Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, June - 2016; Volume – 4(IV)

Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences

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ISSN No. 2320 – 8694

EFFECT OF BENZYLADENINE AND SALICYLIC ACID ON BIOCHEMICAL

TRAITS OF TWO CULTIVARS OF CARNATION

Anita Ramtin1, Sepideh Kalatejari1,*, Roohangiz Naderi2 and Mohammad Matinizadeh3

1
Department of Horticulture, Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2
Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
3
Department of Forest, Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran

Received – February 11, 2016; Revision – April 30, 2016; Accepted – May 12, 2016
Available Online – June 30, 2016

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2016.4(4).427.434

KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Carnation
Plant growth regulators have significant effect on the delaying senescence in buds and flowers. Present
Benzyladenine study was conducted to find out the effects of Salicylic acid and Benzyl adenine spraying on various
biochemical traits such as membrane stability index, chlorophyll a, and b content, total chlorophyll
Salicylic Acid content, sugar content, catalase, and peroxidase enzymes activity, and proline content in Carnation.
Study was conducted in a split plot design with three replications and various concentrations of
Spraying hormones, cultivars of carnation and measurement time was used as a factor of interaction. Results of
study showed that all the traits were significantly affected by spraying of these tow hormones. Cultivar
Biochemical traits factor was most effective in chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll content, catalase enzyme activity,
proline content and sugar content. Among these two hormones, spraying of Salicylic acid @ 100 µM
was found most effective treatment. Further, time of measurements and cultivar factors were also found
effective in all of traits.

All the article published by Journal of Experimental

* Corresponding author
Biology and Agricultural Sciences is licensed under a
E-mail: [email protected] (Sepideh Kalatejari) Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0
International License Based on a work at www.jebas.org.
Peer review under responsibility of Journal of Experimental Biology and
Agricultural Sciences.

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 428 Ramtin et al

1 Introduction richness by stimulating cell division. Lately, numerous

postharvest technologies have been established for enhancing
Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) is one of the most postharvest of fresh and perishable products including fruit,
popular ornamental flower and it is well known throughout the vegetables and cut flowers.
world for its beauty, diversity of colors, excellent keeping
quality, and wide flower range (Kharrazi et al. 2011). It Salicylic acid is a messenger molecule regulating
belongs to family Caryophyllaceae and has more than 300 developmental procedures and it control the biotic and abiotic
species (Jurgens et al., 2003). Members of the genus Dianthus stresses (Zarghami et al. 2014). It also inhibiting ethylene
are fairly diverse, as their origins range from Southern Russia biosynthesis and delaying fruit senescence (Kademi & Ershadi
to Alpine Greece and the Auvergne mountains of France. The 2013). Further, responses of environmental stresses in plants
Dianthus species are adapted to the cooler Alpine regions of could be modulated by salicylic acid signaling (Yao & Tian,
Europe and Asia, and are also found in Mediterranean coastal 2004; Supapvanich & Promyou, 2013; Ramtin et al., 2015).
regions (Australian Government 2006). The genus Dianthus The purpose of this experiment was to study effects of these
contains both annual and perennial caespitose plants; among plants growth regulators spray on important biochemical
these some of its species are cultivated for hundreds of years characteristics of two carnations cultivars with time concern.
for ornamental purposes. Modern cut-flower varieties of
carnation have been selected for its flower size, petal number, 2 Materials and methods
stem length, and disease resistance. Since 19th century, it is
extensively produced for commercial purpose under field and Study was conducted under greenhouse condition at the in
green house conditions. After transferring germplasm to USA, Tehran, Iran. The experimental design was complete
carnation breeding and growing for the cut-flower market randomized design (CRD) in a split plot design with three
became very popular in the USA (OGTR 2006). replications. Various concentration of growth regulators (SA
50µM, SA 100 µM, SA 200µM, BA 50 µM, BA 100 µM,
Regulation of the growth of ornamental plants for commercial BA150 µM, and Control), different cultivars (Spray, and
purposes is a vital aspect in the ornamental production. Both Standard), and three measured times (3 days after harvest, 6
practical requirements and aesthetic aspect must be considering days after harvest, and 9 day after harvest) was taken as a
in order supplying high quality product for buyers (John Carey factor of interaction, indicating change of important enzymes
& Mark 2008). According to Arias & López (2010), method and substances in cut carnation during postharvest. Spraying
used for commercial production should always favor the on plants were two times, first spraying was before bud
improvement in visual (size, compactness, branching, color, opening and another spraying was three days before harvest.
etc.) and physiological quality (resistance to stresses, leaving Membrane stability index were determined by method
the rest, improve the postharvest, etc.) of carnation. Breeding described by Sairam (1994), while chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b
of carnation is not an easy task because of flower texture, its and total chlorophyll content was determined by the method
flowers are normally protandrous and outcross occurred given by Arnon (1967) with some modification. Further, sugar
typically (Behroozian et al. 2013). Further, stem and leaf content by Dey (1990), catalase, and peroxidase enzymes
tissues of carnation plants also contain natural antisenescence activity by Rani et al. (2004), and proline content was
factors which is also an obstacle in the large scale production estimated by Bates et al. (1973).
(Isinger 1977). Now in these days, commercial flower
producer used various plant growth regulators for increasing 3 Results
delayed senescence of buds, flowers, or leaves (John Carey &
Mark 2008). 3.1 Treatment factor

