CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

A literature review surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to a

particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, provides a description, summary,

and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being investigated.

Literature reviews are designed to provide an overview of sources customer have explored while

researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to readers how to research fits within a larger

field of study. A literature review may consist of simply a summary of key sources, but in the

social sciences, a literature review usually has an organizational pattern and combines both

summary and synthesis, often within specific conceptual categories.[ CITATION lit17 \l 1033 ]

Literature review is defined as: a summary of previous research on a topic.  The literature

review surveys scholarly articles, books, and other sources relevant to a particular area of

research or interest. Within the review the author provides a description, summary and critical

evaluation of each source, i.e. the strengths and weaknesses. The literature review may also

identify gaps or controversies in the literature and topics needing further research.[ CITATION

lit1 \l 1033 ]

This chapter consists of discussion of the Literature review related to Online Hotel

Reservation Management and system. Includes: Theoretical and Conceptual Development,

Case study of the research, Compare Between exiting system, Chapter Summary.

2.0
Introduction
2.1 Theoretical 2.3 Compare
2.2 Case study
and Between 2.4 Chapter
of the
Conceptual exiting system Summary
research
Development

2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3

Figure 2-1 Review Map

This section discusses the concepts of Online, Hotel, Reservation, Management and

system. The “hotel” is a place to stay day/night by payment of its rent. Know the proper

definition of hotel from below: Hotel is such a place where the accommodation system to stay

night with the facilities food and beverage is available. Or, where the facilities of sleeping

accommodation, food and beverage service available and guest/client pay the rent for staying

day/night in the room and for taking those facilities is called Hotel.[ CITATION Hot14 \l 1033 ]

A commercial establishment providing lodging, meals, and other guest services.

In general, to be called a hotel, an establishment must have a minimum of six letting bedrooms,

at least three of which must have attached (unsuited) private bathroom facilities. Although hotels

are classified into 'Star' categories (1-Star to 5-Star), there is no standard method of assigning

these ratings, and compliance with customary requirements is voluntary. A US hotel with a

certain rating, for example, is may look very different from a European or Asian hotel with the

same rating, and would provide a different level of amenities, range of facilities, and quality of

service.[ CITATION krj17 \l 1033 ]

The “Reservation” is an area of land managed by a Native American tribe under the U.S.

Bureau of Indian Affairs. There are approximately 310 Indian reservations in the United States

although there are more than 550 federally recognized tribes. This is because some tribes have

more than one reservation, some share reservations, while others have none, often due to a lack

of federal recognition.  Because of past land allotments (for example, under the Dawes Act of

1887) some reservations are fragmented, with pieces of tribal, individual, and privately held
land, some of it owned by non-Indians. The collective geographical area of all reservations is

55.7 million acres, or about 2.3% of the area of the United States. [ CITATION Jae07 \l 1033 ]

The system of reservation in India comprises a series of affirmative action measures, such

as reserving access to seats in the various legislatures, to government jobs, and to enrolment in

higher educational institutions. The societal inequality in India is represented by the grossly

inadequate representation of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Castes in

employment and education due to historic, societal and cultural reasons. The reservation

nourishes the historically disadvantaged castes and tribes, listed as Scheduled Castes and

Scheduled Tribes by the Government of India. [ CITATION rew18 \l 1033 ]. The “Online” is often

refers to:

A phone or tablet or Online telephone, a portable device used exclusively for

telecommunications. An Online phone is a wireless handheld device that allows users to make

calls and send text messages, among other features. The earliest generation of Online phones

could only make and receive calls. An Online phone may also be known as a cellular phone or

simply cell phone.[ CITATION mob17 \l 1033 ] Online phones invented as early as the 1940s when

engineers working at AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph) developed cells for Online

phone base stations. The very first Online phones are not really Online phones at all. They are

two-way radios that allowed people like taxi drivers and the emergency services to communicate.

Instead of relying on base stations with separate cells (and the signal being passed from one cell

to another), the first Online phone networks involved one very powerful base station covering a

much wider area. Motorola, on 3 April 1973 first company to mass produce the first handheld

Online phone. These early Online phones are often referred to as 0G Online phones, or Zero
Generation Online phones. Most phones today rely on 3G or 4G Online technology.[ CITATION

Kat17 \l 1033 ] The history of the Online phone has taken place over a comparatively short time,

but cellular technology has been seen to develop at a tremendous rate. As a form of two-way

radio communications, cellular technology has outstripped every other form of radio

communications technology. It took just over 20 years to migrate from the first analogue systems

to the 3G systems capable of high data rate transfers. Now development of cellular technology is

looking at 4G standards capable of data rates of over 100 Mbps. With many developments still

taking place, the outlook for cellular technology looks as if it particularly interesting.[ CITATION

