10/20/2010

Chapter 2 Hydrostatics

Hydraulics I
Zerihun Alemayehu
Rm. E119B

Definitions
• Hydrostatics: the study of fluids that are at rest
or moving with uniform velocity as a solid
body (no relative motion)
• For fluids at rest or no relative motion
• shear stress is zero between the fluid layers.
• The only force acting will be hydrostatic: normal pressure force

o Application
• Submerged bodies: gates, submarines, dams etc
• Analysis of stability of floating bodies: ships, pontoons etc

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Pascal’s law
“the pressure at a point in a fluid at rest is the same
in all directions.”
 F x  0  p x  y l sin   p n  y l sin   pn  p x
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 F z  0  p z  y l cos   p n  y l cos    l cos   l sin   y
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 pn  p z

 pn  p x  p y  p z  p

Pascal’s law

P = F1/A1
F2 = PA2
F2 = F1 (A2/A1)

Hydraulic Piston

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Basic Equation of Hydrostatics

The mass of the fluid = .x.y.z
Assume the fluid is subjected to z
y
Acceleration of ax, ay and az
Considering equilibrium in the vertical direction z  g x y z

x
Which reduces to P xy
x
Similarly in the other direction we get
y
and

Basic Equation of Hydrostatics

The total change in pressure is given by the
Total differential as follows: z
y

z  g x y z

Or dp = -ax.dx - ay.dy - (az+ g).dz x

P xy
x

y
dp = -[ax.dx + ay.dy + (az+ g).dz]

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Pressure Variation with Elevation

• Static fluid – pressure varies only
with elevation in the fluid.

 Fl  0
 F left  F right  F weight
 p  A  ( p   p )  A    A  l sin 

p z dp dz
   sin     or  
l l dl dl

dp
 
dz

Pressure Variation with Elevation

dp
• If γ is a constant  
dz
pa atmosphere

When z = zo, p = pa h = zo - z
zo
Therefore, the pressure at a depth z is
P
p = pa + gh
z
p
h   z  constant (piezometr ic head)
 datum
Elevation head
Pressure head

Piezometric head

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Absolute and gage pressure A

Gauge
PA
pressure
(Gauge)

Atmospheric pressure
Reference

PB
(Vaccum) Vaccum
B
Local PA
atmospheric (Absolute
pressure pressure)
PB
(Absolute Abs. pressure
pressure)

Absolute zero
Reference

Pabs = Patm + Pgage

Absolute and gage pressure

• Atmospheric pressure Barometric pressure
Pv

Pa = Pv + gy = Patm
0 y
Patm = Pv + gy Patm
a
Patm = gy

At sea level, y = 760 mm of Hg or 10.33 m of water

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Measurement of Pressure
• Bourdon Gauge
• Piezometer column
• Manometers
• Micromanometer

Bourdon Gauge

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Piezometer column
Measures positive pressures

PA = gh h

Manometers
• Used to measure pressure difference between two
points
• High positive and negative pressure differences

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U-tube Manometer

PL = PK A

PA + Ny2 = My1 y1
y2
N
Thus, PA = My1 - Ny2
K L

Differential Manometer
A

y3
A
B
PK = PL y2
o
PA + (y3 + y2) N = PB + (y2-y1)  o + y1  M y1
K L
PA – PB = (y2-y1)  o + y1  M - (y3 + y2) N
M

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Micromanometers
C
m n

Pm +(k1 +  y)  c+ (k2 -  y+ h/2)  B - h  k1

o
A – (k2 – h/2 +  y)  B – (k1 -  y)  C = Pn y
O O

 y. A = h/2 a or 2  y = h (a/A) Area A

B k2
l l
h
h/2
Pm – Pn = h[ A -  B (1 – a/A) -  c a/A] Area a

A

Example 2.1
• What is maximum force F2 that can
be supported? Where F1 = 100 N

p 1  p 2    oil ( z 1  z 2 )
p 2  p 1   oil ( z 1  z 2 )
F
 1  SG  w ( z 1  z 2 )
A1
200
  ( 0 . 85 )( 9810 )( 0  2 )

( 0 . 04 ) 2 
4 F 2  p 2 A 2  142 , 500 ( )( 0 . 1 ) 2
4
 142 , 500 N / m 2
F 2  1 ,119 N

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Example 2.2
• Find the location of the surface in the manometer
A

B C

Solution
The distance h is the height of
the liquid in the manomoter
above the heavier liquid in the A
tank.
D
p A  0 . 1 *  w  h *  m  p D
C
B
p A  PD  0

 h  0 .1 * w
 m
1
 h  0 .1 *  3 . 33 cm
3

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Example 2.3
A U-tube containing mercury (relative density 13.6) has
its right-hand limb open to atmosphere and the left-
hand limb connected to a pipe conveying water
under pressure, the difference in levels of mercury in
the two limps being 200 mm. If the mercury level in the
left limb is 400 mm below the center line of the pipe,
find the absolute pressure in the pipeline in kPa. Also
find the new difference in levels of the mercury in the
U-tube if the pressure in the pipe falls by 2 kN/m2.

Solution
p/g + 0.40 - 13.6 x 0.20 = 0 (atmosphere)
 p/ g = 2.32 m of water
or p = 103 x 9.81 x 2.32 = 22.76 kN/m2

The corresponding abs pressure = 101 +

22.76 = 123.76 kN/m2

20.76 x 103/103 x 9.81 + 0.30 + x/2 - 13.6 x = 0

 x, the new difference is mercury levels =
0.184 m 0r 184 mm

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Example 2.4

Air
Determine the gauge reading in N/m2
What will be the gauge reading when
C
Expressed as head of water in m? B
20 cm
4.0 m A’ A

Water

Mercury

Solution
• PA = PA’
• PB = PA’ – 0.20 M
• PC = PB and PD = Pgauge = PC + 4 W
•  PD = PA’ – 0.20 m + 4 W
• PD=0 – 0.20 x w.Sm + 4 W
• PD = 12556.8 N/m2
• Expressed as head of water
• h = P/ W = 12556.8/9810 = 1.28 m

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Example 2.5
The Bourden gauge connected to the manometer is inside
The sealed tank. Atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa absolute.
Calculate the gauge reading Px.
700 kN/m2

G
Air
A

1m Water 1.5 m
B
S = 1.6 CCl4 1.5 m
C

Solution
• PA = atm. Pressure + 700 kPa gauge
• PA = 800 kPa
• PB = PA + pressure due to water column
= 800 + 9.81 x 1.5 = 814.715 kPa abs.
• PC = PB + pressure due to CCl4 = 814.715 700 kN/m2
+ 9.81 x 1.6 x 1.5 = 838.259 kPa abs.
• Gauge Pressure at C with respect to A = G
838.259 – 800 = 38.259 kPa Air
A
• The pressure in both limbs of U-tube
should be equal 1m Water 1.5 m
B
• Px + 1.6 x 9.81 x (1.0 + 1.5) = 38.259
• Px = 0.981 kPa vacuum S = 1.6 CCl4 1.5 m
C

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Example 2.6
Find the pressure at in pipe A

PA + 0.2 =1.0 x 13.6

PA = 13.40 m
PA = 13.4 x 9.81 =131.45 kPa

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