The cytokinins are plant specific phytohormones (Bubán, According to ANOVA (table 1), all the studied traits were
2000) which play a central role in the regulation of cell cycle significantly affected by spraying various concentrations of
and numerous developmental processes. These are present in plant growth hormones (p≤0.01). Further, time measurements
all plant tissues but are abundant in root tip, shoot apex and factor was also effective on all the studied traits (p≤0.01).
immature seeds (Schmülling, 2004). Cytokinins are well Similarly, cultivar factor such as chlorophyll a, b, and total
known to defer leaf senescence in carnation and rose flowers. chlorophyll content, catalase enzyme activity, proline content
The main group of synthetic cytokinins includes N6 substituted (p≤0.01) and sugar content (p≤0.05) was also effective on.
adenines like kinetin (6-furfurylaminopurine), benzyl adenine Among various concentrations, 100 µM concentration of
(6-benzylaminopurine, BA), 6-benzylamino-9- salicylic acid caused highest stability in membrane while
(tetrahydropyran-2-yl) -9H- purine; PBA (Bubán, 2000). control plants had the lowest stability. A significant effect of
Recently, a synthetic cytokinin benzyl adenine (BA) has been benzyl adenine spray was reported on the chlorophyll content
released in the U.S. as configure for use on ornamental plants and highest total chlorophyll content was related to 100 µM
(John Carey & Mark 2008). It elicits the plant growth and spray of benzyl adenine in return while control plants had the
development responses, setting blossoms and stimulating fruit lowest total chlorophyll content.

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Effect of benzyladenine and Salicylic Acid on biochemical traits of two cultivars of carnation 429

Table 1 Variance of analysis results for three studied factors.

