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Dr. Rakesh Ranjan Sahoo (PhD) NP & p rakesh [email protected]
 Quark Color (Color degrees of freedom)

If all the required 3-quarks have different colors such combination can

be through of as White as

Red +Green + Blue = White

So that if the quarks have color, the antiquark has anti-color, which has

the effect of cancelling out the color. The result is that both Baryons
and Mesons are aways colorless, quark color is a property that has

significance within hadrons but is never directly observable in the

outside the world.

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Dr. Rakesh Ranjan Sahoo (PhD) NP
&P [email protected] 13/ 20
 Quark Color (Color degrees of freedom)

Flavour

Up U2

Down di d2 d3 Classification
Charm C C2 C3 of quarks

Strange 2 $3 according to
Top t3 flavour & color
Bottom bi b b3
Red Blue Green Color

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Dr. Rakesh Ranjan Sahoo (PhD) NP& p [email protected] 14/ 2o
 uaTk avors

Quark model

The Quantum Numbers of Baryon Octet can be summaries as follows:

Symbol Quark Spin Parity I b S Q

P uud +ve 0 1
n udd ve -% 0 0
A uds 0 0 -1 0
+ve
uus 2 tve 1 1 -11
uds +ve 1 0 -1 0
dds /2 +ve 1 -1 -1 -1
uss +ve
-2 0
dss +ve -%-2 -1
Lepton no. is zero, baryon no. is 1, spin is % and parity +ve.

Ranjan banoo
Dr. Rakesh Ranjan Sahoo (PhD) NP& P [email protected] 1 5 /20
 Quark model
continue.
Y Vs I,

Weight diagrams -B+S

A
Y-BB*

" Q
-I -1/2 0 I/2 -/2-I-1/2 0 1/2 3/2
(a) (b)
(a) the J=octet of lighi baryons (b) the J=baryon decuplet.

Ranjanbanoc
Dr. Rakesh Ranjan Sahoo (PhDD) NP& P [email protected]
 Quark model
continue.

The Quantum Numbers of Baryon Decuplets with Spin -jP (3/2)* =

Baryon Symbol Quark L I I B sQ Mass (MeV)

A uuu 0 3/2 3/2 1 0 2 1240
Delta A uud 0 3/2 10 1 1240
A udd 0 3/2-1/2 1 0 0 1240
ddd 0 3/2 -3/2 10 -1 1240
uus 1395
Sigma uds 0 0 0 1-1 0 1395
dds 0 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1395
Cascade *0 uss 1533
* dss 0 -1/2 - 1-2 -1 1533

Omega sss 0 0 0 1 -3 -1 1672

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Dr. Rakesh Ranjan Sahoo (PhD) NP& rakesh.s24Olive.com 17/ 20
 Parecie Paysic Quark Flavors

Quark model
continue..

The Quantum Numbers of Nonet Mesons with Spin = 0; jP = 0.

Meson Quark
ud 1 +1 0 1
-day 0 0 0 0
Td 1-1 0-1
Us

ds % -% 1 0
- % -1 -1
ds
uu +dã-2s5/V6 0 0 0 0
uu +dd+s5)3 0 0 0/0

Lepton no. is zero, baryon no. is zero, spin zero, parity is -ve.

Ranjan Sahoo
Dr. Rakesh Ranjan Sahoo (PhD NP & P [email protected] 18/ 20
 Particie
Physics Quark Flavors

Quark model
continue..

The Quantum Numbers of vector Mesons with Spin=1: jP=1

Meson Quark Spin Parity L B IS Q Mass (MeV)
ud -ve 0 1 +1 0 1 765

u-dayE -ve 0 01 0 00 765

P -ve o o 1 1 0 -1 765
-ve-0 0 1 892
892
ve 0 0 % - I0

-ve 892
ds -ve 0 0 -1 0 892
SS -ve 00 0 0 00 1090
-ve 0 00 0 0
0 784
K.nand p mesons are triplets under SUr2)
isospin symmetry grOup.

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 u a r k Flavors
ce yes

Quark model
continue...

K S-+1

S=0
S=0

KO S=-1
-I -0 Q-+1 -

(a) J-0' nonet meson (b)J=1 nonet meson

Ranjan Sanoo
Dr. Rakesh Ranjan Sahoo (PhD) NP & P rakesh.s24Olive.com 20/ 20