ELECTRICAL SYSTEM and ILLUMINATION ENGINEERING DESIGN

ILLUMINATION ENGINEERING DESIGN

Lighting design or illumination engineering design is often incorrectly considered to be

simply the selection of the lighting equipment for a system. While selecting the most cost-
effective and energy-efficient products is important, they are just the tools to achieve the
design. True lighting design involves assessing and meeting the needs of the people who use
the space and balancing function and the aesthetic impact supplied by the lighting system.
Lighting is an art as well as a science. This implies that there are no hard and fast rules
for lighting design nor will there be one ideal or optimum solution to a lighting problem. More
often than not, the lighting designer is confronted with a set of conflicting requirements for
which priorities must be allocated before a satisfactory compromise can be found. There is no
substitute for experience, careful planning, assessment and analysis.

MODULE 1

LIGHTING CONCEPTS

Topic Objectives:

1. To know the basic concepts and principles of light and lighting.

2. To determine the characteristics of light.
3. To know the different units, laws, and formulas for lighting calculation and how it will be
use in actual application.

Overview

This module covers the properties of light, human vision and the fundamentals of
lighting applicable to the building’s environment. It also includes the units and concepts of
lighting computation and how it will be used in daily application.

Lighting (illumination)

• It is the utilization or application of either natural light or artificially generated light to

provide a desired visual environment for work and living.

• It is both science and an art. Science because it makes use of the science of light and
employs methods and techniques developed through time. It is an art because the
personal taste (preference) and artistic sense of the designer and owner greatly
influence the manner by which lighting is applied.

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Why we use lighting?
Artificial lighting is a key part of our everyday lives. We use it to:
Help us find our way around, to assist visibility
Provide a safer environment
Increase the number of useful hours in the day
Help perform visual tasks, increase productivity
Display objects and / or control how they appear, improve sales
Attract attention
Improve employee working conditions

It is also possible to use lighting to reduce fatigue, encourage concentration or to

improve awareness or decision-making. It can create an atmosphere of comfort,
relaxation or trust or help people recover from illness or fatigue.

The lighting designer or an illumination engineer must consider the ff:

Quantitatively:

✓ Daylight – its introduction and integration with electric light.

✓ Interrelationship between the energy aspects of electric and natural lighting, heating,
and cooling.

✓ Effect of lighting on interior space arrangement and vice versa.

✓ The characteristics, means of generation, and utilization techniques of electric lighting.

✓ Visual needs of specific tasks.

✓ The effects of brightness pattern on visual acuity.

Qualitatively:

✓ The location, interrelationship, and psychological effects of light and shadow, that is,
brightness pattern.

✓ The use of color, both of light and for surfaces, and the effect of illuminant source on
object color.

✓ The artistic effects possible with color and patterns of light and shadow including the
changes inherent in daylighting and so on.

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Light

• It is the form of radiant energy or a form of energy that permits as to see from natural
sources, and artificial sources. It travels in the form of electromagnetic wave, so it has
wavelength and a known speed.

• It is the portion of electromagnetic spectrum to which the eye responds. The visible
portion lies between 380 nm and 770 nm.

Color Wavelength

Violet 380 nm to 450 nm

Blue 450 nm to 490 nm

Green 490 nm to 560 nm

Yellow 560 nm to 590 nm

Orange 590 nm to 630 nm

Red 630 nm to 770 nm

• Lights and pigments mix differently to form colors. The primary colors of light ( red,
green, and blue)

• When the light source produces energy over the entire visible spectrum in
approximately equal quantities, the combination appears white ( as is the case with
daylight), whereas a source producing energy over only a small section of the spectrum
produces its characteristics colored light . Example are the blue-green clear mercury
lamp and the yellow sodium lamp.

Additive Primary Color

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Color

Color Specifications

Color is a matter of visual perception, which varies with person’s subjective

interpretation. A red apple may be described in common terms as red, deep red, bright red,
rosy red or even apple red. However, these terms are only general description of a color.

Three basic characteristic of color

Hue – is the basic color, such as red, yellow, green, or blue; and the mixture of
these colors, such as red-yellow, blue-green, or red-blue

Value – is the shade of color, such as light or dark red. In pigment or paint
application, the lighter color is the result of mixing the hue color with white and the
darker color is the result of mixing the hue color with black. In lighting applications, the
value of light is often disregarded, since black is simply the absence of light.

Chroma – is the intensity or degree of color saturation-that is, whether the color
is vivid or dull. In lighting applications, it is the result of the dilution of spectrum
(saturated) light with white lights

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Color Temperature

A theoretically black object, or Planckian radiator, which absorbs all radiant

energy incidents upon it, is called blackbody. Color temperature is frequently used to
express the color of light sources.

Light sources Color temp. (K)

Candle flame 2000
Gas-filled incandescent lamp 3000
Warm white fluorescent lamp 3500
Daylight incandescent lamp 4000
Cool white fluorescent lamp 4500
Daylight photoflood lamp 5000
Daylight fluorescent lamp 6500
Skylight ( varies with time ) 5500 – 28000

LIGHTING CONCEPT AND UNITS

Luminous flux ()

It is also known as lighting power. All radiated power

emitted by a light source and perceived by the eye is called
luminous flux commonly called light output. It is defined as the
flux contained per unit solid angle of a source of one candela
or standard candleMeasure in lumen.

Lumen is defined as the lighting power emitted within a unit solid angle (one
steradian) by a point source having a uniform luminous intensity of 1 candela (cd). A
candela is a unit of intensity of light.

By definition, 1 cd is 1 lm per steradian. A sphere consists of 4 steradians.

Thus, a candle (1 candlepower) is equivalent to 12.57 lm.

Approximate relation between lumen and electric unit of power i.e. watt is given as
1 lumen = 0.0016 watt (approx.)

Luminous Intensity ( I )

Generally speaking, a light source emits its luminous flux in different directions
and different intensities. The visible radiant intensity in a particular direction is called
luminous intensity. In other words, it is solid angular flux density of a source in a
specified direction.

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 If dΦ is the luminous flux radiated out by a source within a solid angle of dω
steradian in any particular direction, then I = dΦ/dω. If flux is measured in lumens and
solid angle in steradian, then its unit is lumen/steradian (lm/sr) or candela (cd) or
candlepower.
Generally, the luminous intensity or candle power of a source is different in
different directions. The average candle-power of a source is the average value of its
candle power in all directions. Obviously, it is given by total flux (in lm) emitted in all
directions in all planes divided by 4π. This average candle-power is also known as
mean spherical candle-power (M.S.C.P.).
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
𝑀. 𝑆. 𝐶. 𝑃. = 4𝜋

If the average is taken over a hemisphere (instead of sphere), then this average
candle power is known as mean hemispherical candle-power (M.H.S.C.P.).
It is given by the total flux emitted in a hemisphere (usually the lower one) divided by the
solid angle subtended at the point source by the hemisphere.

𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

𝑀. 𝐻. 𝑆. 𝐶. 𝑃. =
2𝜋

Illuminance or Illumination (E)

It is the measure of the amount of a light falling on a

surface or simply it is the luminous flux per unit area. The
distance of the light source from the area being illuminated
influences it.


𝑬 = 𝑨

E = illuminance in lux ( footcandles)

 = luminous flux in lumen A = area
in sq. m ( sq. ft ) 1 fc = 10.76 lux

LAWS FOR POINT SOURCE OF LIGHT

a. Inverse square law ( Lambert’s first law)

“States that the illumination E at a point on a surface varies directly when the
intensity 𝐼 of the source and inversely with the square of the distance 𝑑 between the
source and the point. If the surface at the point is normal to the direction of the incident
light, the law may be express as

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 𝑰
𝑬 =
𝒅𝟐

b. Cosine law ( Lambert’s cosine law )

“States that the illuminance on the any surface varies with the cosine of the angle
of incidence. The angle of incidence 𝜃 is the angle between the normal to the surface
and the direction of the incident light. The inverse square law can be combined into the
form.
θ
d
h

𝐼 cos 𝜃
𝐸 =
𝑑2

A useful extension of the cosine law is the “cosine cubed” equation. By

substituting the height ℎ for the distance 𝑑 directly under the light source, it may be
written as

𝐼 cos3 𝜃
𝐸 = ℎ2

Luminance and brightness (L)

Luminance is the measure of the amount of light emitted from a surface. It is

measured as luminous intensity (candela) per unit area of light emitting surface. This is
measure in candelas per square metre (cd/m²) or candela per square feet (cd/ft²)
sometimes called footLambert (fL) ;( fL = lm/ft 2). Whereas brightness is qualitative (it
depends on our eye adaption at the time), luminance is an absolute value.

In simple terms, the luminance is the product of the illuminance arriving on the
surface and the reflectance of the surface. The eye sees luminance rather than

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 illuminance. Therefore with the same illumination, by changing the surface reflectance,
the luminance of the surface can change proportionally.

Luminance is normally defined in terms of intensity; it is the luminous intensity

per unit apparent (projected area) of a primary (emitting) or secondary (reflecting) light
source.

Luminance is directional quantity. Depending on the viewing angle and

characteristics of the surface, luminance is expressed as lumens/steradian or
candelas/area. The SI unit of luminance is cd/m2.

If we have one large object, an internally illuminated sign - 40m x 10m and a
small object such as a small floodlight. The intensity in a direction at right angles = 5000
candela in both cases.

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Reflectance (  )

It is the ratio of reflected flux to incident flux. Measured value of reflectance

depend upon the angles of incidence and view on the spectral character of the incident
flux.

Transmittance ( )

It is the ratio of the transmitted flux to the incident flux. Measured values of
transmittance depend upon the angle of incidence, the method of measurement of the
transmitted flux, and the spectral character of incident flux.

Absorptance ()

It is the ratio of the flux absorbed by a medium to the incident flux. The sum of
reflectance, transmittance, and absorptance is one.

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Luminous Exitance ( M )

It is defined as the density of luminous flux leaving a surface, irrespective of

directivity or viewer position. Luminous exitance is in units of lumen per area (1 lm/m 2
= 0.093 lm/ft2 ). A surface that is perfect diffuser whether by emitting light diffusely, is
known as a Lambertian surface .

Mathematically, the luminance of such surface equals 1/ times its exitance

𝑀
𝐿 = 𝜋

for a reflecting surface

M=E

for a transmitting surface

M=E

 = reflectance in percent

 = transmittance in percent

Luminous Efficacy (  )

Indicates the efficiency with which the electrical power consumed is converted
into light. It measures in lumen per watt (lm/W). The maximum luminous efficacy of an
ideal white source, defined as a radiator with constant output over the visible spectrum,
is approximately 220 lm/W.

Luminaire Efficiency

Also known as the light output ratio. It is important criterion in gauging the energy
efficiency of a luminaire. This is the ratio between luminous flux emitted by the luminaire
and the luminous flux of the lamp installed in the luminaire.

Basic Lighting Quantities

Quantity symbol Conventional unit SI unit

Energy (luminous energy) Q Lumen-hrs (lm-hr) Lm-hr
Power (luminous flux)  Lumen (lm) Lumen (lm)
Luminous intensity (candlepower) I Candela (cd) Candela (cd)
Illumination (illuminance) E Footcandle (fc) Lux (lx)
Luminance (brightness) L FootLambert (fL) cd/m2
Cd/in2
Luminous exitance M lm/ft2 Lm/m2
Luminous efficacy  Lm/W

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Lighting Units Conversion Factors

Unit Multiply By To obtain

Illuminance ( E ) Lux 0.0929 fc
fc 10.76 lx
Luminance (L) cd/m2 0.2919 fL
Cd/cm2 10000 Cd/m2
Cd/in2 1550 Cd/m2
Cd/ft2 10.76 Cd/m2
fL 3.4263 cd/m2
Intensity (I) cd 1 cp

Examples.

1. A lighting fixture has an intensity of 9000 cd directly below the fixture. What is the
illuminance on the table 10 ft below? 20 ft below? What is the illuminance of the surface
of table with a dimension of 1m by 1.5 m? Assume that the lamp is a diffuse emitter.
2. If a spotlight with 5000 cd at the center is aimed at a painting on the wall 5 ft from the
light and the angle is 45 deg, what is the illuminance level at the center of the painting?
3. A room 10 ft x 20 ft is illuminated with eight fixtures. Each fixture has 3000 lumens of
light output. If 70% of the light power can be utilized at the desktop level, what is the
average illuminance at the desktop?
4. Calculate the luminance of a standard 4ft and 12/8 in. in diameter cool white
fluorescent lamp having 2770 lm at 40% life as an average condition of the lamp output.
Assume viewing angle normal to the long axis of the lamp and that lamp is a diffuse
emitter. Use SI units.
5. A 100 cd lamp, which emits light uniformly in all directions, is suspended 2.5 m above
the center of the working table which is 3 meter square. Calculate the illumination at
each corner of the table.
6. Two lamps A and B having intensities of 300 cp and 500 cp respectively are situated 12
ft apart. A screen is placed between them in order that the illuminations on any sides are
equal. How much is this illumination.