SOV df Mean of square

MSI TChl Chl a Chl b TSS CAT POD Pro
Rep 2 33.489 7.0E-7 2.5E-7 4.4E-8 5.9E-9 0.0005 0.0041 5.248
HS 6 1114.3** 2.1 E- 6 ** 7.3E-7 ** 1.2E-7 ** 1.3E-7 ** 0.002 ** 0.004 ** 16.7 **
HS error 12 26.41 2.2E-9 8.2E-9 1.0E-9 8.0E-10 1.5E-5 0.0003 0.442
MT 2 4647.3** 2.2E-6 ** 2.8E-7 ** 4.0E-7 ** 7.4E-7 ** 7.6E-5 ** 0.0007 ** 1.86 **
MT*HS 12 28.7** 1.4E-8 ** 2.3E-8 ** 3.5E-9 ** 2.2E-9* 5.1E-5 ** 4.6E-5 ns 1.98 **
MT error 4 5.075 3.0E-8 1.4E-8 2.2E-9 3.5E-9 0.00004 0.00015 0.828
CV 1 42.21* 1.1E-6 ** 5.1E-7 ** 5.2E-7 ** 2.7E-7 ** 0.00056 ** 0.007045** 0.933*
HS*CV 6 294.56** 8.8E-8 ** 3.4E-8 ** 1.3E-8 ** 1.4E-8 ** 0.00035 ** 0.00045 ** 1.004 **
** ** ** ** ** **
MT*CV 2 879.01 **
1.0E-6 4.1E-7 5.2E-8 3.2E-8 0.0001 0.0007 2.494 **
** ** ** ** **
MT*HS*CV 12 8.76 ns
1.5E-8 3.2E-8 3.2E-9 5. 8E-9 0.00003 0.00002 ns
0.448 **
CV error 2 249.86 9.9E-7 3.8E-7 4.7E-8 4.9E-9 0.0014 0.00008 0.0564
Total 64 6.86 4. 9E-9 5.3E-9 9.6E-10 1.1E-9 9.7E-6 0.00004 0.1589
* Significant at P ≤ 0.05; **, Significant at P ≤ 0.01, ns= non-significant; here Membrane stability index (MSI), Total chlorophyll
content (TChl), chlorophyll a content (Chl a), chlorophyll b content (Chl b), Total soluble sugar (TSS), Catalase activity (CAT),
Peroxidase Activity (POD), Proline content (Pro), Hormone spraying (HS), Measured time (MT), Cultivar (CV).

Table 2 Effect of the various hormone concentrations on the various studied characteristics of carnation.

MSI TChl Chl a Chl b TSS CAT POD Pro

SA 50μM 53.027a 0.00166c 0.000829c 0.000424d 0.00074a 0.0297b 0.0459bc 4.1417b
SA 100μM 56.563a 0.00187b 0.001019a 0.000538a 0.00073a 0.0474a 0.07365a 4.524a
SA 200μM 45.715c 0.00124e 0.000613d 0.000371e 0.000597c 0.0200c 0.0491b 4.2512b
BA 50μM 44.594c 0.00152d 0.000816c 0.000445c 0.000628b 0.0232c 0.0369d 3.2167d
BA 100μM 49.795b 0.00192a 0.000961b 0.000514b 0.000617 bc 0.03122b 0.0435c 3.7368c
BA 150μM 38.923d 0.00127e 0.000625d 0.000385e 0.000564d 0.0176d 0.03147d 2.4952e
Control 34.001e 0.00102f 0.000461e 0.00031f 0.00051e 0.0135e 0.02750e 1.9527f
Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level; results are the mean of three replicates

Table 3 Effect of the time periods on the various growth characteristics of carnation.

MSI TChl Chl a Chl b TSS CAT POD Pro

1st Time 57.532a 0.00172a 0.0009a 0.000497a 0.000732a 0.0279a 0.0484a 3.66779a
2nd Time 43.894b 0.0015b 0.00073b 0.000466b 0.000669b 0.0256b 0.0433b 3.50412a
rd c c b c c b c
3 Time 36.84 0.00126 0.0007 0.000316 0.000477 0.0255 0.0402 3.25019b
Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level, results are the mean of three replicates.

Also chlorophyll a, b content under the influence of 100µM spray of 100 µm salicylic acid while the least activity was
salicylic acid, increased to the highest value although the caused by spraying benzyl adenine 150 µM, and control. Also
lowest content of chlorophyll a, b was related to control. spraying salicylic acid 100 µM raised the value of proline
Spraying with salicylic acid improved sugar content. The content (table 2).
highest value of sugar content was gained by Salicylic acid 50,
100 µM treatments. Salicylic acid enhanced catalase enzyme 3.2 Time factor
activity that the most catalase activity was gained by spraying
salicylic acid 100 µM. Similarly, results of peroxidase enzyme Results of time factor study revealed that value of various
activity revealed that the enzyme activity was increased by studied factors changes with the time (p≤0.01) (table 1) and
spraying salicylic acid and the highest activity was related to this value was decreased with the passing of time (table 3).