Poo10 \l 1033 ] The “Management “is essential for organized life and necessary to run all types of

management. Good management is the backbone of successful organizations. Managing life

means getting things done to achieve life’s objectives and managing an organization means

getting things done with and through other people to achieve its objectives. Whether

management is an art or science, continue to be a subject of debate. However, most management

thinkers agree that some form of formal academic management background helps in managing

successfully. Practically, all CEO’s are university graduates. Hence, the reason for including

business degree programs in all academic institutions.[ CITATION kma03 \l 1033 ]The

“management” is an art of getting things done through and with the people in formally organized

groups. It is an art of creating an environment in which people can perform and individuals and

can co-operate towards attainment of group goals.[ CITATION Har14 \l 1033 ] Management is the

act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available

resources efficiently and effectively. Since organizations can be viewed as systems, management

can also be defined as human action, including design, to facilitate the production of useful
outcomes from a system. This view opens the opportunity to manage oneself, a pre-requisite to

attempting to manage others.[CITATION ani17 \l 1033 ]

Management is a universal phenomenon. It is a very popular and widely used term. All

organizations - business, political, cultural or social are involved in management because it is the

management which helps and directs the various efforts towards a definite purpose. According to

Harold Koontz, Management is an art of getting things done through and with the people in

formally organized groups.[CITATION wha17 \l 1033 ].

A system is a collection of elements or components that are organized for a common

purpose. The word sometimes describes the organization or plan itself (and is similar in meaning

to method, as in (“I have my own little system”) and sometimes describes the parts in the system

(as in "computer system").[CITATION sys \l 1033 ]

The System is an arrangement of people, data, processes and interface to support and improve

day to day operation in a business as well as support the problem solving and decision-making

needs for management and users. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of

items forming a unified whole. Every system is delineated by its spatial and temporal boundaries,

surrounded and influenced by its environment, described by its structure and purpose and

expressed in its functioning.[ CITATION Mer16 \l 1033 ].

1.2 CASE STUDY OF THE RESEARCH

Agan Online Hotel Reservation and management hotel is the more popular hotels in

Kismayo and the hotel of choice for journalists and UN workers who are the main foreign

visitors in the city. staff will give you a warm welcome and you can choose a room from four

floors of mostly empty rooms. There is air conditioning throughout which is impressive
considering that fuel and electricity are luxury goods in Kismayo. The restaurant serves three

meals a day and serves and excellent lamb chop. to get to visit Kismayo you will first have to

convince customs of your sanity but if you can do that, Agan is a good hotel to stay it. So, this

project will help to get a full functioning system which will serve as HRMS (Hotel Reservation

and Management system).

Agan Mission

To delight our guests every time by creating engaging experiences straight from our heart.

Agan Vision

To be the first choice for guests, colleagues, shareholders and business partners

Agan Values
At its core, the Agan Hotel holds the following values and beliefs:

 Exceptional Service - We understand that the value can be created with every encounter

and this is reflected in our superior standard of service.

 Integrity - We are honest and straightforward in our interactions with our owners, guests,

colleagues and the communities in which we operate.

 Respect - We respect the objectives of our stakeholders, the values of our guests, and the

cultural difference in the locations that we operate.

 Continuous Improvement - We are innovative and utilize best practices to continually

improve our management techniques, and the quality of our products and services.
1.3 COMPARE BETWEEN EXITING SYSTEM

There are many systems used before, for this research have chosen some of web-based

Hotel Reservation systems include

2.3.1 HOTELS.COM

Hotels.com L.P. operates Hotels.com, a leading online accommodation booking website

with properties ranging from international chains and all-inclusive resorts to local favorites and

bed & breakfasts, together with all the information needed to book the perfect stay. Customers

get instant savings with Secret Prices* through our Online booking app and Hotels.com Rewards

members can earn and redeem free** nights at thousands of properties worldwide. The

Hotels.com Online Concierge on iPhone is like having a local expert in the palm of your hand,

offering fast access to services such as transportation, on-demand food delivery, restaurant

reservations and activities.

1.3.1 BOOKING.COM

Established in 1996 in Amsterdam, Booking.com has grown from a small Dutch start-up

to one of the largest travel e-commerce companies in the world.

Figure 2-3 Booking.com

1.3.2 BOOK2TRIP.COM

Book2trip has built a platform that forms a meeting point for hosts and guests.

Hosts list their spaces offering a full description of amenities and all the means of comfort that

their Spaces include to make guests’ stay enjoyable and pleasant.

This vacation rentals platform allows hosts to display their properties free.
Figure 2-4Book2trip.com

The comparison of the current system with the proposed system is shown in the Table.

Table 1 Compare Existing System

Features Hotels.com Booking.com Book2trip PROPOSED

SYSTEM
Online √ √ √ √
Booking √ √ √ √
Manage Rooms X √ √ √
Searching √ √ X √

Rooms
 Registration √ √ √ √

1.4 CHAPTER SUMMARY

This chapter discussed Theoretical and Conceptual Development Online Hotel

Reservation Management and system, Case study of the research Agan Hotel, Compare Between

exiting system Manual and Online Reservation and Chapter Summary.