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Exercise No.1
1. A lamp giving out 1200 lm in all directions is suspended 8 m above the working plane.
Calculate the illumination at a point on the working plane 6 m away from the foot of the
lamp.
2. A small light source with intensity uniform in all directions is mounted at a height of 10
metres above a horizontal surface. Two points A and B both lie on the surface with point
A directly beneath the source. How far is B from A if the illumination at B is only 1/10 as
great as at A ?
3. A corridor is lighted by 4 lamps spaced 10 m apart and suspended at a height of 5 m
above the centre line of the floor. If each lamp gives 200 C.P. in all directions below the
horizontal, find the illumination at the point on the floor mid-way between the second
and third lamps
4. Two lamps A and B of 200 candela and 400 candela respectively are situated 100 m
apart. The height of A above the ground level is 10 m and that of B is 20 m. If a
photometer is placed at the centre of the line joining the two lamp posts, calculate its
reading.
5. The average luminous output of an 80-W fluorescent lamp 1.5 metre in length and 3.5
cm diameter is 3300 lumens. Calculate its average brightness. If the auxiliary gear
associated with the lamp consumes a load equivalent to 25 percent of the lamp,
calculate the cost of running a twin unit for 2500 hours at 8 pesos per kWh
6. A drawing office containing a number of boards and having a total effective area of 70
m2 is lit by a number of 40 W incandescent lamps giving 11 lm/W. An illumination of 80
lux is required on the drawing boards. Assuming that 60% of the total light emitted by
the lamps is available for illuminating the drawing boards, estimate the number of lamps
required.

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 MODULE 2

LIGHTING CONTROLS AND EQUIPMENTS

Topic Objective

1. To learn how a light may control and what possible equipment for controlling light
output.
2. To know different type of lamps and their equipment and characteristics.
3. To evaluate type of lamps and equipment based on different factors.

The lighting in a space may be too bright or may come from the wrong direction,
causing visual discomfort or inefficient utilization. Or the light may be the wrong color,
causing poor color discrimination.

Means of Controlling Light

Light travels in clean air without bending or notable loss until it is intercepted by
another medium, which will either reflect, absorb, transmit, refract, diffuse, or polarize
the light. These characteristics of varying materials are utilized as a method of
controlling light to achieve better lighting.

reflection – light is reflected from the surface of a material. If the surface is shiny,
or specular, such as surface of a mirror, the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of
incidence.

diffusion – when the surface is matte – that is, not shiny – then the reflected light
will be diffused. It may be directional or totally nondirectional.

transmission – when the material is transparent (clear glass), spread (etched

glass), or totally diffused ( white glass), light will pass through it in a controlled mode.

absorption – light is absorbed when it is directed to an opaque material or

passed through a transparent or translucent material. There will be the loss of light in
either case. The amount of light absorbed is the balance of the incident light that is
reflected or transmitted.

refraction – the direction of light changes at the interface between the two
different materials such as air and glass; this property is called refraction. Refraction is
the most effective means of controlling light and is commonly used by lighting
designers. This phenomenon is the basic principle of fiber optics

polarization – Light travels at high speed with waves vibrating in all planes at
right angles to the direction of travel. Polarization is the phenomenon wherein the waves
vibrate only in one plane. A polarizing material (filter) is called polarizer. When light
passes through polarizer in tandem, but with their optical axes oriented at 90 deg, the

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 light will be totally polarized. One of the more popular uses of polarizer is in polarized
sunglasses, which are recognized as the most effective means of reducing glare from
the sun. Polarization is used in lighting controls in the form of multilayered polarizing
lenses (diffusers)

MAJOR TYPE OF LAMPS

Factor to consider in selecting light sources and equipment:

1. Light output – it is expressed in lumens, is defined as follows

initial lumen – rated light output when the lamp is new, typically measured
after 100 hrs of operation.

average lumen – average of the initial lumens output and the lumens
output at the end of the rated life of lamp.

mean lumens – lumens output at 40% of the rated life of the lamp.

beam lumens – initial lumens output within the central beam of a

floodlight, usually defined to exclude light intensity less than 10% of the
maximum intensity of the light.

2. Intensity

It is expressed in candelas at various angles from the lamp or fixture. The data are
usually provided by the manufacturers in the form of candlepower distribution curves.

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 3. Luminous efficacy

It is the light output per unit of electrical power (lpw). The efficacy of the a lamp
should include the power consumed by its accessories.

4. Rated lamp life

It is defined as the time elapsed when 50% of a group of lamps remain burning.

5. Luminaire efficiency

It is the ratio of the total light output of the lamps versus the total light output of all
lamps in the luminaire. It is expressed in percentages. Luminaire efficiency is a good
measure for comparing luminaires of similar candlepower distribution characteristics

6. Lumen depreciation.

Light output depreciates with time. The loss of light is known as lumen
depreciation, maybe 20% to 30% of a lamp’s initial light output.

7. Color temperature (Chromaticity)

It is the color the lamp appears, expressed in kelvins (K)

8. Color rendering index (CRI)

It is useful for measuring how well a lamp renders color, compare with
reference light source of the same color temperature range. . It is a measure of
the color shifts when standard color samples are illuminated by the light source,
as compared with reference light source.

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 9. Color preference index (CPI)

It is useful in expressing the color quality of a light source on a preferential

basis, such as red meat, green vegetables, blue sky, pink complexions.

10. Flicker and Stroboscopic effect

Theoretically, the cyclic flow of a 60 Hz current through the lamp can have
light fluctuations 120 times per second is called flicker. Because of the light
retention characteristics of incandescent filaments and phosphor coatings of
discharge lamps, flicker is not normally perceivable except in non-coated HID
lamps. When a rapidly moving object is observed the clear HID lamp, the object
may appear to be at standstill or moving at lower frequencies is called
stroboscopic effect. It can be eliminated or minimized by the use of lead lag
ballast for multiple lamps and the wiring of fixtures on alternate three phase
circuits.

11. Brightness

Physically small light sources or high intensity, such as incandescent

lamps, are excellent for light control, but they can too bright for visual comport.

12. Light intensity control

It can be controlled by multilevel switching or by dimming.

13. Accessories

Such as ballast, starters and dimmers.

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QUALITATIVE COMPARISON OF COMMON ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCES

Light Source Advantages Disadvantages Applications

Incandescent Lamp •Compact Size •Short life
( general service) •No Ballast •Very low efficacy (lm/W) •They are a good
•Low Initial Cost choice for social
•Good optical control •Extremely bright point areas where good
(easy to control light source rendering and a
distribution) warm , pleasant,
•Good color rendering •High operating low key effect is
•Dimmable temperature desired
•Good lumen
•Light output affected by
maintenance
voltage variation
•Light output not affected
by ambient temperature
•No delay on starting or
restarting
•No stroboscopic
problems at 60 hz
•High power factor

Light Source Advantages Disadvantages Applications

Incandescent Lamp •Compact Size •Lamp Handling is •For special accent
difficult during and display lighting
(Tungsten-halogen) •No Ballast
maintenance in stores and art
•Good color rendering •High cost galleries where good
•Moderate life •Low efficacy light control is
•Excellent optical control necessary for

•Dimmable •Operating temperature localized or

affects lamp life and supplementary
•Excellent lumen
output UV component lighting and for
maintenance
decorative lighting.

Light Source Advantages Disadvantages Applications

•Requires ballast •They are widely
•Linear, circular and
Fluorescent lamp •Contains toxic mercury used for large area
compact shape
vapour general lighting in
•Moderate cost •Quite sensitive to offices, commercial
•Optical control limited ambient temperature establishments and
•Good efficacy •Light output drops in industrial plants.
•Long lamp life cold areas

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 •Good color rendition •Light output drops in
•Low point brightness hotter luminaires
•Low operating temp •Lumen output
decreases through
•Low infrared output
lifetime
•Can be operated with a •Flickering light on 50hz
higher system voltage magnetic ballast
•Lumen output
•Only minor delay on
decreases through
starting and restarting
lifetime
•Good lumen
maintenance
•Dimmable, with special
ballasts

Light Source Advantages Disadvantages Applications

•Very bright point

•High output in compact source

They are widely
High Intensity size
used for high bay
Discharge (HID)
•Long warm- up and re- interior industrial
general type
strike times applications, such as
•Light output not affected streetlights, parking
by ambient temperature lot areas, docks,
•Difficult to dim
flood lighting and
•Cold weather starting •Stroboscopic effect
security lighting.
problems problems
•Can be operated at
higher system voltage

Light Source Advantages Disadvantages Applications

Mercury Vapor •Starting takes 3- 5
•Moderate efficacy Landscape lighting
lamp mins.
(greenish
•Very long life •Relatively high cost of
appearance)
•Good lumen lamp and ballast
maintenance •Does not restart
•Dimmable to 25% immediately
•Has large ballast and
may be noisy
Light Source Advantages Disadvantages Applications
Metal halide •High efficacy •Variation in color, Retail clothing and

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 •Good color rendering especially at end of life furniture stores;
•Medium to long life •With large ballast and warehouses and
maybe noisy factories where
•High cost of lamp and colors must be
ballast perceived correctly
•Starting takes 2-8 mins.
•Dimmable to 60%
Light Source Advantages Disadvantages Applications
High Pressure •Very high efficacy •Poor color rendering Street lighting, parks
Sodium •Long lamp life •With large ballast and and parking lots.
•Excellent lumen maybe noisy (yellow- orange
maintenance •High cost of lamp and appearance)
•Good optical control ballast
•Starting takes 1- 4
mins.
•Dimmable to 50% -
60%

Light Source Advantages Disadvantages Applications

Small size High Price for both functional

LED Lamps Low luminous

and decorative
Long lifetime expectancy lighting in indoor
flux/package and

Physically robust CRI can be low outdoor locations.

No mercury content Risk of glare

Switching has no effect on Need for thermal

life, start immediately management

Excellent low ambient

Lack of standardization
temperature

High luminous efficacy

New luminaire design

possibilities

Possibility to change color

No optical heat on
radiation

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Exercise No.2

1. How a lighting controls affects the output of the lamp? In your residence what lighting
controls you used?
2. When the lamp or several lamps are installed in a luminaire, not all of the lamp light
power (lumens) may be emitted from the luminaire. If 80% of the total lumens are
emitted from the luminaire is said to be 80% efficient. Does this mean that 80% of the
total lamp light power will be utilized on the task anywhere in the room? Explain
3. Before reading the factors in selecting type of lamps, how did you choose the lamps in
your home? What factors are you considered? Discuss.
4. Explain the color Rendering Index and how it affects the lighting output?
5. Why stroboscopic effect may occur in HID lamps?
6. Discuss the characteristics of different type of lamps.

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 MODULE 3
INCANDESCENT LAMPS

Topic Objectives

1. To familiar with the incandescent lamps with respect to their parts, operation,
applications and specifications.
2. To differentiate A-type incandescent lamp to tungsten-halogen lamp.

Overview

Edison’s first successful lamp, using carbon filament in a vacuum, produced 1.4
lm per watt. Since then, incandescent lamps have improved dramatically using a
tungsten filament in a bulb filled with inert gas. It is the standard bulbs that most people
are familiar with and typically the most inexpensive option.

Parts and Functions

➢ lead-in wire – electric conductor carrying the current to the filament

➢ Inert gas – Gas inserted in the bulb to slow down evaporation of the filament.
➢ Base – metal end of a light bulb inserted into socket to connect it to the electric
circuit.
➢ Exhaust tube – glass tube used to empty the air from the bulb and then to fill it with
inert gas before it is sealed.
➢ Pinch – part in which the lead-in wires are attached
➢ Heat deflecting disc – metal disc placed at the entrance of a lamp’s neck to protect
the pinch and the base from the heat
➢ Stem – button support
➢ Button – end of the stem; the filament support are attached to it.
➢ Support – Metal wire holding the filament.
➢ Filament – very thin metal wire, usually made of tungsten, emitting light rays when
an electric current pass through it.

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 ➢ Bayonet base – base fitted with two short metal pins so that it can be placed in the
corresponding socket.
➢ Screw base – base fitted with a screw pitch so it can be inserted into the
corresponding socket.
➢ Bulb – gas sealed in a glass envelope into which the luminous body of a lamp is
inserted

Operation
The incandescent bulb has a tungsten halogen filament which is held up by a
glass mount in the middle of the bulb, and then filled with an inert gas such as argon.
This element lights up when power is applied and not only gives off light, but heat as
well, very similar to a very small heating element. The filaments temperature can reach
over 2200 oC, depending on the type and the size of the bulb.

Due to the high temperature that the filaments are operating at, some tungsten is
always evaporating off the filament during use, causing the filament to thin out evenly.

Specification

Parameters Quantity Parameters Quantity

lifetime 750 – 4000 hrs Life cycle cost High
CRI 98 – 100 Fixture size Compact
CCT 2700K – 2800 K Start to full brightness Immediate
Efficacy 10 – 17 lm/W Restrike time Immediate
Wattage 3 – 1500 W Lumen maintenance Good to excellent
Average rated life 750 – 2000 hrs

Special Types of Incandescent Lamps

➢ Globe - A round bulb typically used without a shade, such as in vanity lighting

➢ Candle – A decorative bulb that can be used with dimmers or as accent lighting in
chandeliers

➢ Flicker – A filament in the bulb that resembles a flickering flame. Typically used in
chandeliers and candelabras.