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430 Ramtin et al

Table 4 Mean comparison of carnation cultivars and its effects on various characters.

MSI TChl Chl a Chl b TSS CAT POD Pro

Spray 45.5097b 0.001405b 0.00082a 0.00036b 0.00058b 0.02424b 0.03652b 3.38797b
Standard 46.6673a 0.00159a 0.00069b 0.00049a 0.00067a 0.02848a 0.05148a 3.5601a
Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level; results are the mean of three replicates.

Table 5 Effect of the double interaction between hormone*cultivar on various studied traits of carnation.

Double interaction MSI TChl Chla Chlb TSS CAT POD Pro
(Hormone*Cultivar)
SA50μM * spray 48.858cd 0.00154e 0.000729e 0.000465b 0.000808a 0.029474b 0.041074e 4.197423b
SA50μM * standard 57.197b 0.00179c 0.000929c 0.000382c 0.000668b 0.02996b 0.050746d 4.085926bc
SA100μM * spray 50.609c 0.00174c 0.000927c 0.000516ab 0.00064bc 0.047305a 0.064623b 4.334373b
SA100μM * standard 62.518a 0.00202a 0.001112a 0.000561ab 0.000822a 0.047428a 0.082686a 4.71358a
SA200μM * spray 47.642cd 0.00120g 0.000500g 0.000304d 0.000564c 0.022577c 0.032873f 3.947815bc
SA200μM * standard 43.789d 0.00129g 0.000726e 0.000439b 0.000632bc 0.021379c 0.065262b 4.554606ab
BA50μM * spray 42.552d 0.00138f 0.000788e 0.000357c 0.000589c 0.021529c 0.033678f 3.218254c
BA50μM * standard 46.636cd 0.00166d 0.000841d 0.000533ab 0.000668b 0.024826bc 0.040101e 3.215047c
BA100μM * spray 47.766cd 0.00189b 0.000876d 0.000586a 0.000564c 0.019314d 0.031779f 3.306853c
BA100μM * standard 51.826c 0.00196a 0.001046b 0.000443b 0.000670b 0.043129a 0.055149c 4.166836b
BA150μM * spray 36.307e 0.00110h 0.000635f 0.000284d 0.000536c 0.016115e 0.027472g 2.760892d
BA150μM * standard 41.539d 0.00144f 0.000614f 0.000487b 0.000591c 0.018955de 0.035467f 2.229564d
Ctrl * spray 28.630f 0.00093i 0.000441h 0.000252d 0.000499d 0.013236f 0.024158g 1.950168e
Ctrl * standard 39.372de 0.00110h 0.00048h 0.00036c 0.0052d 0.01378ef 0.03093f 1.95512d
Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level; results are the mean of three replicates.

Table 6 Effect of the double interaction between hormone*measuring time double interaction on studied traits of carnation.

