GASES – behavior, laws,

properties, examples
Some Common Gases and Their Uses
Name / Mixture of Uses
Gases
Air Without air, we cannot breathe and fires
will not burn.
Natural Gas Used as fuel for heating
Oxygen Used in hospitals, in manufacturing
metals
Carbon Dioxide The gas in fizzy drinks, also used in fire
extinguishers
Nitrogen Used to make plant food (fertilizer)
Water Vapor When it cools down, it forms clouds
Helium Very light gas used in balloons
Argon The gas inside electric light bulbs
 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
• Gases have mass (compressible and expandable)
• Gas particles move in straight lines, and in random
direction.
• Diffuse very rapidly.
• The force of attraction between them are negligible.
• Particles collide with each other or with the walls of
container but do not lose their kinetic energy.
• All gases have the same average kinetic energy at a
given temperature of gas.
 Gas Laws
Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law
Gay-Lussac’s Law, Combined Gas Law
Avogadro’s Law, Ideal Gas Law
 General Reminders
• Read the word problems and analyze the given
carefully.
• Make sure the same properties have the same
units.
• DO NOT FORGET THE UNITS
• STP = Standard Temperature and Pressure
• 0°C or 273 K, 1 atm or 101.325 kPa
 Boyle’s Law
(Volume-Pressure Relationship)
• The volume of a given mass of gas
held at constant temperature is
inversely proportional to its
pressure.
 Boyle’s Law
(Volume-Pressure Relationship)
Sample Problems:
1. Freon in air-conditioning unit has a volume of 0.30 L. It is
allowed to function in a room where the pressure is
about 628 mmHg, assuming that the temperature is in a
constant state. Find the final pressure of Freon when its
volume is increased to 0.95 L.
2. A sample of gas occupies a volume of 350 mL under a
pressure of 0.75 atm. If the temperature is held constant,
what volume will the sample occupy under 1.0 atm of
pressure?
 Boyle’s Law
(Volume-Pressure Relationship)
Seat work:
1. A cylinder of compressed gas has a volume of 85 𝑑𝑚3
and a pressure of 984 kPa. What volume would the
gas occupy if allowed to escape into a balloon at a
pressure of 125 kPa? Assume that temperature does
not change.
2. At 0°C and 5 atm, a given sample of gas occupies 75
L. The gas is compressed to a final volume of 30 L at
0°C. What is the final pressure?
 Application of Boyle’s Law
• Breathing or respiration
• Deep sea fishes, when brought to the surface,
die due to decrease pressure.
• A syringe plunger being pressed down to draw
out the fluid causes the volume to decrease
while increasing the pressure inside.
 Charles’ Law
(Volume-Temperature Relationship)
• Kelvin temperature and the
volume of a gas are directly
related when there is no change in
pressure of a gas.
 Charles’ Law
(Volume-Temperature Relationship)
Sample Problems:
1. A 132 mL of gas is measured at 38°C. If the
pressure remains constant, what will be the
volume of the gas at 10°C?

2. A sample of gas has a volume of 78.5 mL at 45°C.

What volume will the sample occupy at 0°C when
the pressure is held constant?
 Charles’ Law
(Volume-Temperature Relationship)
• Seatwork:
1. A 240 𝑐𝑚 volume of gas is collected at 60°C.
3
What volume would this sample of gas
occupy at standard temperature? Assume
that pressure is constant.
2. Under constant pressure, a sample of
hydrogen gas initially at 85°C and 7.2 L is
cooled until its final volume is 4.1L. What is
its final temperature?
 Application of Charles’ Law

1.Hot air balloon

2.An inflated balloon shrinks when placed
inside the refrigerator
3.Bicycle Tires during hot and cold
weather.
 Gay-Lussac’s Law
(Temperature-Pressure Relationship)
• The pressure of a fixed amount of
gas is directly proportional to the
absolute temperature (Kelvin)
 Gay-Lussac’s Law
(Temperature-Pressure Relationship)
Sample Problems:
1. What will happen to a can of paint spray containing
only the propellant at a pressure of 750 torr at 30°
C if it is thrown into a heap of garbage burning at
165°C?
2. A 15-L container with gas to a pressure of 2.0 atm
at 0°C. At what temperature will the pressure
inside the container be 2.75 atm?
 Gay-Lussac’s Law
(Temperature-Pressure Relationship)