➢ Bullet/torpedo - A decorative bulb resembling a torpedo. Typically used in night

lights

➢ Flame – A flame shape bulb used in under cabinet lighting or picture lighting

➢ Rough and Vibration Service – used in locations subject to rough handling or

vibration, such as on machinery or in mechanical equipment. Efficacy is between 10
– 19 lpw.

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 ➢ Extended life service – designed with heavy filaments to operate at considerably
lower than 3800 oF and have a rated life of from 2500 to 10,000 hrs.

➢ Dichroic reflector lamp – transmit color selectively through a molecular layer of

chemical coating, allowing only the desired wavelength of color to pass through. This
lamps are used in retail merchandising displays and on art paintings, where the heat
in the light beam is substantially reduced.

➢ Krypton lamps – filled with the gas krypton and are designed for long life and good
color rendition.

➢ Miniature reflector (MR) lamps – it is high in efficacy, easy to control, and have
excellent color quality. It has become more popular in interior design applications,
especially retail and residential applications and accent lighting in public and office
spaces.

TUNGSTEN HALOGEN LAMPS

It is a type of incandescent lamps which achieve better energy efficiency, than

standard, incandescent A – type light bulbs. It a halogen gas in the bulb, which reduces
the filament evaporation rate and thus increases the lamp life. They also have inner
coating that reflects heat. Together, the filling and coating recycle heat to keep the
filament hot with less electricity. The bulb of halogen lamp must be compact in size and
thus is normally made with quartz to withstand extremely high temperatures.

There are also halogen PAR lamps made of hard glass. Besides their
compactness, halogen lamps are high in efficacy and low in lumen depreciation. This
lamp type also known as quartz – iodine lamp because it has a small amount of halogen
gas (iodine or bromine).

Parts and Functions

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 ➢ Contact - metal part establishes electric contact between the base of a light bulb and
the socket
➢ Base – metal end of a light bulb inserted into a socket to connect it to the electric circuit.
➢ Electric circuit – lamp component allowing the electric current to circulate through the
tungsten filament.
➢ Inert gas – gas inserted in the bulb to slow down evaporation of the filament; iodine or
bromine are added as they combine with tungsten at high temperatures.
➢ Tungsten filament – very thin metal wire emitting light rays when the electric current
passes through it.
➢ Filament support – metal wire holding the filament
➢ Bulb – gas sealed in a glass envelope into which the luminous body of a lamp is
inserted.
➢ Pin – cylindrical metal part that establishes electric contact when inserted into the

Specification

Parameters Quantity Parameters Quantity

Wattage 10 – 1500 W Fixture size Compact

Ave. Efficacy 8 – 33 lpw Start to full brightness Immediate
Ave. rated life 2000 – 4000 hrs Restrike time Immediate
Life cycle cost high Lumen maintenance Excellent

Exercise No. 3

1. Discuss how an incandescent lamp produce light.

2. Why incandescent lamps are still in market over the fact that it is a low efficacy lamp?
Explain.
3. What are the improvements of tungsten-halogen lamp with compare to traditional
incandescent lamp?
4. What are the new technologies for incandescent lamps?
5. What are the reasons for incandescent lamps burned-out?

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 MODULE 4

FLUORESCENT LAMPS

Topic Objectives

1. To familiar with the parts, operation, application, and specifications of the fluorescent
lamps.
2. To know what auxiliary equipment are needed to operate a fluorescent lamp
3. To learn the different types of fluorescent lamps and their respective ballast.

Overview

Low intensity discharge lamps or more commonly referred to as fluorescent lamps are
among the most widely used light source in the world because they require little energy to
produce a great deal of light.

Fluorescent lamps are available in wide variety of sizes as shown in the figure

Shape and Size

There are many types of fluorescent lamps to cater for wide range of applications.
Some require electronic control gear (ECG), such as T5 and T2 lamps, while other can be
operated on conventional (electromagnetic) control gear (CCG) such as T8 and T12.

The bulb is normally designated by the letter T, indicating tubular follow by a

number indicating the maximum diameter of the tube.

T12 – 12/8” or 38mm dia T10 – 10/8” or 32mm dia

T8 – 8/8” or 26mm dia T5 – 5/8” or 16mm dia
T2 – 2/8” or 7mm dia

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Lamp color

CW – cool white D – daylight WW – warm white

Parts and Functions

➢ Mercury – A droplets of liquid mercury is placed in the bulb to furnish mercury vapor.
Mercury vapor is made to glow by using a high voltage across its electrodes that
sets off an electric discharge in the tube. It is chosen because for its ability to create
a relatively high gas pressure at low temperature. This ensures a presence of a
large number of mercury atoms in the gas mixture. It also has the advantage in that
it does not easily combine with other components in the discharge process and as
result retains its usefulness over many thousands of hours.
➢ Cathode or Electrode coil – is placed at each end of lamps that is coated with
emissive material which emits electrons. Usually made of coiled – coil or single coil
tungsten filaments, that are coated with an emitter material to aid the emission of
electrons. The emitter material consists mainly of alkaline earth oxides.
➢ Inert gas – usually argon or a combination of argon, neon, xenon, and krypton, that
use as a carrier of the discharge arc. Argon is added to assist ignition of the
discharge in standard lamps, while energy saving type have argon-krypton mixture.
➢ Phosphor Coating – transform ultraviolet radiation into visible light. Color of light
produced depends on chemical composition of phosphor. The basic phosphor in
white fluorescent lamps is calcium halophosphate, which emits light in the range of
350 – 750 nm with peak energy at 610 nm. Other phosphors commonly used are
cadmium borate (pink), calcium silicate (orange), calcium tungstate (blue), and zinc
silicate (green).
Rare earth (RE) phosphor technology improves the performance of fluorescent
lamps. RE phosphor or triphosphor compounds are selected for their ability to
produce visible light at the most sensitive wavelengths of the eye’s red, blue and
green sensors. When compared with conventional halosphosphors, such as cool
white, RE phosphors produce better color rendering and higher efficacy, while
improving lumen maintenance characteristics. For reasons lumen maintenance, rare

26 | I l l u m i n a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g D e s i g n
 earth materials are required in small diameter lamps, e.g. CFL and T5. RE phosphor
raise lumen output up to 8% over conventional halophosphor.
➢ Base – include aluminum cap or contact pins. It used to connect the lamp to the
electric circuit and to support the lamp in the lampholder.
➢ Bulb – it used to hold the gas.
➢ Cathode Shield – to minimize the severity of blackening of the tube ends. It also
serves as to reduce the visible 100 Hz flicker which appears in the vicinity of the
electrodes when operated at ordinary mains frequencies.

Operation

The fluorescent lamp contains electrodes at both ends of the tube that is filled
with mercury vapor. When an electric voltage is impressed between the electrodes, an
electric arc discharge initiated and the resulting current ionizes the vaporized mercury in
the tube. The ionized mercury emits ultraviolet radiation that strikes and excites the
phosphor coating inside surface of the tube, causing it to glow or fluoresce and produce
visible light.

The phosphor coating on the inside of the fluorescent lamp is a mixture of many
chemicals that emits visible light when excited by the ultraviolet energy ( at 253.7 nm)
generated by the mercury vapor. Different phosphors emit different color. By mixing
phosphors in different proportions, hundreds of white fluorescent lamps are created,
such as cool white, warm white, white, daylight, and deluxe white.

The resulting flow of current through the mercury vapor is stable and well-
controlled by external ballast, or loading device, which consist of high-inductance
choke-coil that is connected in series with the tube. The fluorescent tube is filled with a
gas, which, with the addition of mercury, becomes the carrier of the discharge arc; the
gas operates at a pressure from 1 to 5 millibar.

Schematic Diagram

capacitor

glow switch

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 ➢ Ballast – also known as control gear, fluorescent lamps have so-called negative
electrical resistance. That is, once an arc is struck across the lamp, the ionized
mercury vapor becomes increasingly more conductive, and thus more current will
flow until the lamp burns out. For this reason, fluorescent as well as HID lamps must
be connected through a ballast, which serves both as a transformer to boost the
voltage at the lamp terminals and as a choke to limit the maximum flow of current.
The basic types of ballast:

Electromagnetic ballast– a conventional electromagnetic core and coil type of

ballast operating at 60 Hz with secondary voltage between 200 and 700 V,
depending on the length of the lamp. This is also known as “core-and-coil
ballast”, “choke ballast”, “conventional ballast” and “ferromagnetic ballast”. They
use heavy magnetic core of several laminated steel plates wrapped with copper
windings. These type of ballasts are inexpensive to manufacture. The
electromagnetic type of ballast is the predominantly use ballast in the country.

Energy Efficient Electromagnetic Ballast (Low Loss Ballast) – it contain a

magnetic core of several laminated high grade (usually silicon) steel plates,
wrapped with high-grade copper windings. By utilizing high quality materials the
heat generated by the ballast is greatly reduced resulting to lower losses and
increase in energy efficiency. New production ttechnology and use of more
efficient materials reduced ballast energy consumption of 50% ( about 5W to
10W loss for each ballast) compared to the commonly used electromagnetic
ballast.

Cathode-Disconnect Ballast – also known as “hybrid ballast” , “low-frequency

electronic ballast” and “filament cut-out ballast”. This is basically a magnetic
ballast, except that is has built-in electronic switching device to save energy by
disengaging the cathode current after the lamp or lamps are started.

High Frequency Electronic Ballast– Electronic ballasts, also called “solid-state

ballasts” operate fluorescent lamps at frequencies above 20 kHz using electronic
switching power supply circuits. This is the newest type of ballast with all
electronic components. In addition to the rectifier and inverter, it incorporates a
DC power pre-conditioner that provides the power factor correction a constant
DC source to power the inverter. Electronic ballasts increase lamp-ballast
efficacy, leading to increased energy efficiency of the fixture and lower operating
costs.

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Advantage of Electronic Ballasts

• They operate at High frequency operation which eliminates flicker and hum
• They are lightweight
• They generate very little heat
• They have better energy efficiency using 25-30% less energy.
• They can be built dimmable
• They are readily available that operate three or four lamps, series or parallel lamps.

The positive features of electromagnetic ballasts are that they are very robust and have
long lifetime. The material recovery from them in the end-of-life is relatively easy and
valuable metals can be recycled, while electronic ballasts are more difficult to recycle.
Electromagnetic ballasts are inexpensive. Electronic ballasts exhibit a high percentage of
total harmonic distortion (THD).

Starter – only older fluorescent light fixture has starters, which are small metallic cylinders.
The starter was meant to delay electricity coming into the gas-filled tube.

Types of Conventional Ballasts and their Associated Starting Methods

• Preheat Ballasts – this is also called switch start ballast. All ballasts that operate in this
mode are electromagnetic ballast. In so called “switch start” or preheat mode operation,
a switch or starter establishes a complete circuit through the ballast to preheat the
electrodes for several seconds prior to initiating discharge. When the filaments have
heated up, the starter opens and the ballast then provides a suitable voltage of approx..
200 to 300 volts to light the lamp and limits the current flow to the proper value. This
process causes the lamp to flash on and off for several seconds before finally staying lit.
Lamps with either low or high resistance cathodes can be operated on switch start
circuits.
• Instant Start Ballasts – start the lamps by supplying high voltage (usually above 400
V) to the lamp electrodes without preheating resulting to forced discharge. The high
voltage applied across the lamps typically ignites them within 50 milliseconds.
Electrodes are not preheated during starting which greatly reduce the service life of the
lamp, which inversely proportional to the number of starts (more starting reduces lamp
life). On the other hand since lamp operates without electrode heating, the lamp circuit
has lower power losses. This increases system efficacy. Lamp life is reduced by
approximately 25% (for 2000-hr lamps at three hrs per start), but this is compensated
for by increased energy efficiency. These ballasts are available for either one or multiple
lamps.
• Rapid Start Ballasts – cathodes are generally the “low resistance” types and
transformers are introduced to preheat the cathodes. Rapid start ballasts ignite lamps

29 | I l l u m i n a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g D e s i g n
 by providing cathode voltage (approx.. 3.6 V) and voltage across the lamp
simultaneously. As the cathodes heat, the voltage required to ignite the lamp is reduced.
At some time after both voltages are applied, the cathodes reach a temperature
sufficient for the applied voltage to ignite the lamps. Rapid start ballasts heat lamp
electrodes continually during starting and operation and the resultant power loss remain
part of the circuit while the lamp is operating. During the starting scenario, voltage
across the lamps creates a glow current that damages the lamp by sputtering off the
cathode’s emissive material. The sputtering results in end blackening and reduction in
lamp life. Ballast are available for one, two, three, and four lamp operation.

Types of Fluorescent lamps

• Preheat lamps – the lamp electrodes are heated before application of the high
voltage across the lamp. Lamp designated for such operation has bi-pin bases to
facilitate electrode heating. Many preheat – starting compact fluorescent lamps have
the starting devices built into the lamp base.

• Rapid start lamps – These lamps are designed for rapid-start operation and
typically have low resistance cathodes. The cathodes are heated continuously by the
application of cathode voltage while the lamps are in operation. Ballast for rapid start
lamps have separate windings to provide continuous heating voltage for the lamp
electrodes.

• Instant start lamps – lamps electrodes are not heated prior to operation. Ballast for
instant start lamps designed to provide relatively high starting voltage (with respect
to preheat and rapid start lamps) to initiate the discharge across the unheated
electrodes.