(Hormone*Measuring time) MSI TChl Chla Chlb TSS CAT Pro

SA50µM * 1sttime 61.8100ab 0.00184bc 0.000873de 0.000514b 0.000825a 0.03028de 4.5949bc
SA50µM * 2ndtime 50.6633bc 0.00168cd 0.000823ef 0.000472bc 0.000796ab 0.03101de 3.9299ef
rd c e efg h def def
SA50µM * 3 time 46.6083 0.00147 0.000791 0.000285 0.000593 0.02786 3.9002ef
st a ab a a a a
SA100µM * 1 time 64.8867 0.00207 0.001086 0.000591 0.00084 0.054845 4.9021a
nd b bc abc a ab b
SA100µM * 2 time 55.0667 0.00186 0.001006 0.000585 0.000803 0.0443 4.7575ab
rd cde cd bc bcd fg bc
SA100µM * 3 time 49.7370 0.00169 0.000967 0.000439 0.000551 0.04295 3.912345ef
st b d fghi bcd cd efg
SA200µM * 1 time 57.8600 0.00152 0.000731 0.000458 0.000701 0.021981 4.36244cd
nd cd g hi cde cde efg
SA200µM * 2 time 43.8280 0.00129 0.000642 0.000416 0.000633 0.021848 4.193794cde
rd d h l hij hi efg
SA200µM * 3 time 35.4583 0.00092 0.000466 0.000239 0.000459 0.022104 4.197395cde
st b cd de b c efg
BA50µM * 1 time 57.1383 0.00170 0.00089 0.000516 0.000746 0.023508 4.011608ef
nd cd d efg bc cde efg
BA50µM * 2 time 42.5617 0.00155 0.000801 0.000481 0.000655 0.023436 3.087849hi
rd d f fgh fg h efg
BA50µM * 3 time 34.0817 0.00131 0.000753 0.000338 0.000485 0.022588 2.550495jkl
st ab a ab a c d
BA100µM * 1 time 60.2833 0.00212 0.001045 0.000597 0.000747 0.03566 4.20515cde
nd c b bcd b cde def
BA100µM * 2 time 47.7433 0.00196 0.000941 0.000515 0.000641 0.028069 3.7409efg
rd cd cd de bcd hi de
BA100µM * 3 time 41.3600 0.00170 0.000897 0.000431 0.000462 0.0299 3.2645h
st bc d fghi bcd cde hij
BA150µM * 1 time 53.0200 0.00152 0.000713 0.000454 0.000665 0.01587 2.8492ij
nd d f hij bcd def ghi
BA150µM * 2 time 36.0200 0.00132 0.000594 0.000446 0.000609 0.017609 2.6575jk
rd e jk ijk hi ij gh
BA150µM * 3 time 27.7283 0.00097 0.000568 0.000257 0.000418 0.019126 1.979m
c ghi hi f def hijk
Ctrl * 1sttime 47.7230 0.00127 0.000632 0.000359 0.000603 0.01325 1.8815m
de g l fg fg hijk
Ctrl * 2ndtime 31.3750 0.00102 0.000458 0.000344 0.000547 0.01422 2.9141ij
e m m ijk jk hijk
Ctrl * 3rdtime 22.9050 0.00076 0.000293 0.000224 0.000373 0.01305 1.0624n
Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level; results are the mean of three replicates.

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Effect of benzyladenine and Salicylic Acid on biochemical traits of two cultivars of carnation 431

Table 7 Effect of the double interaction between measuring time * cultivar double interaction on studied traits of carnation.

Double interaction MSI TChl Chla Chlb TSS CAT POD Pro
(measuring time*cultivar)
1sttime * spray 52.84b 0.001668ab 0.0007c 0.000474b 0.000692b 0.0268ab 0.05215a 3.4745b
st a a a a a a a
1 time * standard 62.22 0.001769 0.001 0.000555 0.000773 0.0294 0.05219 3.8610a
nd c b b c bc a c
2 time * spray 46.75 0.001445 0.00081 0.000378 0.000647 0.0290 0.03652 3.249c
nd d ab d a b b
2 time * standard 41.04 0.001607 0.000647 0.000521 0.000691 0.0242 0.05009ab 3.446bc
rd e c d d d c d
3 time * spray 33.27 0.001001 0.000657 0.000235 0.000401 0.0216 0.02840 3.054d
rd d b c c c ab b
3 time * standard 40.41 0.001516 0.000742 0.000397 0.000554 0.0270 0.04464 3.759ab
Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level; results are the mean of three replicates.

