Introduction to

Structured Query
Language (SQL)

Ms. KIELLY CHRIZZA MAE T. LARA

INSTRUCTOR
COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, ENTERTAINMENT
AND COMMUNICATION, UBLC
Learning Objectives

• In this chapter, you will learn:

– Define SQL, its purpose and importance in database
management
– Familiarize the SQL syntax
– Enumerate and discuss the different DML and DDL
SQL languages
What is SQL?
 What is SQL?

• SQL stands for Structured Query

language, pronounced as "S-Q-L" or sometimes as
"See-Quel".
• SQL is the standard language for dealing with
Relational Databases.
• SQL can be used to insert, search, update and delete
database records.
• SQL can do lots of other operations including
optimizing and maintenance of databases.
• Relational databases like MySQL Database, Oracle,
Ms SQL server, Sybase, etc uses SQL.
 How to use sql syntaxes?

• SQL Example

SQL keyword Table Name Condition

 Structured Query
Language (SQL)

• Categories of SQL function

– Data definition language (DDL)
– Data manipulation language (DML)
• Nonprocedural language with basic
command vocabulary set of less than 100
words
• Differences in SQL dialects are minor
Table 2.1 - SQL Data
Definition Command
 Table 2.2 - SQL Data
Manipulation Commands
Figure 2.1 - The Database
Model
 Tasks to be Completed
Before Using a New RDBMS

• Create database structure

– RDBMS creates physical files that will hold
database
– Differs from one RDBMS to another
• Authentication: Process DBMS uses to verify
that only registered users access the data
– Required for the creation tables
– User should log on to RDBMS using user ID
and password created by database
administrator
 The Database Schema

• Logical group of database objects related

to each other
• Command
– CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION
{creator};
• Seldom used directly
 Common SQL Data Types

Numeric

• NUMBER(L,D) or NUMERIC(L,D)

Character

• CHAR(L)
• VARCHAR(L) or VARCHAR2(L)

Date

• DATE
 Creating Table Structures

• Use one line per column (attribute) definition

• Use spaces to line up attribute characteristics
and constraints
• Table and attribute names are capitalized
• Features of table creating command sequence
– NOT NULL specification
– UNIQUE specification
• Syntax to create table
– CREATE TABLE tablename();
 Primary Key and Foreign
Key

• Primary key attributes contain both a NOT NULL

and a UNIQUE specification
• RDBMS will automatically enforce referential
integrity for foreign keys
• Command sequence ends with semicolon
• ANSI SQL allows use of following clauses to
cover CASCADE, SET NULL, or SET DEFAULT
– ON DELETE and ON UPDATE
 SQL Constraints

NOT NULL
• Ensures that column does not accept nulls

UNIQUE
• Ensures that all values in column are unique

DEFAULT
• Assigns value to attribute when a new row is added to table

CHECK
• Validates data when attribute value is entered
 SQL Indexes

• When primary key is declared, DBMS

automatically creates unique index
• Composite index:
– Is based on two or more attributes
– Prevents data duplication
• Syntax to create SQL indexes
– CREATE INDEX indexname ON tablename();
• Syntax to delete an index
– DROP INDEX indexname;
 Data Manipulation Commands

INSERT: Command to insert data into table

• Syntax - INSERT INTO tablename VALUES();
• Used to add table rows with NULL and NOT NULL
attributes

COMMIT: Command to save changes

• Syntax - COMMIT [WORK];

• Ensures database update integrity
 Data Manipulation Commands

SELECT: Command to list the contents

• Syntax - SELECT columnlist FROM tablename;
• Wildcard character(*): Substitute for other
characters/command

UPDATE: Command to modify data

• Syntax - UPDATE tablename SET columnname =
expression [, columnname = expression] [WHERE
conditionlist];
 Data Manipulation Commands

WHERE condition
• Specifies the rows to be selected
ROLLBACK: Command to restore the database
• Syntax - ROLLBACK;
• Undoes the changes since last COMMIT
command
DELETE: Command to delete
• Syntax - DELETE FROM tablename
• [WHERE conditionlist];
 Review Questions

1. Explain the concept and function of SQL

as a language used in database
management system.

2. Give at least three (3) DDL and DML.

Laboratory Task
REFERENCE:

• https://www.guru99.com/introduction-to-
mysql-workbench.html