Effects of Mismatching Ballast and Lamp Types

Type of Lamps Preheat Ballast Rapid Start Ballast Instant Start Ballast

Unreliable Starting
Preheat Lamp Normal Operation Unreliable Starting
Shortened Lamp Life

Shortened Lamp Life if

Rapid Start Lamp Normal Operation Normal Operation
cycle time is short

Instant Start Lamp Will not start Will not start Normal Operation

Ballast Parameters and Issues

a. Ballast Factor. The ballast factor is needed to determine the light output for a particular
lamp-ballast system. It is a measure of the actual lumen output for a specific lamp
ballast system relative to the rated lumen output measured with reference ballast under

30 | I l l u m i n a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g D e s i g n
 ANSI test conditions. It is important to note that the ballast factor value is not simply a
characteristic of the ballast, but of the lamp-ballast system. As F40T12 lamps are lately
only sold for replacement purposes, nowadays a BF of 80 or less is preferred with T8 or
T5 systems.
𝑬𝟏
𝑩𝑭 = 𝑩𝑭′
𝑬𝟐
BF = ballast factor of the test ballast
BF’ = ballast factor of the calibrated ballast
E1 = the illuminance reading on the testing rack of the test ballast/test
lamp system
E2 = the illuminance rating on the testing rack of the calibrated ballast/test
lamp system

Ballast factor is not a measure of energy efficiency. Although a lower ballast factor
reduces lamp lumen output, it also consumes proportionally less input power. It is important to
note that to avoid a drastic reduction in lamp life, low ballast factor ballasts (<70%) should
operate lamps in rapid start mode only.

b. Energy efficiency. Fluorescent lamps are reasonably efficient at converting input power
to light. Nevertheless, much of the power supplied into a fluorescent lamps ballast
system produces waste heat energy. There are three primary means of improving the
efficacy of a fluorescent lamp-ballast system:
• Reduce the ballast losses
• Operate the lamp at a high frequency
• Reduce losses attributable to the lamp electrodes

Ballast losses may be reduced by using a single ballast to drive three or four lamps,
instead of only one or two. In addition, electronic ballasts, which convert 60 Hz supply
frequency to high frequency, operate fluorescent lamps more efficiently than is possible at
60 Hz. Finally, in rapid start circuits, some electromagnetic ballast improve efficacy by
removing power to the lamp electrodes after starting.

c. Lamp-ballast System Efficacy. The efficiency of a fluorescent lamp ballast changes

depending on the type of lamp operated. Lamp efficacy is affected by ballast
technology: the same lamp will perform differently when operated by heater cutout
ballast than it will when operated at high frequency. The system efficacy can be
calculated as follows(based under ANSI test conditions):

𝑙𝑚 (𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑝 𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠)(𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠)(𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)

𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑦 ( )=
𝑊 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
d. Ballast Noise Level (Sound Rating). All electromagnetic ballasts emit hum that is
caused by vibration of the laminated core of the ballast, vibration that results from

31 | I l l u m i n a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g D e s i g n
 expanding and collapsing magnetic field in the core. High temperatures can increase
noise, and it is amplified by certain luminaire designs. The best ballasts use high-quality
materials and workmanship to reduce noise. Noise is rated A, B, C, or D in decreasing
order. An “A” rated ballast will hum softly; a “D” rated ballast will make a loud buzz.
Virtually all energy-efficient electromagnetic ballasts for F40T12 and F36T8 lamps are
“A” rated, with exceptions, such as low-temperature ballast. All electronic ballasts are
“A” rated for sound.
e. Dimming. Most fluorescent lamps cannot be properly dimmed with a simple wallbox
device such as those used for incandescent lamps. For a fluorescent lamp to be
dimmed over a full range without a reduction in lamp life, its electrode heater voltages
must be maintained while the lamp arc current is reduced. Lamps operated in rapid start
mode are the only fluorescent lamps suitable for wide-range dimming applications. The
power required to keep electrode voltage constant over all dimming conditions means
that dimming ballasts will be less efficient when operating lamps at dimmed levels. To
dim lamps, electromagnetic dimming ballasts require control gear containing expensive
high-power switching devices that condition the input power delivered to the ballasts.
Dimming of electronically ballasted lamps is accomplished within the ballast itself.
Electronic ballasts alter the output power to the lamps by a low-voltage signal into the
output circuit. Low-voltage wiring is compatible with photocells, occupancy sensors, and
energy management system (EMS) inputs.
f. Flicker. Electromagnetic ballast are designed to condition the 60 Hz input voltage to the
electrical requirements of the lamps. Electromagnetic ballast alters the voltage, but not
the frequency. The lamp voltage crosses zero 120 times each second, resulting 120 Hz
light output oscillations. This results in about 30% flicker for standard halophosphor
lamps, operated at 60 Hz. Most electronic ballasts use high frequency operation, which
reduces lamp flicker to an essentially imperceptible level. For a given ballast, flicker will
be a function of lamp type and phosphor composition.
g. Harmonics. When a current or voltage wave shape deviates from the sinusoidal,
current or voltage harmonics are produced. Harmonics are sinusoidal voltages of
currents that are higher multiples of the fundamental frequency. Fluorescent ballasts
affect the current, as opposed to the input voltage; in the process, current harmonics
are generated. The amplitude of these harmonics is expressed as a percentage of
fundamental. Electrical utilities have been concerned with the use of electrical
equipment that generates harmonics such as variable speed drives, UPS, PC, and
electronic ballasts. If any one or combination of the above systems makes up significant
portion of a building’s electrical load, the following effects may result:
• Overloading of transformer
• Adding of current to the neutral in three-phase systems

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 • Current/voltage surges due to circuit resonances with one or more of the
harmonic frequencies
• Interference with electrical equipment or communications on the same circuit.
• Distortion of the electrical service entrance voltage.

Electric utilities requires that electronic ballast shall have a total harmonic
distortion(THD) of 20% and lighting equipment should have a power factor greater than
0.9. Harmonic currents generated by the electronic ballasts reduce power factor due to
a distorted current wave shape. The relationship between power factor and total
harmonic distortion with no voltage-current phase shift may be determined as follows:

1
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = √
1 + 𝑇𝐻𝐷 2

FLUORESCENT LAMPS TECHNOLOGY

A. Technical Advantages of Triphosphor Lamps

a. Lower Depreciation of Luminous Flux. The fluorescent coating is subject to
natural ageing during a life lamp, with the result that the luminous flux decreases.
This disadvantage has been minimized by the use of a special phosphor coating,
which results in 90% of the original luminous flux maintained even after 12,000
hours or more of operation.
b. High Luminosity. The special triphosphor materials used guarantee a high
luminous flux with a high luminous efficiency of up to 96 lm/W.
c. Large Selection of Light Colors and Optimum Color Rendering. The triphosphor
lamp is available in every light color for all the various requirements to be met by a
modern lighting system in commercial and industrial use.
d. More Environmentally Friendly. Mercury is essential for ensuring the functionality
and luminaire efficiency of the lamp. Triphosphor contains mercury, but not more
than is necessary to guarantee reliable operation, even when used in outdoor
applications.
All materials used for the triphosphor, from the glass to the phosphor coating and
packaging, can be recycled and reused. In addition, the high luminous efficiency
and long service life as compared with the more common halophosphor lamps
ensure that fewer lamps are required and extend the intervals between servicing.
In summary: lower power consumption to generate more light, fewer lamps to
produce the same brightness and 100% recyclability.

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 B. T5 Linear Lamp Technology
T5 technology consists of a 16 mm double-ended tubular fluorescent lamp,
optimized for use with an electronic ballast, which operates the lamp at high
frequency (ECG), to enhance its efficiency. These lamps are available in lengths
which are approximately 50 mm shorter than the most commonly used T8 lamps.
Some of the reasons for using T5 lamps include:
• T5 lamps are more environmentally friendly because they have reduced
glass, gases, phosphor and mercury.
• Luminaire costs will benefit from compact size of T5 lamps, with
reductions in the costs of material.
• Higher luminous output can mean fewer luminaires will be required.
• Compact size allows for shallower luminaires, having a big impact on
lighting design in areas with limited ceiling space and for suspended
systems
• The system as a whole, will contribute to energy savings
• Luminaires designed around T5 lamps and ECGs can be more
aesthetically pleasing, while at the same time, contributing significantly to
the quality of lighting.
C. Compact Fluorescent Lamp
CFL are actually lighting systems consisting of a lamp, a lampholder, and ballast.
A screw-in socket adapter is incorporated into the package. It is based on the
principle of the fluorescent tube which a phosphor coating transform some of the
UV energy generated by the discharge into light. There are three different types
of CFL-ballast system:
• Integrated systems – self-ballasted packages and are made up of a one
piece, disposable socket-adapter-ballast, and lamp combination
• Modular system – also self-ballasted packages, consisting of a screw-
based incandescent socket adapter-ballast-lampholder, and replaceable
lamp.
• Dedicated system – exist when a ballast and lamp socket have been
directly wired in as a part of the luminaire

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CFL’s Applications

Specifications

Parameters Quantity Parameters Quantity

Lifetime 7000 – 24000 hrs Ave. Rated Life 7500 – 24000 hrs
CRI 50 – 90 (straight tube) Life cycle cost Low
65 – 88 Fixture size Extended
CCT 2700- 6500 K Start to full brightness 0 – 5 seconds
Wattage 4 – 215 W Restrike time Immediate
Ave. System Efficacy 48 – 89 lm/W Lumen maintenance Fair to excellent

Special type of fluorescent lamps

• Black light lamps – produce energy in the near ultraviolet range. It used to
authenticate oil paintings, antiques and banknotes, in crime scene inspection, in
artwork inspection, and in admission/access or crowd control.

• UV lamps – produce ultraviolet energy below 320 nm for use as germicides.

• Plant grow lamps – designed specially to stimulate photosynthesis.

• Cold-cathode lamps – phosphor coated lamps filled with mercury vapor and
argon gas that operate at from 700 to 1000 V

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 • Neon lamps – non-coated cold cathode lamps operating at extremely high
voltage (exceeding 5000 V) It used for signs and decorative applications.

• Subminiature lamps – constitute the family of tiny fluorescent lamps with 7mm (
T2 ½) diameter with rating of 1 to 3 W. It used for backlighting liquid crystal
display signs and for lighting instruments.

• Reflector lamps – An` internal reflector or cover up a portion of the bulb, they
reflect the light to the open aperture portion of the lamp at a higher intensity than
the general service type.

Exercise No. 5

1. Enumerate the parts of fluorescent lamps and how each part helps in producing light of
the fluorescent lamps.
2. What is ballast? Discuss the different type of ballast.
3. How a fluorescent lamp burned-out? Explain.
4. How a harmonics and power factor developed using different type of ballast? What is
the effect of this phenomenon in electrical system?
5. Discuss the new technologies for fluorescent lamps.

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 MODULE 6

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS and MISCELLANEOUS TYPE

Topic Objectives

1. To familiarize with the operation and application of High Intensity Discharge Lamps
2. To know the different type of HID lamps and their characteristic.

Overview

HID lamps are a family of lamps that incorporate a high pressure arc tube within the
lamp envelope (bulb). The tube is filled with metallic gas, such as mercury, argon, or sodium.
When the gas is fully vaporized, owing to the flow of electrical current, the arc tube will have a
high internal pressure of around 2 to 4 atm ( 200 – 400 kPa ). It produces light by means of an
electric arc between tungsten electrodes housed inside a translucent or transparent fused
quartz or fused alumina arc tube. This tube is filled with both gas and metal salts. The gas
facilitates the arc’s initial strike. Once the arc is started, it heats and evaporates the metal salts
forming plasma, which greatly increase the intensity of light produced by the arc and reduces
its power consumption.

The envelope of HID lamps may be clear or

coated with phosphor to improved color rendition. The
outer bulb provides thermal insulation, protection from
ultraviolet radiation, and a convenient mounting for the
fused quartz arc tube.

There are three major types of HID lamps.

HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS

A type of HID that uses sodium under high pressure as the primary light-producing
element. These high efficiency lights produce a golden white color that are commonly use in
outdoor lighting. It contains xenon as a starting gas and an amalgam of sodium and mercury
that is partially vaporized when the lamps attains its operating temperature. HPS lamps are

37 | I l l u m i n a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g D e s i g n
constructed with two envelopes: an inner envelope ( arc tube) and an outer envelope designed
to protect the arc tube.

parameters value parameters value

wattage 35 – 1000 Fixture size Compact
Ave. System efficacy 22 – 115 Start to full brightness 3 – 4 min
CRI 25 CCT 2100 K
Ave. Rated life 16000 – 24000 hrs Restrike time 1 minute
Life cycle cost Low Lumen Maintenance Good – excellent

MERCURY VAPOR LAMPS

A mercury vapor lamps is a gas discharge lamps that uses mercury in an excited state to
produce light. The arc discharge is generally confined to a small fused quartz arc tube
mounted within a larger borosilicate glass bulb.

parameters Value Parameters value

wattage 40 – 1250 Fixture size Compact
Ave. System efficacy 19 – 43 Start to full brightness 3 – 9 min
Ave. Rated life 24000+ hrs Restrike time 10 - 20 minute
CRI 50 CCT 3200 – 7000 K
Life cycle cost Moderate Lumen Maintenance Poor – fair

****Mercury lamps will be banned from European market after 2015. (EC 245/2009)

METAL HALIDE LAMPS

It produces high light output for their size, making them a compact, powerful, and
efficient light source. By adding rare earth metal salts to the mercury vapor lamp, improved
luminous efficacy and light color is obtained. Some MH lamps have coated finish on the inside
of the bulb that diffuses the light. Often a phosphor coat is used to both diffuse the light and
change the lamp’s color properties. It contains mercury vapor and other halides such as
scandium, sodium oxide, dysprosium, indium oxide and other rare earth iodides

Specifications

Parameters Value Parameters Value

wattage 32 – 200 CRI 70
Ave. System Efficacy 22 – 115 CCT 3700 K
Ave. Rated Life 6000 - 20000 Fixture Size compact
Life Cycle Cost moderate Start to Full brightness 3 – 5 min
Restrike time 4 – 20 min Lumen maintenance good

38 | I l l u m i n a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g D e s i g n
MISCELLANEOUS TYPES OF LAMPS

LOW PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS

LPS lamps produce a monochromatic

yellow wavelength light at 589 nm. This is
discharge lamps in which the light is produced by
radiation from sodium vapor operating at a partial
pressure of 0.1 to 1.5 Pa. It is commonly used in
street lighting, security lighting and parking lot
lighting. They are ideal for these types of
locations due to the fact that the lamps last a very
long time (5+ years) and color rendition is not important factor in these locations.

A sodium vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp min which uses sodium in an excited
state to produce light. LPS lamps, also known as sodium oxide lamps or SOX lamps, consist of
an outer vacuum envelope of glass coated with an infrared reflecting layer of a semiconductor
material. It also contains small amount of argon, xenon, or helium as the starting gas. The arc
tube temperature, which is critical, is optimal at 260 oC. Deviating from this temperature will
result in great reduction in efficacy. For this reason, the outer bulb of the lamp is kept in a state
of high vacuum, to retard heat transfer. The quality of light produced is mediocre at best but
they are the most energy efficient man-made light source.

Specification

Parameters Value Parameters Value

Wattage 18 -180 W Life cycle cost Low
CRI 0 Fixture size Extended
CCT N/A Start to full brightness 7 – 9 min
Ave. system
50 – 150 lpw Restrike time Immediate
efficacy
Ave. Rated life 7500 – 24000 hrs Lumen maintenance excellent

ELECTRODELESS LAMPS

The burning time of discharge lamps is normally limited by abrasion of electrodes.

Electrodeless lamps were not introduced into the commercial market until the past decades.
The main reasons were the lack of reliable and low cost electronics, and avoidance of
electromagnetic interferences.

39 | I l l u m i n a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g D e s i g n
 With the great development in electronics and consequently introduction of electronic
ballasts, the electrodeless lamp has become ready to be introduced to commercial market for
the general purpose lighting

Light Source Advantages Disadvantages Applications

Electrodeless No electrodes needed Expensive Useful for

Lamp applications in
Extremely long lamp life, 100 000 h Operate at high
inaccessible
(Induction frequency power
Excellent lumen maintenance locations (road
Type)
special generator tunnels, factory
Instant starting, no cold-start
or ballast is halls)
No flickering needed

No glare and light pollution

Good efficacy, 60-80 lpw

SOLID-STATES LIGHTING

Light Emitting Diode (LED)

Almost everyone is familiar with LED from their use as indicator lights and
numeric displays on consumer electronic devices, and later used in seven segments
alphanumeric that became briefly popular in digital watches and other display
applications. The color emitted light of LED’s depends on the chemical composition and
dominant wavelength of the semiconductor used.

The efficacy of individual LED varies by material type, packaging, radiation

pattern, phosphors and processing. The average commercial LED currently provides 32
lpw, and new technologies promise to deliver up to 100 lpw.

40 | I l l u m i n a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g D e s i g n
 Lumen depreciation is the lighting attribute most often used to determine the
useful life (minimum maintained illuminance level) of LED sources. LEDs do not fail
abruptly; instead, they dim with time. Although 50,000 – 100,000 hrs life is commonly
attributed LED.

LEDs are low-voltage current driven devices. It operates at relatively low voltages
between 1 to 4 volts, and draw currents between 10 to 40 mA. Voltages and currents
substantially above these values can melt the chip. Power sources include electronic
circuit choices such as drivers and switch-mode power supplies. A single dc power
source may drive one LED or a cluster of LEDs. LEDs can be operated on an ac
voltage, but they will only light with positive voltage, causing LED to turn on and off at

the frequency of the ac supply.

Why LED’s are chosen for many applications

• LEDs are ideal for use in applications that are subject to frequent on-off cycling, unlike
fluorescent lamps that burn out more quickly when cycled frequently, or HID lamps that
require a long time before restarting.
• LEDs can very easily be dimmed or strobed
• LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red indicator LED will achieve full brightness in
microseconds.
• LEDs mostly fail by dimming over time, rather than the abrupt burn-out of incandescent
bulbs
• LEDs, being solid state components, are difficult to damage with external shock, unlike
fluorescent and incandescent bulbs which are fragile.
• LEDs can be very small and are easily populated onto printed circuit boards.
• LEDs do not contain mercury, unlike compact fluorescent lamps

41 | I l l u m i n a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g D e s i g n
 The Chart Below compares different light sources based upon the life of the bulb and the
electrical cost at 10 cents per kWh (kilowatt hour). Note: fixture costs and installation costs
are not included.

Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) lamps

• The organic light-emitting diode (OLED) promises highly efficient large area
light sources.
• Recent developments have reported luminous efficacies of 90 lm/W at
luminances of 1000 cd/m² with improved OLED. (Reineke, Lindner et al.
2009).
• OLED technology are the simplicity of processing techniques
• OLED technology has three specific characteristics: transparency, flexibility
and white light emission.
• LED and OLED technologies share similar problems such as the relatively
low external quantum efficiency.

42 | I l l u m i n a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g D e s i g n
Exercise No. 6

1. What is the difference of HID lamps and fluorescent lamps in terms of producing light.
2. Differentiate the three HPS, MV, and MH lamps.
3. Why flicker and stroboscopic effect occurs in HID lamps?
4. Discuss the operation of electrodeless lamps.
5. What is the difference between HPS and LPS lamps?
6. What is the development of LED lamps? What is OLED lamps? Do you think that LED
lamps are capable in replacing traditional lamp?

43 | I l l u m i n a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g D e s i g n
 MODULE 7

ZONAL CAVITY (LUMEN) METHOD

Topic Objectives
1. To know how a luminaires affect the light output of the lamps and their importance in
lighting system.
2. To evaluate the coefficient of utilization of the luminaire with respect to room and task
3. To understand the procedure of Zonal Cavity Method in illumination Engineering Design
of the building.

Overview

A luminaire is a device forming a complete lighting unit, which comprises of

a light source and electric operating devices (transformer, ballast, ignitor, etc.)

The function of luminaire (if not a pure decorative fitment) is to direct light
to desired locations, creating the required visual environment without causing glare
or These are the complete lighting units consisting of a lamp or lamps together with the
parts designed to distribute the light, to position and protect the lamps, and to connect the
lamps to the power supply. They are designed to efficiently direct light to appropriate
locations without causing glare or discomfort.

A. CIE Classification

44 | I l l u m i n a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g D e s i g n
 They are classified by the CIE (International Commission on Illumination) or
(Commission Internationale de L’ Eclirage) according to the percentage of light output above
and below the horizontal as follows:

1. Direct lighting – when the luminaire direct 90 to 100 % of their output downward and 0
to 10% upward. The distribution may vary from widespread to highly concentrating,
depending on the reflector material. Troffers and downlight are two forms of direct
luminaires.

Direct lighting units can have the highest utilization of all types, but this utilization
may be reduced in varying degrees by the brightness – control media required to
minimize direct glare. Veiling reflections may be excessive unless the distribution of
light is designed to reduce the effect.

2. Semi-direct lighting – the distributions from semi-direct units is

predominantly downward (60 to 90%) but with a small upward component
(10 to 40%) to illuminate the ceiling and upper walls. The
characteristics are essentially the same as for direct lighting except that
the upward component will tend to soften shadows and improve room brightness
relationships.

3. General diffuse lighting – When downward and upward components of

light from surface mounted and suspended luminaires are about equal ( each
40 to 60% of total luminaire output). General diffuse units combine the
characteristics of direct lighting and indirect lighting. Utilization is somewhat
lower than for direct or semidirect units, but it is still quite good in rooms with
high reflectances surfaces. Brightness relationship throughout the room is generally
good, and shadows from the direct component are softened by the upward light from
the ceiling.

4. semi indirect lighting – lighting system which emit 60 to 90% of their output upward.
The characteristics of the semi indirect lighting are similar to those of indirect systems
except the downward component usually produces a luminaire luminance that closely
matches that of the ceiling.

45 | I l l u m i n a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g D e s i g n
 5. indirect lighting – they are those which direct 90 to 100% of the light upward to the
ceiling and upper sidewalls. This kind of lighting produces a soft and subdued effect due
to low brightness and absence of sharp shadows. In a well-designed installation, the

entire ceiling becomes the primary source of illuminations.

B. IEC Classification
International Electrotechnical Commission has classified luminaires according to
the type of protection against electric shock, the degree of protection against the ingress
of dust, solid objects and moistures, and the material of the supporting surfaces.

1. Class 0 luminaire – luminaire in which basic type insulation is provided for

protection against electric shock; this means that no device is provided for
connecting accessible conductive parts that may be present to a protective
conductor forming a part of the permanent electric installation. If the basic insulation
should be damaged, protection is entrusted to the environment surrounding the
fitting.

2. Class I Luminaire - this class are electrically insulated and provided with a
connection to earth. Exposed metal parts that could become live in the event of
basic insulation failure are protected by grounding.

3. Class II Luminaire - this are designed and constructed so that protection

against electric shock does not rely on basic insulation only. This can be achieved by
reinforced or double insulation. No provision for grounding is provided.

46 | I l l u m i n a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g D e s i g n
 4. Class III Luminaire - protection against electric shock relies on supply at
Safety Extra Low Voltage (SELV) and in which voltages higher than of SELV are not
generated (max. 50 V ac rms)

Luminaires with rated voltage in excess of 250V shall not be classified as Class
0. Luminaire shall have only a single classification. For example, for luminaire with a
built-in extra-low voltage transformer with provision for grounding, the luminaire shall be
classified as Class I and part of the luminaire shall not be classified as Class III even
though the lamp compartment is separated from the transformer compartment.

C. NEMA Classifications

This system is based on the distribution of flux within the beam produced the
luminaire. It is used primarily for sports lighting and floodlighting luminiares.

LIGHTING SYSTEM

These are installations of one or more luminaires and are often classified in
accordance with their layout or location with respect to the visual task or object lighted
and other perhaps “artistic” concern.

general lighting – lighting system which provide an approximately uniform level

of illumination on the work plane over the entire area. The luminaire are usually
arranged in a symmetrical plan fitted into the physical characteristic of the area and
blend well with the room architecture. The greatest advantage of this is that they permit
complete flexibility in task location.

localized general lighting – consists of a functional arrangement of luminaires

with respect to the visual task or work areas (aka task lighting). It also provides
illumination for the entire room area. This system has the advantage of better utilization
of the light on the work area and the opportunity to locate the luminaires so that
annoying shadows and direct and reflected glare are prevented.

local lighting – provides lighting only over a relatively small area occupied by
the task and its immediate surround. The illumination may be from luminaires mounted
near the task or from remote spotlights. It is an economical means of providing higher
illumination levels over the small area, and it usually permits some adjustment of the
lighting to suit the requirements of the individual. It should be used in conjunction with
general lighting that is at least 20% of the local lighting lev el; it then becomes
supplementary lighting.

47 | I l l u m i n a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g D e s i g n
Examples of Residential and Commercial Indoor Luminaire (General Lighting type)

Open Direct Luminaire Open Direct Luminaire

Four Lamp Parabolic Troffer
with Specular Reflector

Troffer with Prismatic Lens

Shielded Direct Luminaire

Example of Indirect Lighting

Cove Lighting

48 | I l l u m i n a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g D e s i g n
CALCULATIONS OF ILLUMINATION

table 2. Recommended illuminance level of common task/areas

Auditoriums Lobbies, lounges and
Assembly C reception areas C
social activity B Mail Sorting E
stage/platform E Offset printing and
Banks duplicating area D
lobby-general C Reading
writing area D Xenograph, mimeograph D
teller's stations E CRT screens B
Conference Rooms #3 pencil and softer leads E
Conferring D #4 pencil and harder leads F
critical seeing E ballpoint pen D
Corridors C reading mixed material E
Drafting Schools
low contrast F Classrooms E
Blueprints E science laboratories E
Exhibition/Convention Shops F
General C Stairways and Corridors B
Display E Residential Spaces
Libraries general lighting B
reading areas E Entertainment B
book stacks-
D passage areas B
active
card files E Specific Visual Tasks
audiovisual areas D Dining C
Merchandising Spaces E Grooming D
Circulation D Kitchen General D
Offices kitchen counter E
Accounting E Kitchen Range E
audiovisual areas E Kitchen Sink E
Conference E Laundry D
Drafting E Music Study E
general & private
E Sewing E
office
Libraries E

49 | I l l u m i n a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g D e s i g n
LUMENS (ZONAL CAVITY) METHOD

This is widely used for determining the average horizontal illuminance of a space.
This method is based on the definition of illumination. This method is based on the
luminous radiative transfer theory, which holds that the fluxes are interreflected until
they reach equilibrium. This theory provides the engineering base for calculating the
average illuminance level on the work plane. The method divides the room into three
zones or cavities – ceiling, room, and floor cavities. This method express as

𝑁𝑇  𝑐𝑢 𝑚𝑓
𝐸=
𝐴

Where;

E = average illumination in lux

A = area of room in meters
N = number of luminaires
T = number of lamp per luminaire
 = lumen output per lamp in lumen
cu = coefficient of utilization
mf = maintenance factor
air conditioned interiors = 0.85
non air conditioned interiors = 0.8
industrial areas (normal) =0.75
industrial areas (dusty) = 0.7

Coefficient of utilization

When a lighting system is turned on (energized), light power (flux) fills the space.
Depending on the flux distribution characteristics of the luminaires, some or all of the
flux falls directly on the work plane and the rest will not. As the result, the flux emitted
from the luminaires is only partially utilized. The coefficient of utilization is the multiplier
that accounts for the fraction of the total flux that is being utilized at the work plane.