3.3 Cultivar factor benzyl adenine 100 µM × 1st time of measurement × standard
carnation while the value of chlorophyll a content, Total
Results of cultivar factor study revealed that cultivars reaction solvable sugar content, catalase enzyme activity, and proline
to treatments in measured traits were significantly different content were higher under the influence of salicylic acid 100
with cultivars (p≤0.01). Generally standard cultivar gained the µM × 1st time of measurement × standard carnation. (table 8).
higher value in all the traits except chlorophyll a content,
which was reported higher in the spray cultivar (table 4). 4 Discussions

3.4 Interaction effects The results of this research are coordinated with other
published reports. According to Hamidimoghadam et al.
Results of study showed that membrane stability index, (2014) studied effects of nano-silver, gibberellic acid and
chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, sugar content, catalase, benzyl adenine on some postharvest quality characteristics and
peroxidase enzymes activity and proline content were affected vase life of ‘Pinkcastellaro’ carnation cut flowers. They
by double interaction (spraying hormones × cultivars) indicated that singular applying of GA3, NS, and BA showed a
(p≤0.01). Among these, double interaction of salicylic acid 100 better influence on quality and vase life of 'Pinkcastellaro'
µM × standard carnations, got the highest values in membrane carnation cut flower. Asil & Karimi (2010) applied Benzyl
stability index, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, total solvable adenine (0, 25, 50 or 75 mg L-1) for improving quality and vase
sugar content, catalase, peroxidase enzymes activity and life of cut Eustoma flowers. It has been reported that all
proline content while interaction of benzyl adenine 100 µM × mentioned concentration of benzyladenine prolonged the vase
standard carnations improved the value of chlorophyll b life, although, spraying 25, 50 mgL-1 benzyladenine were more
content only (table 5). effective on extending vase life of cut Eustoma flowers,
decreasing ethylelne production, reducing leaves chlorophyll
Similarly, double interaction of spraying hormones and time and anthocyanin degradation beside that positive effects of
caused changes in all of considered traits except peroxidase salicylic acid on retarding flower senescence was represented
enzyme activity. Interaction of salicylic acid 100 µM × 1st (Ezhilmathi et al., 2007; Hatamzadeh et al., 2012).
time of measurement made the highest values in membrane
stability index, chlorophyll a, total solvable sugar content, Ataii et al. (2015) reported that spraying of salicylic acid
catalase enzyme activity and proline content. Further, delaying the postharvest senescence of Lisianthus cut flowers.
chlorophyll b content, and total chlorophyll content were They reported that this spraying increasing the catalase and
reported higher in the interaction of benzyl adenine 100 µM × ascorbate peroxidase activities and reducing lipoxygenase
1st time (table 6). (LOX) enzyme activity as a factor for peroxiding lipids of
membrane, vase life could be extended and flower senescence
Also double interaction of time and cultivars had significant could be retarded via preserving membrane integrity by
influence on all the tested parameters (p≤0.01) and the highest salicylic treatment. Further, Hatamzadeh et al. (2012) reported
values of studied traits were related to interaction of 1st time of that Vase solution of 150 mg/L salicylic acid has positive
measurement × standard carnation (tab 7). influence in vase life of Gladiolus cut spikes by retarding fresh
weight loss and lipid peroxidation and enrich the antioxidant
Triple interaction (spraying hormones × time× cultivars) also activity of Peroxidase. Furthermore various studies recognized
had an influence on chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, the effects of drought stress, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid
sugar content, catalase enzyme activity, and proline content on Hill reaction, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a+b,
(p≤0.01). The highest values of studied trait affected by triple -carotene and Xanthophyll were significant on Dracocephalum
interaction (spraying hormones × time× cultivars) including moldavica L.
total chlorophyll and chlorophyll b content under influence of

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Table 8 Effect of the triple interaction between hormone*measuring time * cultivar double on various studied traits of carnation.