Seatwork:
1.A 20-L gas sample is found to exert 3.5
atm at 25°C. What would the pressure
be if the temperature is changed to
30°C?
 Gay-Lussac’s Law
(Temperature-Pressure Relationship)
Seatwork:
2.) A container is filled with a gas to a pressure of
1.25 atm at 20°C.
a. What pressure will develop within the
sealed container if it is heated to 70°C?
b. At what temperature would be the pressure
be 1.00 atm?
 Combined Gas Law
(Volume-Pressure-Temperature Relationship)
• Both T and P cause an increase in V
• Both T and P cause a decrease in V
• T causes an increase in V and P
causes a decrease in V
• T causes a decrease in V and P
causes an increase in V
 Combined Gas Law
(Volume-Pressure-Temperature Relationship)

Sample Problems:
1. A given mass of gas has a volume of 893 mL at -
33°C and 480 torr. Calculate the volume at 30°C
and 210 torr of pressure and the amount of gas is
constant.
2. A 350 𝑐𝑚3 sample of helium gas is collected at
22°C and 99.3 kPa. What volume would this gas
occupy at STP?
 Combined Gas Law
(Volume-Pressure-Temperature Relationship)

Seatwork:
1. The volume of a sample of gas is 750 mL at 60°C
and 0.7 atm. At what temperature will the sample
1.0 L occupy under a pressure of 1.0 atm?
2. A 2-L sample of gas is collected at 20°C and 1.5
atm. What is the pressure of the gas at 300 K if the
volume is 5.0 L?
 Avogadro’s Law
(Volume-Mole Relationship)
Equal volumes of gases at the same
temperature and pressure contain
equal number of molecules
 Avogadro’s Law
(Volume-Mole Relationship)
Sample Problems:
1. A 2.7 mole of gas has a volume of 2.9 L at certain
temperature. Find the new volume of this gas if 5
moles are added to the original volume under the
same conditions.
2. A balloon containing 2.0 moles of helium has a
volume of 0.8L. What would the volume be if 3.5
moles of helium are added to the balloon?
 Avogadro’s Law
(Volume-Mole Relationship)
Seatwork
1. 10 g of nitrogen has a volume of 2-L. If the amount of
nitrogen is increased to 45 g, what new volume will result if
the pressure and temperature remain constant?
2. Suppose we have a 12.2-L sample containing 0.5 moles of
oxygen gas at a pressure of 1 atm and a temperature of 25°C.
If all the oxygen was converted into ozone at the same
temperature and pressure, what would be the volume of
ozone?
 Application of Avogadro’s Law
1. A flat tire takes up less volume than an inflated
tire.
2. As you inhale, your lungs expand as they fill
with air. As you exhale, your lungs decrease in
volume.
3. A helium-filled balloon weighs much less than
an identical balloon filled with air.
4. Moist air is less dense than dry air.
 Ideal Gas Law
The volume of a gas varies directly with
the number of moles and absolute
temperature and inversely proportional
with pressure.

Wherein;
𝑳•𝒂𝒕𝒎
R= ideal gas constant 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟔
𝒎𝒐𝒍 •𝑲
 Ideal Gas Law
Sample Problems:
1. A sample of helium occupies 10 L of space at
STP. How many moles of helium are present
in the sample?
2. 6.5 moles of carbon dioxide gas are present in
a container with a volume of 31.5 L. What is
the pressure of this gas (in atm) if the
temperature is 65°C?
 Ideal Gas Law
Seatwork:
1. How much space will 5.0 molees of sulfur
hexafluoride occupy if the temperature and
pressure of the gas are 125°C and 8.5 atm
respectively?
2. What is the mass of 6.2 L of nitrogen gas at
250°C and 12.0 atm?