That is:

𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒

𝐶𝑈 =
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥

50 | I l l u m i n a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g D e s i g n
lumens or zonal cavity method is based on the luminous radiated transfer theory, which holds
that fluxes are interreflected until they reach equilibrium. This theory provides the engineering
base for calculating the average illuminance level on the work plane. The method divides the
room into three zones or cavities – ceiling, room and floor cavity

Ceiling cavity

hc
c

Room cavity
hrc

Work plane
Floor cavity hfc

Step in determining CU

step 1. Calculate the cavity ratios

CR = 2.5 x PAR x cavity height

PAR = ratio of perimeter to floor area

= 2(L + W) / (L x W ) for rectangular rooms

= 3.27/D for semicircular rooms

CCR = 2.5 x PAR x hcc FCR = 2.5 x PAR x hfc RCR = 2.5 x PAR x hrc

Step 2. Select the base reflectance.

The surface reflectance of the ceiling, walls, and floor greatly affect the coefficient
of utilization of a lighting installation. Although reflectance values may not be known
during the initial design of the space, the designer must make a reasonable
assumption or an educated guess.

• As regards ceiling reflectance (Rc), assume a white ceiling having 70 – 80%

base reflectance, unless otherwise given.

• For wall reflectance (Rw), assume 50% base reflectance for medium to light
colored walls, 20 – 30% for dark wood paneling and 60 – 70% for white walls.

51 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 • With respect to floor reflectance (Rf), normally use 20% base reflectance for the
combination of furniture and floor. Use 10% for dark floor finishes and 30% for
light floor finishes

Step 3. Determine the effective reflectance

• Effective Ceiling Reflectance (cc).

The effective reflectance of the ceiling is the combined reflectance of both the
ceiling and the upper wall. For surface or recess-mounted lighting installation (CCR
= 0), cc is, of course, the same as the base ceiling reflectance. Table 16-8 gives
effective ceiling or floor reflectance calculation from given base ceiling and floor
reflectance.

• Effective Wall Reflectance (w).

The effective wall reflectance is numerically equal to the base wall reflectance
(w = Rw).

• Effective floor reflectance.

The effective floor reflectance for CU tables published by the lighting fixture
manufacturers is standardized at 20%. The impact of the effective floor reflectance is
less significant than that of the effective ceiling reflectance.

Step 4. Determine the CU.

Use the manufacturer’s photometric data and the previously calculated values
RCC, cc, w, and fc to determine CU. The following tables below are some
photometric data.

Luminaire 1

52 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

Luminaire 2

Design Problem

1. Given the fluorescent fixture number 1 , Calculate the number of fixtures required
for an air-conditioned classroom in a university.
With the following data;
Room dimensions : 40 ft by 22 ft
height of work plane : 3 ft from floor
luminaire height: 9 ft from floor
Ceiling height: 9.5 ft
Reflectances: Rc = 76 %, Rw = 47%, Rf = 20 %
Illuminance level: 50 fc

2. A factory space of 33 m × 13 m is to be illuminated with an average illumination

of lux by 200 W lamps. The coefficient of utilization is 0.4 and the depreciation
factor is 1.4. Calculate the number of lamps required. The lumen output of a 200-
W lamp is 2,730 lm.

53 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 3. A room 30 m × 15 m is to be illuminated by 15 lamps to give an average
illumination of 40 lux. The utilization factor is 4.2 and the depreciation factor is
1.4. Find the M.S.C.P. of each lamp.
4. A hall is to be provided with a lighting installation. The hall is 30 m×20 m×8 m
(high). The mounting height is 5 m and the required level of illumination is 110
lux. Using metal filament lamps, estimate the size and number of single lamp
luminaries and draw their spacing layout. Assume depreciation factor =
0.8,utilization coefficient = 0.6 and space/height ratio=1
Watt : 200 300 500
Lumen/watt : 10 12 12.3

Exercise No. 7

1. Enumerate the type of luminaire per classification. Discuss and give an example
of each luminaire.
2. What is coefficient of utilization? Enumerate factors that may affect CU.
3. A school classroom, 7 m × 10 m × 4 m high is to be illuminated to 135 lm/m2 on
the working plane. If the coefficient of utilization is 0.45 and the sources give 13
lumens per watt, work out the total wattage required, assuming a depreciation
factor of 0.8. Sketch roughly the plan of the room, showing suitable positions for
fittings, giving reasons for the positions chosen.
4. A hall 30 m long and 12 m wide is to be illuminated and the illumination required
is 50 lm/m2. Calculate the number, the wattage of each unit and the location and
mounting height of the units, taking a depreciation factor of 1.3 and utilization
factor of 0.5, given that the outputs of the different types of lamp are as under :
Watts : 100 200 300 500 1000
Lumens : 1615 3650 4700 9950 21500
5. Using Zonal Cavity Method, calculate the number of luminaires needed to
illuminate a non-air conditioned circular hall with the following data;
Ceiling height: 3.5 m Rc=63% Rw = 37% Rf = 20%
Table height: 1.2 m
Fixture height: 3 m Luminaire: luminaire 2
Reflectances: Floor diameter: 3 m

54 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 AVERAGE ILLUMINANCE CALCULATION FORM
FOR ROOM show the cavity height here

ILLUMINANANCE IES ILLUMINANCE CATEGORY

CRITERIA MAINTAINED ILLUMIANANCE, FC (LUX)
MFR/MODEL
FIXTURE TYPE OF DISTRIBUTION
DATA NO. OF LAMPS PER FIXTURE
RATED LAMP LUMEN & WATTS/LAMP
LUMENS PER FIXTURE
ROOM DIMENSIONS height, h width, W length, L
ROOM hcc Rc  cc
CHARACTERISTIC hrc Rw w
hfc Rf  fc

PERIMETER P plot or distribute the resulting number of lamps here.

AREA A
PERMETER / AREA RATIO PAR
2.5 x PAR x hcc CCR
2.5 x PAR x hrc RCR
2.5 x PAR x hfc FCR
FROM CU TABLE OF FIXTURE MFGR.
INTERPOLATION BET. RCR AND CU
 cc,  w,  fc
MAINTENANCE FACTOR mf
NUMBER OF FIXTURE:
N
N = EA / T CU mf

TABLE FOR % Rc
EFFECTIVE % RW
CEILING CCR
REFLECTANCE

LUMINAIRE USED:  cc
w
RCR

DESIGNED BY:

CHECKED BY: ENGR. Rizandy J. Arroyo date

55 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 MODULE 8

EXTERIOR LIGHTING DESIGN

Topic Objectives

1. To know the concepts and principles in exterior lighting.

2. To apply beam lumen method in the calculation of exterior illumination.
3. To design an outdoor playing field using point-to-point method

Overview

The lighting of a building’s exterior and surrounding site can be an important factor
in the success of a project. Exterior lighting possibilities other than code-required safety
and security illumination are often overlooked by the building owner, despite the fact
that a well-designed exterior building and site lighting system can significantly increase
a property’s actual or perceived value.

Possible reason for including exterior and site lighting in a building’s design are:

• Building or corporate identification

• Increased vehicular and pedestrian safety
• Civic and community pride
• Historical or architectural significance
• Marketing

Design Considerations

Many factors go into design of exterior building and site lighting:

56 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 1. Ambient conditions. The existing ambient lighting conditions around the
building and adjacent sites should be studied to understand what visual
competition is presented to the development of a lighting design.
2. Viewing conditions. Key views to the building and site should be examined
to determine the impact of lighting strategy. Distant drive by vehicular entry
and local pedestrian view could all be important.
3. Adjacent properties. It is important to keep in mind the possible impact of a
lighting system neighboring properties. Excessive spill light or perceived
nighttime “sky glow” is to be avoided in most areas.
4. Construction. Exterior building lighting equipment may have integrated
into new or existing construction.
5. Local codes or ordinances. Some regions and locales have ordinances in
force that limit the extent of exterior lighting for anything beyond safety and
security. The designer must research these before starting work.
6. Budget. The designer must establish budget guidelines with the client or
owner before proceeding so that the time is not wasted studying
unaffordable concepts.

Types of Outdoor Lights

1. Uplights: Lights placed at ground level with the lights aiming upward to highlight
focal points in the landscape, such as specimen trees, signs, and architectural
features. The lights not only highlight features from the outside, but they also
provide for an extension of the interior living spaces at night. Fixtures of this type
may include spot or flood lights as well as in-ground fixtures.
2. Downlights: Lights placed above an object or area and aimed downward to
imitate natural light such as simulating moonlight, or for providing security to an
area, such as at back entrance. Care should be taken to hide or shield these light
fixtures from view to create a true natural light. Fixtures of this type include spot
or flood lights.
3. Backlights: Lights placed behind artistic objects or plant material to cast a
silhouette on a wall for a striking effect. As with downlights, care should be taken

57 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 to place the fixtures so that they are hidden from view. Lights of this type may
include spot or flood lights as well as in-ground fixtures.
4. Pathlights: Lights placed just above grade level along sidewalks, driveways, or
informal paths in the landscape to safely lead a person from one location to
another. Path light fixtures are generally low to the ground and cast a spreading
light.
5. Specialty lights: Lights that add accent to a space, especially in the evening.
Their purpose is to set a particular mood or create atmosphere. Examples of
specialty lights include string lights in a gazebo, lights that resemble patio torches
and/or flickering flames, and lights used in underwater settings to highlight a
waterfall or rock bank.

EXAMPLE of EXTERIOR LIGHTING SYSTEM

Street lights

Street lights are not normally intended to illuminate the driving route
(headlights are preferred), but to reveal signs and hazards outside of the
headlights’ beam. Because of the dangers discussed above, roadway lights are
properly used sparingly and only when a particular situation justifies increasing
the risk. This usually involves an intersection with several turning movements and
much signage, situations where drivers must take in much information quickly
that is not in the headlights' beam. In these situations (A freeway junction or exit
ramp) the intersection may be lit so that drivers can quickly see all hazards, and
a well-designed plan will have gradually increasing lighting for approximately a
quarter of a minute before the intersection and gradually decreasing lighting after
it. The main stretches of highways remain unlighted to preserve the driver's night
vision and increase the visibility of oncoming headlights. If there is a sharp curve
where headlights will not illuminate the road, a light on the outside of the curve is
often justified.

58 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

Floodlights.

Floodlights are broad-beamed, high-intensity artificial lights often used to

illuminate outdoor playing fields while an outdoor sports event is conditions. In
the top tiers of many professional sports, it is a requirement for stadiums to have
floodlights to allow games to be scheduled outside daylight hours.
Floodlighting is employed for the following purposes:
1. For aesthetic purposes as for enhancing the beauty of a building by night i.e.
floods lighting of ancient monuments, religious buildings on important festive
occasions etc.
2. For advertising purposes i.e. flood lighting, huge hoardings and commercial
buildings.
3. For industrial and commercial purposes as in the case of railway yards, sports
stadiums and quarries etc.

Beacon lights

Beacon lights are positioned at the intersection of two roads to aid in

navigation. A modest steady light at the intersection of two roads is an aid to
navigation because it helps a driver see the location of a side road as they come
closer to it and they can adjust their braking and know exactly where to turn if
they intend to leave the main road or see vehicles or pedestrians. A beacon
light's function is to say "here I am" and even a dim light provides enough
contrast against the dark night to serve the purpose. To prevent the dangers
caused by a car driving through a pool of light, a beacon light must never shine
onto the main road, and not brightly onto the side road. In residential areas, this
is usually the only appropriate lighting, and it has the bonus side effect of
providing spill lighting onto any sidewalk there for the benefit of pedestrians. On
Interstate highways this purpose is commonly served by placing reflectors at the
sides of the road.

59 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

Security lights

Security lights can be used along roadways in urban areas, or behind

homes or commercial facilities. These are extremely bright lights used to deter
crime. Security lights may include floodlights. Entry lights can be used outside to
illuminate and signal the entrance to a property. These lights are installed for
safety, security, and for decoration. It is similar to high-intensity lighting on a busy
major street, with no pools of light and dark, but with the lighted area extending
onto people's property, at least to their front door. This requires a different type of
fixture and lens. The increased glare experienced by drivers going through the
area might be considered a trade-off for increased security. This is what would
normally be used along sidewalks in dense areas of cities.

