1.
> a <- "hello world"
>a
[1] "hello world"
> print ("hello world")
[1] "hello world"
> z = 1:5
>z
[1] 1 2 3 4 5
> print (z)
[1] 1 2 3 4 5
> paste (z)
[1] "1" "2" "3" "4" "5"
> m = paste(z)
>m
[1] "1" "2" "3" "4" "5"
> z = paste(z)
>z
[1] "1" "2" "3" "4" "5"
2.
> n = 1:10
>n
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
> k = n+2
>k
[1] 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
> n+k
[1] 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
> c= 12:21
>c
[1] 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
> n+c
[1] 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
>c
[1] 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
> h=30:33
>h
[1] 30 31 32 33
> h+c
[1] 42 44 46 48 46 48 50 52 50 52
Warning message:
In h + c : longer object length is not a multiple of shorter object length
> sum(1;10)
Error: unexpected ';' in "sum(1;"
> sum (1:10)
[1] 55
> n = c(1:5)
>n
[1] 1 2 3 4 5
> p = c(50:51)
>p
[1] 50 51
> p = c(50:100)
>p
[1] 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62
[14] 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
[27] 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88
[40] 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
> p[6]
[1] 55
>
Q.
> k=c(1:10)
>k
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
> s= k^2
>s
[1] 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100
> m= k^3
>m
[1] 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000
> print(k,s,m)
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
> paste(k,s,m)
[1] "1 1 1" "2 4 8" "3 9 27"
[4] "4 16 64" "5 25 125" "6 36 216"
[7] "7 49 343" "8 64 512" "9 81 729"
[10] "10 100 1000"
>b = c(k,s,m)
>b
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
[11] 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100
[21] 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000
> p=c(10:15)
> q = c("great", "people")
>q
[1] "great" "people"
>p
[1] 10 11 12 13 14 15
> paste (p,q)
[1] "10 great" "11 people" "12 great" "13 people"
[5] "14 great" "15 people"
> c(p,q)
[1] "10" "11" "12" "13" "14" "15"
[7] "great" "people"
> print(p,q)
Error in print.default(p, q) : invalid printing digits -2147483648
In addition: Warning message:
In print.default(p, q) : NAs introduced by coercion
Class 2:
Default length of any numeric expression is 7
> 11/7
[1] 1.571429
> 110/7
[1] 15.71429
> f= 11/7
>f
[1] 1.571429
> print(f, digit=4)
[1] 1.571
> print(f, digit=2)
[1] 1.6
> print(f, digit=1) rounds off the value
[1] 2
> print (f, digit=-1)
Error in print.default(f, digit = -1) : invalid printing digits -1
> print (f, digit=0)
[1] 2
>> getwd()
[1] "C:/Users/user/Documents"
> setwd("C:/Users/user/Documents/R files")
Error in setwd("C:/Users/user/Documents/R files") :
cannot change working directory
> setwd("C:/Users/user/Documents\R files")
Error: '\R' is an unrecognized escape in character string starting ""C:/Users/user/Documents\R"
> setwd("C:/Users/user/Documents\R files")
> x= (1:12)
>x
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
> dim (x)= c(2,6)
>x
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
[1,] 1 3 5 7 9 11
[2,] 2 4 6 8 10 12
> dim (x)= c(3,4)
>x
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 1 4 7 10
[2,] 2 5 8 11
[3,] 3 6 9 12
> dim (x)= c(6,2)
>x
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 1 7
[2,] 2 8
[3,] 3 9
[4,] 4 10
[5,] 5 11
[6,] 6 12
> t(x)
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
[1,] 1 2 3 4 5 6
[2,] 7 8 9 10 11 12
Q. 1st 10 natural nos in a column
> k =(1:10)
>k
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
> y = k^2
> z= k^3
>y
[1] 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100
>z
[1] 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000
> s = c(k,y,z)
>s
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
[11] 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100
[21] 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000
> dim (s)= c(10,3)
>s
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1 1 1
[2,] 2 4 8
[3,] 3 9 27
[4,] 4 16 64
[5,] 5 25 125
[6,] 6 36 216
[7,] 7 49 343
[8,] 8 64 512
[9,] 9 81 729
[10,] 10 100 1000
>c(1:10)
> b=a^2
> c=a^3
> a=c(a,b,c)
>a
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
[11] 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100
[21] 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000
>
> a= cbind(a,b,c)
>a
a b c
[1,] 1 1 1
[2,] 2 4 8
[3,] 3 9 27
[4,] 4 16 64
[5,] 5 25 125
[6,] 6 36 216
[7,] 7 49 343
[8,] 8 64 512
[9,] 9 81 729
[10,] 10 100 1000
[11,] 1 1 1
[12,] 4 4 8
[13,] 9 9 27
[14,] 16 16 64
[15,] 25 25 125
[16,] 36 36 216
[17,] 49 49 343
[18,] 64 64 512
[19,] 81 81 729
[20,] 100 100 1000
[21,] 1 1 1
[22,] 8 4 8
[23,] 27 9 27
[24,] 64 16 64
[25,] 125 25 125
[26,] 216 36 216
[27,] 343 49 343
[28,] 512 64 512
[29,] 729 81 729
[30,] 1000 100 1000
> k=(a,b,c)
Error: unexpected ',' in "k=(a,"
> k=c(a,b,c)
>k
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
[11] 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100
[21] 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000
[31] 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100
[41] 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100
[51] 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100
[61] 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000
[71] 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000
[81] 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000
[91] 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100
[101] 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000
> dim(k)=c(10,3)
Error in dim(k) = c(10, 3) :
dims [product 30] do not match the length of object [110]
> dim(k)= c(10,3) check with someone
Error in dim(k) = c(10, 3) :
dims [product 30] do not match the length of object [110]
> x=45
> mode(x)
[1] "numeric"
> c="INDIA"
> mode(c)
[1] "character"
> q= TRUE
> mode (q)
[1] "logical"
> k = paste(x,c,q)
>k
[1] "45 INDIA TRUE"
> j= c(x,c,q)
>j
[1] "45" "INDIA" "TRUE"
> h = list(x,c,q)
>h
[[1]]
[1] 45
[[2]]
[1] "INDIA"
[[3]]
[1] TRUE
> h[1]
[[1]]
[1] 45
> mode(f[1])
[1] "numeric"
> mode(h[1])
[1] "list"
>
> str(h)
List of 3
$ : num 45
$ : chr "INDIA"
$ : logi TRUE
> str(h[2])
List of 1
$ : chr "INDIA"
> letters
[1] "a" "b" "c" "d" "e" "f" "g" "h" "i" "j" "k" "l" "m"
[14] "n" "o" "p" "q" "r" "s" "t" "u" "v" "w" "x" "y" "z"
> LETTERS
[1] "A" "B" "C" "D" "E" "F" "G" "H" "I" "J" "K" "L" "M"
[14] "N" "O" "P" "Q" "R" "S" "T" "U" "V" "W" "X" "Y" "Z"
> mode (letters)
[1] "character"
> is.character (letters)
[1] TRUE
> str(letters)
chr [1:26] "a" "b" "c" "d" "e" "f" "g" "h" "i" "j" ...
> letters = 12
> letters
[1] 12 Be careful in using this as it converts it into numeric
n = c(9,25,35,-01,100)
> a= sqrt(n)
Warning message:
In sqrt(n) : NaNs produced
>a
[1] 3.00000 5.00000 5.91608 NaN 10.00000
> is.na(a)
[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE
> is.finite(n)
[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
> is.infinite(n)
[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