Triple interaction TChl Chla Chlb TSS CAT Pro

SA 50 µM * 1sttime * spray 0.00187cd 0.00106bc 0.00051hij 0.00080def 0.0308ij 4.8450b
SA 50 µM * 1sttime * standard 0.00181def 0.00068kl 0.00052hi 0.00086bc 0.0298ijk 4.3448cd
nd hi def p defg ijk
SA 50 µM * 2 time * spray 0.00160 0.00095 0.00038 0.00078 0.0295 3.9438cde
nd fg lm de de i
SA 50 µM * 2 time * standard 0.00175 0.00064 0.00056 0.00081 0.0326 3.9161cde
rd qrs hij w rst kl
SA 50 µM * 3 time * spray 0.00113 0.00078 0.00025 0.00043 0.0282 3.8035def
rd def fgh st fgh klm
SA 50 µM * 3 time * standard 0.00181 0.00087 0.00032 0.0008 0.0276 3.9969cde
st b cde ab fghi b
SA 100 µM * 1 time * spray 0.002067 0.00099 0.00060 0.00075 0.0530 5.1715a
st b a bcd a a
SA 100 µM * 1 time * standard 0.002078 0.00117 0.00057 0.00094 0.0567 5.2208a
nd fg ab bc ghi d
SA 100 µM * 2 time * spray 0.00176 0.00113 0.00058 0.00073 0.04743 4.2943cd
nd bc hij ab b ef
SA 100 µM * 2 time * standard 0.00197 0.00081 0.00061 0.00088 0.04117 4.6328bc
rd lmn bcd pq rs g
SA 100 µM * 3 time * spray 0.00138 0.00104 0.00037 0.00045 0.03815 3.5375defg
rd bc def hij jk d
SA 100 µM * 3 time * standard 0.00199 0.00097 0.00051 0.00066 0.04776 4.2874cd
st hi def no j mn
SA 200 µM * 1 time * spray 0.00159 0.00098 0.00041 0.00068 0.02515 4.5776bc
st kl pq hij hi opqr
SA 200 µM * 1 time * standard 0.00144 0.00049 0.00051 0.00072 0.01881 4.1474cd
nd opq kl s jk no
SA 200 µM * 2 time * spray 0.00123 0.00068 0.00033 0.00063 0.02258 3.6984def
nd mno lmn ijk jk op
SA 200 µM * 2 time * standard 0.00135 0.00060 0.00050 0.00064 0.02112 4.6893bc
rd w op y tuv opq
SA 200 µM * 3 time * spray 0.00078 0.00052 0.00017 0.00039 0.02000 3.5676defg
rd rst qr stu nop mno
SA 200 µM * 3 time * standard 0.00106 0.00041 0.00031 0.00053 0.02421 4.8273b
st fg cde kl hi no
BA 50 µM * 1 time * spray 0.00173 0.00101 0.00048 0.00072 0.02318 4.2282cd
st fgh hij ef efg mno
BA 50 µM * 1 time * standard 0.00166 0.00077 0.00055 0.00077 0.02384 3.7951def
nd klm hi qr jk op
BA 50 µM * 2 time * spray 0.00141 0.00084 0.00036 0.00065 0.02153 3.2834efg
nd fgh kl ab jk mn
BA 50 µM * 2 time * standard 0.00170 0.00067 0.00060 0.00066 0.02535 2.8923ghi
rd stu kl x tu opq
BA 50 µM * 3 time * spray 0.00100 0.00067 0.00023 0.00040 0.01988 2.1432kl
rd hi def m mn mn
BA 50 µM * 3 time * standard 0.00161 0.00093 0.00045 0.00057 0.02529 2.9578ghi
st bc ab ab jk opq
BA 100 µM * 1 time * spray 0.00199 0.00113 0.00060 0.00066 0.02049 3.4011efg
st a def a cd bc
BA 100 µM * 1 time * standard 0.00224 0.00096 0.00062 0.00083 0.05084 3.1279efgh
nd b bc no jkl opqr
BA 100 µM * 2 time * spray 0.00207 0.00108 0.00041 0.00061 0.01931 2.8294ghi
nd cde jk ab j gh
BA 100 µM * 2 time * standard 0.00184 0.00072 0.00060 0.00068 0.03684 4.6524bc
rd hij def st rst pqr
BA 100 µM * 3 time * spray 0.00155 0.00094 0.00032 0.00042 0.01814 3.6901def
rd cde def efg pq e
BA 100 µM * 3 time * standard 0.00184 0.00095 0.00054 0.00050 0.04172 4.7202bc
st ijkl fg pq jk rs
BA 150 µM * 1 time * spray 0.00150 0.00089 0.00037 0.00065 0.01671 2.8442ghi
st ijk op fgh j rstu
BA 150 µM * 1 time * standard 0.00153 0.00053 0.00053 0.00068 0.01503 2.4709jk
nd qrs no st klm rst
BA 150 µM * 2 time * spray 0.00112 0.00056 0.00032 0.00059 0.01612 2.1372kl
nd ijk lm bc jkl opqr
BA 150 µM * 2 time * standard 0.00153 0.00063 0.00058 0.00063 0.01911 1.8207klmn
rd x pq yz uv rstu
BA 150 µM * 3 time * spray 0.00068 0.00045 0.00016 0.00037 0.01552 3.3013efg
rd op kl qrs r no
BA 150 µM * 3 time * standard 0.00126 0.00069 0.00035 0.00047 0.02274 2.3971jk
st lmn hij rs klm rstu
Ctrl * 1 time * spray 0.00139 0.00079 0.00035 0.00059 0.01495 1.9600klm
st fg cde pq jkl vw
Ctrl * 1 time * standard 0.00173 0.00101 0.00038 0.00062 0.01155 1.8029klmn
nd fgh hij v no uv
Ctrl * 2 time * spray 0.00166 0.00077 0.00027 0.00055 0.01324 1.1912o
nd klm hi n no uv
Ctrl * 2 time * standard 0.00141 0.00084 0.00042 0.00055 0.01287 2.6994hij
rd fgh kl z uvw vw
Ctrl * 3 time * spray 0.00170 0.00067 0.00014 0.00036 0.01152 0.9337op
rd stu kl stu tuv rs
Ctrl * 3 time * standard 0.00100 0.00067 0.00031 0.00039 0.01693 3.1288efgh
Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level; results are the mean of three replicates.