Submersible Lights

Submersible lights are made to be used under water and illuminate ponds,
swimming pools, hot tubs and fountains. They are also used for lighting around
boating docks where they serve as functional lighting for the dock but also attract
fish for night fishing.

Accent Lights

Accent lights create an artistic flare in the landscape and are used to
attract attention to something in particular, such as a tree or yard ornament. They
are usually placed so that the light itself can’t be seen and won’t distract from the
effect it creates. Accent lights, placed creatively, can produce special effects
such as shadows thrown on a wall by a tree or shrub.

Floodlighting Design and Procedure

Beam-Lumen Method

In floodlighting systems containing a large number of luminaires, a

detailed study of aiming diagram and many calculations are usually required. A

60 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 procedure which is useful for designing simpler system is called beam – lumen
method. This method requires solution of the two formulas (A and B ).

In many locations which in floodlighting are proposed, there are some

basic dimensions that can be assumed to be already fixed. For example, in
ground – area floodlighting, the designer is usually able to locate points where
the equipment should logically be placed, such as on nearby buildings, along
high banks or fences, or on poles or towers. These locations establish the
approximate perpendicular distance D from the floodlight to the plane of the
surface to be lighted and the average aiming angles. They also have the choice
of floodlight type – narrow, medium, and broad beam. In like manner the choice
of equipment for lighting vertical surfaces can be obtained by taking D as the
horizontal distance from the luminaire to the plane in which the vertical surface is
located.

Floodlight Beam Spread for Typical Areas

Type of Area Approx distance to area, ft Beam Spread

Buildings 2 – 3 story lighted from curb posts 10 – 30 Broad

Buildings lighted from across street:

Area ≤ 3000 ft2 50 – 100 Broad or medium

Area 3000 – 10,000 ft2 50 – 100 Medium or narrow

Construction Work

Parking Spaces At perimeter Broad or medium

Baseball, Football Behind bleachers Broad and medium

The average aiming angle is measured from the perpendicular to the beam –
axis line, shown in figure. In a perimeter system in which the floodlight are mounted
along or beyond the perimeter of an area, they will, of course, be aimed at various
angles, but the average aiming angle is used in computation is measure between the
perpendicular and the centerline of the area to be lighted. When floodlights are on poles

61 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

along the centerline of an area, the average aiming angle is measured between the pole
(perpendicular) and a point halfway to the boundary (one fourth of the width of the total
area)

Ave. aiming angle

D2

D1
A1 A2

Spot areas (for the same beam spread and aiming angle) vary as the
𝜋 𝐿𝑊
square of the distance D. The spot area may be determined from .
4

Formula A

( 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑)(𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)

𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

Where;

area = is the area to be lighted in sq. ft.

coverage factor = indicates the minimum number of directions from

which each point in the area should be lighted, depending on the use of the area.
A coverage factor of 1 is acceptable in some application, although in such system
one or two lamps are burn outs might temporarily leave large dark patches.
Coverage factors greater than 1 therefore add desirable safety factors. (Table 26-
44 shows recommended coverage factors).

Beam – spot area = at a (100 ft) distance D in formula A are given in table
26-45 for various beam spreads and aiming angles of usual equipment having

62 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 symmetrical candlepower distribution. In this table, D is the perpendicular
distance measured from the floodlight to the plane of the lighted surface. L and
W are the lengths and widths of the ellipse formed when the floodlights are
aimed at an angle to the lighted surface. At 0o the area is assumed to be circular,
at the other angles, it is elliptical. At the other distances and spreads and for
similar beam spreads and aiming angles, the spot areas vary as the square of
the distance D, while L and W values varies as the distance D.

Formula B:

(𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑒𝑠)(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑)
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑒𝑠 = (𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡−𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)(𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)(𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠)

For this formula, typical footcandle recommendations are given in table 26-44.

The light loss factor allows for dust and dirt and normal lamp depreciation. For average
conditions LLF is 0.7. However, it may be as low as 0.3 for extremely dirty locations,
where dust, dirt and smoke are frequently suspended in the air.

The utilization factor, or coefficient of beam utilization, is the ratio of the lumens
effectively lighting an area to the beam lumens, and it can be estimated from the
following conditions:

1. If half or more than half of the floodlights are aimed so that their entire beam
lumens fall within an area, the overall utilization factor will be about 0.75.
2. If one-quarter to one half of the floodlights are aimed so that all their beam
lumens fall within an area, the overall utilization factor will be about 0.60.
3. If fewer than one quarter of the lights can be aimed so that their beam lumens fall
within an area, the overall utilization factor will be nit more than 0.40.

Most floodlights and projector and reflector – type of lamps as listed in the
manufacturer’s catalogue are rated in beam lumens. These lumen ratings usually
include only 10% or more of the maximum candlepower of the floodlight. A few typical
beam – lumen values are given in Table 26-46.

As a general rule, it is wiser to design a system with a small number of floodlights

with larger, more efficient lamps. This makes a simpler system or install, to control and

63 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

to maintain. Also from a control –of – light point of view it is desirable to choose a
floodlighting unit having as narrow a beam spread as can be used and still maintain the
coverage factor requirements. It should be remembered, however, that large floodlights
are hard to conceal; this is important where their daytime appearance may be
objectionable architecturally.

Design Problem: Assume that an area 200 ft by 200 ft is to be lighted to 5 fc. Also
assume that it is located between two high buildings each 60 ft high, on top of which the
floodlighting luminaires can be placed. By using a scale drawing to represent the
luminaires placed 60 ft high and aimed toward the centerline of the 200 ft wide
workspace.

ILLUMINATION FOR OUTDOOR PLAYING FIELD

Illumination Design Procedure for Sports Field (Point-to-point Method)

1. Identify the required illumination, based on the type of sport, skill level of play,
size of the facility, television broadcasting circumstances, and or architectural or
structural requirements.
Class I. For competition play in large capacity areas and stadium with up to
200,000 spectators. (E = 1500 lux)
Class II. For competition play with fewer than 5,000 spectators. (E = 1000 lux)
Class III. For competation play primarily for players, through with due
consideration for spectators (E = 750 lux)
Class IV . For recreational and social play only, with secondary consideration for
spectators ( E = 300 – 500 lux)
2. Make a preliminary selection of light sources and luminaires based on their
photometric data, such as lumen output, beam angle, candela and lumen
distribution, color rendition and lamp life.
3. Use the lumen method to determine the appropriate number of luminaires
𝑁∙∅∙𝑐𝑢∙𝐿𝐿𝐹
𝐸=
𝐴

4. Assign locations and mounting height

64 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 5. Compute for the inclination(luminaire is directed to the center of the court at point
along its axis)
6. Compute the illumination given by each luminaire using Lambert’s law
𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝐸= 𝑑2

7. Compare the computed illumination to the required illumination

EXAMPLE – Outdoor Single Tennis Court – Club level

Size of Court: 24 m x 11 m
Lighted Area: 18 m x 30 m
Required Illumination for Class IV: E = 300 – 500 lux
Using LLF 0.5, CU = 0.8 and luminaire below.

65 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

Exercise No. 8

1. Discuss the reasons of considering exterior lighting in most buildings.

2. A building's exterior of 10m by 10m. is being illuminated by 5 fc. The
floodlights are installed at the ground 15 ft from the building.Using 1000 W ,
2600 lumens - luminaire with 38 deg beam angle . Assume coverage factor
of 2, light-loss factor of 0.4 and a utilization factor of 0.75 (use table 26-45
for beam spot area)
a. number of floodlights needed for coverage
b. Number of floodlights needed for illumination
TABLE 26-45 Spot Area s for Na rrow-, Medi um-, a nd Broa d-Bea m Fl oodl i ghts a t a 100-ft Di s tance*
15-deg bea m, na rrow 30-deg bea m, medi um 50-deg bea m, broa d
Ai mi ng Spot Spot Spot
a ngl e a rea L W a rea L W a rea L W
0 545 26.34 26.34 2,250 53.58 53.58 6,830 93.26 93.3
10 570 27.16 26.7 2,370 55.38 54.49 7,220 96.81 95
15 606 28.25 27.3 2,518 57.7 55.56 7,760 101.54 97.3
20 657 29.89 28 2,757 61.27 57.29 8,600 108.75 101
25 735 32.18 29.1 3,102 66.28 59.58 9,880 119.18 106
30 846 35.31 30.5 3,603 73.21 62.67 11,770 134,06 112
35 1,000 39.57 32.3 4,333 82.78 66.64 14,710 155.58 120
40 1,230 45.42 34.6 5,420 96.18 71.75 19,500 187.66 132
45 1,583 53.59 37.6 7,129 115.46 78.62 27,900 238.35 149
50 2,115 65.34 41.3 9,978 144.43 87.96 44,810 326.58 175
55 3,043 82.97 46.7 15,160 190.84 101.14 87,140 509.39 218
60 4,720 111.1 54.1 25,880 273.21 120.6 265,100 1072.99 315
65 8,165 160.19 64.9 54,880 447.94 154.85
70 16,800 258.97 82.6 180,910 1000.2 230.3
*The s pot a rea for a ny other di s tance ca n be computed by mul tipl yi ng the a rea i n thi s tabl e a t the
s el ected a i mi ng a ngl e by D² a nd di vi di ng by 10,000.

3. In the figure below,

a. Determine the total illumination at the area of the court.

66 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 b. Determine the total illumination at the center of the court.

1m

8m

12 m

Using the photometric data of 12000 lumen luminaire with a luminaire spacing of
4 m, mounting height = 5m, CU = 0.75 and LLF = 40%
vertical horizontal angle
angle 0 22.5 45 67.5 90
0 500 465 450 430 415
5 470 440 400 360 320
15 400 380 350 325 300
25 390 350 330 300 280
35 360 330 300 290 260
45 330 300 290 270 200
55 280 250 200 180 150
65 120 100 80 60 20
75 100 50 10 0 0
85 50 10 0 0 0
90 0 0 0 0 0
NOTE : The the values in the table are in cd per 1000 lm

MODULE 9

ROADWAY LIGHTING GUIDELINES

Topic Objectives:

1. To understand lighting parameters, concepts, and standards.

2. To know the different lighting arrangement as based on road characteristics.
3. To calculate the illumination of the road surface with respect to luminaire
dimensions.

Overview

Much of our roadway lighting systems today are lamentably poorly designed.
Excessively illuminated places, improperly installed lighting fixtures, inefficiently used of
67 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design
lamps, and the absence of lighting, when necessary, are the perennial cause of social
problems such as unpaid electric bills by the local government units, increased crime
rate, and vehicular accidents, due to improperly lighted roadways.

Classification of Roadway

a. Expressways. These are roads reserved for motor traffic which are
accessible only from interchanges and with no crossings at grade.
b. Major Roads. These are roads which are part of a roadway system that
serves as the principal network for through traffic flows. The routes connect
areas of principal traffic generation from different cities or municipalities.
c. Collector Roads. These are distribution and collector roadways servicing
traffic between major and minor roadways. They are used mainly for traffic
movements within residential, commercial, and industrial center in the urban
areas.
d. Minor Roads. These roads include subdivision roads and local roadway that
are used primarily as an access road to residential areas, commercial
buildings and industrial plants and where there is minimal through traffic most
of the time.
e. Rural Highways. These are provincial road which serve as the principal
network for through traffic in the rural areas.

Lighting Luminaire

➢ For roadway lighting, Type III Medium Semi Cutoff High

Pressure Sodium (HPS) luminaire, or its equivalent,
shall be used.

➢ All roadway lighting in private, residential, commercial, industrial, municipal,

recreational or institutional property shall be aimed, located and designed is

68 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 such way that it will not produce high discomfort glare to motorists and
pedestrians.
➢ For narrow barangay roads measuring one to three ( 1 – 3 ) meters and
pedestrian walkways in provincial areas and for urban alleys, the use of
outdoor type of luminaire with high efficiency linear or compact fluorescent
lamps may be allowed provided that the lighting requirement in table below
are met.
➢ Aesthetic lighting may be additionally installed provided that the basic
requirements of roadway lighting based on table below are first met.

Electrical System

a. Lamp and Ballast

➢ They shall operate within the range of voltage-current characteristic
parameters that are compatible with each other.
➢ Retrofit control gear shall have a power factor of (0.9) and above, and
the total harmonic distortion (THD) of 15% and below.
b. Grounding
➢ Equipment shall be grounded in accordance with the latest edition of
the PEC, including the installation of equipment-grounding conductor.
➢ All metal parts of the raceway should be connected to the grounding
conductor, these includes the metal ground box lids, exposed metal
conduit, metal poles, and supplemental ground rods at pole
foundations (and other locations).
c. Voltage Drop
➢ The roadway lighting shall be designed so that the farthest luminaire in
the branch circuit shall still operate within the tolerable voltage supply
level.
d. Controls
Roadway lighting system shall be provided with the means of controlling
lighting facilities efficiently.