It was indicated the use of Jasmonic acid and salicylic acid chlorophyll contents of rose (cv. ‘Angelina’). About of using
increased antioxidant and non antioxidant defense is power salicylic acid, the maximum number of flower, diameter of
(Abbaspour & Rezaei, 2014). Another study revealed foliar stalk and total chlorophyll contents reported at 14 ppm and
application of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) most of flower diameter, stalk length and fresh weight was
significantly affected number of flower, diameter of flower, measured in 21 ppm (Jahanbazi et al., 2014).
diameter of stalk, stalk length, fresh weight and total

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Effect of benzyladenine and Salicylic Acid on biochemical traits of two cultivars of carnation 433

Conclusion Dey PM (1990) Methods in plant biochemistry. Vol-II.

Carbohydrates. (Publ.) Academic Press London.
There were progressive effects of plants hormones on studied
traits in both of spray and standard carnations. Although, the Ezhilmathi K, Singh VP, Arora A, Sairam RK (2007) Effect of
plants hormones which were applied on standard carnations 5-sulfosalicylic acid on antioxidant activity in relation to vase
indicated much better effects than spray carnation, all life of Gladiolus cut flowers. Plant Growth Regulation 51: 99-
measured traits improved. Results of this study showed that 108. DOI: 10.1007/s10725-006-9142-2
salicylic acid 100 µM, and benzyl adenine 100 µM had more
effects than others. Due to their ease of use and positive Hamidimoghadam E, Rabiei V, Nabigol A, Farrokhi J (2014)
effects on morphological parameters, spraying of benzyl Postharvest Quality Improvement of Carnation (Dianthus
adenine and salicylic acid are one of the best methods in caryophyllus L.) Cut Flowers by Gibberellic Acid, Benzyl
floriculture. Adenine and Nano Silver. Agricultural Communications 2: 28-
34.
Conflict of interest
Asil MH, Karimi M (2010) Efficiency of Benzyladenine
Authors would hereby like to declare that there is no conflict of reduced ethylene production and extended vase life of cut
interests that could possibly arise. Eustoma flowers. Plant Omics Journal 3:199-203.

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