69 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 ➢ Roadway lighting should be provided with reliable photoelectric
controls to keep lights turned ON/OFF automatically when needed
even during adverse weather conditions.
➢ Group controlled lighting systems shall be provided with NEMA type
3R service cabinet, PNS compliant control breakers, and
phototransistor or photodiode type fail-off electronic photoelectric
control.
➢ Individually controlled lighting system shall make use of phototransistor
or photodiode type electronic control with the appropriate receptacle.

e. Metering
Meter and meter-socket shall be provided for lighting systems not owned
by the distribution utility (DU)/electric cooperative (EC) and shall be
installed in accordance with the standards set by the DU/EC having
franchise ownership over that area. Nevertheless, the end user may
request for the installation of a meter and meter-socket if the lighting
system is owned by the DU/EC.

Structural System

The components of the structural system shall be compatible with each other
including that of the luminaires and the accessories to be used.

1. Poles
a. Pole height
• Adequate illumination intensity and uniform brightness of area covered.
Refer to Table below for height and illumination requirement.
• Reduced glare. Refer to Table below for height and illumination
requirement.
b. Pole Placement

Pole placement shall be based on the geometry, character of the roadway,

physical features, environment, maintenance policy, economics, aesthetics, and
overall lighting objectives.
70 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design
 c. Type of Pole
The distribution pole that is usually used in conjunction with
roadway lighting by distribution utilities shall be concrete, wood, aluminum
or steel poles.
d. Materials and Finish
• Independent lighting poles shall have a minimum thickness of 4.5 mm and
shall be hot-dipped galvanized in accordance with material and finish.
• Pole surface shall be matte or dull finished to prevent glare
e. Strength Requirement
Pole shall be designed to adequately bear the additional load imposed by
the lighting equipment/facilities on the distribution poles.
2. Mast Arm (mounting Bracket)
The mast arm which is the same as horizontal bracket that is used to
support the luminaire shall have a length that is coordinated with the proper
photometric distribution.
3. Foundation and Pads
The foundation and pads shall be designed to adequately support the
luminaire and pole structure as well as resist wind blows and vibrations inherent
in the area where the poles are going to be located.

Lighting Parameters

1. Mounting Height
• It shall be the perpendicular distance from the center of the lamp to the
ground surface.
• Where the luminaire overhangs the road surface the minimum mounting
height shall be generally 8.0 m. However, a luminaire that does not
overhang the roadway may have a minimum mounting height of 3.0 m
provided that the installed luminaire used would not result into disability
glare to the motorist.
2. Spacing

71 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 • It is defined as the horizontal distance between pole supporting the
luminaires
• The spacing of luminaires shall be closer for a curve than a similar stretch
of a straight road. A curved road that has a radius of 1000 m and above
may be treated as a straight road.
𝑳𝑳 𝒙 𝑪𝑼 𝒙 𝑳𝑳𝑫 𝒙 𝑳𝑫𝑫
𝑳𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒊𝒓𝒆 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈 =
𝑬𝒉 𝒙 𝑾

Where,
LL = Initial lamp lumens
CU = Coefficient of utilization
LLD = Lamp lumen depreciation factor (0.8)
LDD = Luminaire dirt depreciation factor (0.9)
Eh = Average maintained level of illumination
W = Width of lighted roadway

3. Lighting Arrangement
a. Single-sided arrangement – all luminaires are located on one side of the
road, it shall be used when the road width is less than or equal to the
mounting height.
b. Staggered arrangement – luminaires are placed alternately on each side of
the road in a “zig-zag” or staggered fashion; it shall be used when the road
width is equal or 1 to 1.5 times the mounting height.
c. Opposite arrangement – luminaires are placed directly opposite and facing
each other along the road; it shall be used when the road width is more than
1.5 times the mounting height.
d. Twin central arrangement – luminaires are mounted on a T-shaped like
masts in the middle of the center island of the road; it shall be used when the
road width is less than or equal to the mounting height.
4. Overhang
• It is defined as the projected horizontal distance from the luminaire to the road
curb.

72 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 • Where the luminaire does not overhang the road curb, The new road width to
be used shall be computed as:
a. For single sided and central roadway lighting arrangements, the new road
width is;

𝑅𝑛 = 𝑅𝑎 + (𝑃𝑆 − 1)

Where: 𝑅𝑛 is the new road width, 𝑅𝑎 is the actual road width, and 𝑃𝑆 is the pole
setback

b. For opposite side and staggered roadway lighting arrangements the new
road width is:
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑅𝑎 + (𝑃𝑆1 + 𝑃𝑆2 − 2)

5. Design Consideration
Photometry
The term Photometry is used to define any test data which describe the
characteristics of a luminaire's light output. The most common types of
photometric data include isofootcandle performance charts, coefficient of
utilization curves, vertical and lateral light distribution data, lumen
maintenance curves, and dirt depreciation curves. The purpose of
photometry is to accurately describe the performance of a luminaire to
enable the designer to select the lighting equipment and to design a layout
plan which best meets the needs of the job.(see fig. ISOFOOTCANDLES
CURVE)Uniformity Ratio –The uniformity ratio is used as a design check
to ensure lighting performance.

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑀𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Lighting Configuration

1. Visual Alertness and Guidance

73 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 The roadway lighting configuration shall be able to provide visual
alertness towards an approaching road junction and visual guidance at the
junction itself and on curves. To meet the objective, the roadway lighting
configuration shall possess at least one of the following:
a. Difference in the lighting arrangement
b. Difference in luminaire height
c. Use of different types of lamp
d. Increase luminance at road junction

For curved roads, visual guidance is enhanced by reducing the luminaire spacing
by 25% to 50% of that normally applied for straight roads.

74 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 .

75 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

76 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design
Luminaire and Lamp Requirements

1. Design and Construction Features

a. The luminaire shall be used for horizontal mounting on a mast arm. The
mounting shall be design using clamping plate with at least two 9.5 mm
minimum diameter hexagonal clamping bolts to mechanically clamp the
luminaire to a 32 to 50 mm (1.25 – 2 inches) nominal diameter metal pipe end
of the mast arm and adjust it to the required position. All clamps, hinges, and
latches shall withstand high vibrations and wind pressure of up to 1244 Pa.
b. The luminaire housing shall bear a nameplate or other type of indelible
marking that shall be identify it as to type, rating manufacturer, date
manufactured, catalog number, etc.
c. A wattage marking shall be provided on the underside of the housing using
black-colored numerals 50.8 mm in height with yellow-colored square
background 76.2 mm minimum dimension on the side. The marking shall be
designed to endure the life of the luminaire.
d. The luminaire shall have a special protective lens to minimize the UV
radiation in the event that the outer glass bulb is broken.
2. Electrical Rating
a. The luminaire shall be designed to operate at 230 volts AC, 60 hertz, single-
phase.
b. The standard wattage rating could either be for 70 watts, 150 watts, or 250
watts
Lamp
Mean Lumen
Wattage, Nominal lamp Nominal lamp current,
Output, lumens
watts voltage, volts ampere
5400
70 90 1.0
13500
150 100 1.8
24750
250 100 3

77 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 3. Control Gears and Windings

a. The ballast shall be high power factor (pf ≥ 90%), reactor type. The
manufacturer shall determine the correct rating of the capacitor to be
installed to achieve the desired power factor. The ballast shall be designed
to have an expected minimum average life of 10 years under the condition
of maximum permissible winding temperature of 130oC.
b. The starter/ignitor component shall be solid-state device capable of
withstanding temperature of 100oC.
c. All circuitry wirings shall be insulated to a minimum temperature rating of
125oC.

78 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

Example: Compute the luminaire spacing and uniformity ratio at the minimum point
(applying adjustment factors as needed) which is located between two luminaires.
Assume Average Maintained Illumination Level is 0.6 footcandles and the Maximum
Uniformity Ratio is 3:1, 250W HPS, standard maintenance factors, assume the
minimum point of illumination from the isofootcandle chart results in an uncorrected
illumination of 0.0125, correct for mounting height (use photometric data),

Exercise No. 9
1. In your nearby street, characterized the roadway and lighting parameters of the
streetlight?
2. Why LED lamps are not recommended for roadway lighting? Explain
3. What is photometry?
4. Given the illustrations and details of the road poles

36 ft 32 ft

79 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 Using the luminaire below,

a. Solve for the average-maintained illuminance. Using LLD = 0.8, LDD = 0.9
b. Determine the uniformity ratio at the minimum point between two luminaires. The
minimum point of illumination from the photometric data is 0.02 fc uncorrected
illumination and apply correction factors.

80 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN

Electrical system design refers to the choice of electrical systems, including

planning and detailing of requirements for protection, control, monitoring, coordination
and interlocking of electrical systems among others. (RA7920 Article I Sec2(f))

It is an integral part of the overall building design process. Nearly all mechanical
equipment, such as air conditioners, pumps, and fans, as well as building equipment,
such as elevators and appliances, is electrically powered. Even gas or oiled powered
equipment, such as boilers
and heaters, requires electric
power. The selection of an
electrical power system is
often influenced by which
mechanical system is chosen.

However, most
electrical operating devices are
normally exposed in occupied
spaces; therefore their location, configuration and aesthetics must be precisely
coordinated with architectural and interior design.

HV line

feeder DP
transfor MDP
mer branch circuit

mains

M Motor starter

Fig 1. Components of electrical system design

81 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 MODULE A

COMPONENTS of ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN

Mains – are the conductors extending from the utility service terminals at the building
wall (or generator or converter bus) to the service switch or to the main
distribution center.

Feeder – is set of conductors originating at a main distribution center and feeding one
or more subdistribution centers, one or more branch circuit distribution centers,
one or more branch circuits or combination of these. It may be primary – or
secondary – voltage circuit, but its function is always to deliver a block of power
from one point to another point at which the power capacity is apportioned
among a number of another circuits.

Lighting feeder – a feeder to a load which is made up primarily of lighting circuits.

Power feeder – a feeder to load of branch circuit for motors, heating, or other power
loads.

Subfeeder – a set of conductors originating at a distribution center other than the main
distribution center and supplying one or more other distribution panelboards,
branch circuit panelboards or branch circuit.

Service entrance – refer to service, it is the conductors and equipment for delivering
electric energy from the serving utility to the wiring system of the premises
served.
Branch circuit – portion of a wiring system extending beyond the final overcurrent
device protecting the circuit and the outlet or the load.

Panelboards – is a single panel or a group of panel units assembled in the form of a

single panel. It contains busses tapped by fuse holders, with or without switches,
or by circuit breakers, providing protection for – and, if switches or circuit
breakers are used, also providing control of – circuit for light, heat or power. It is
designed to be placed in a cabinet or cutout box placed in or against a wall or
partition and accessible only from the front.

82 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

Switchboards – is a large single panel, frame, or assembly of panel with switches,
overcurrent and other protective devices, and usually instruments mounted on
the front and/or at the back. Switchboards are generally accessible from the back
as well as from the front and are not intended to be installed in cabinets.

Ampacity – the current, in amperes, that a conductor can carry continuously under the
conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.

Factors to be considered in electrical system design.

a. Flexibility
b. Reliability and efficiency
c. Safety
d. Economy
e. Energy consideration
f. Space allocation

ELECTRICAL DESIGN PROCEDURE

1. Analyze building needs

2. Determine electrical loads
3. Select electrical systems
4. Coordinate with other design decisions
5. Prepare electrical plans and specifications

ANALYSIS OF BUILDING NEEDS

The first step in electrical design is to identify the needs of the building
established by the architectural program. The following are the major factors affecting
electrical systems:

a. Occupation factors. Type of building occupancy, number of occupants,

present and future electrical appliances to be installed or anticipated in the
building.

83 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 b. Cost factor. Whether the building has an austere budget, is of average
quality, or is a high image building.
c. Architectural factors. Size of the building, number of floors, floor – to – floor
height, building footprints, and elevations.
d. Building environments. Whether the building is heated, weather it is air-
conditioned, whether the systems are central or unitary.
e. Illumination criteria. Lighting level and predominant type of light sources to
be used.
f. Other mechanical systems. Need for electricity for cold water, hot water,
sewage disposal, fire protection system.
g. Building equipment. Vertical transportation systems, food preparation,
recreational equipment, processing equipment such as computers, and
production equipment requiring electrical power.
h. Auxiliary systems. System such as building management, time clock, fire
alarm, telecommunication, radio and TV antenna (CATV), public address, and
security.
i. Future needs. More than any other components of the building systems,
electrical power load in buildings has been known to grow consistently year
after year. In general, a minimum of 25% spare capacity should be provided
at the power main and at one or more distribution centers.

Exercise A

1. In which part of power system does electrical system design mostly used?
Why?

2. Explain how an ampacity affects in determining the sizes and rating of wire
and others electrical equipment and devices.

3. Discuss a reliable, efficient, and flexible electrical system.

4. How important to provide allowance or spare capacity in determining the rating

and sizes of equipment and devices?

84 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 5. Differentiate branch circuit and feeder. Explain your answer based on electrical
system of your house.

MODULE B

ELECTRICAL LOADS and DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Overview
The consumption of electrical power in buildings – particularly office buildings –
has risen dramatically. The increase in the electrical load of a building also has a direct
effect on the building’s air-conditioning system. Heat generated from electrical loads in
an environmentally controlled space must be removed through ventilation or the air-
conditioning system in order for the space to be maintained at comfortable level.

a. Lighting
Lighting design is usually the coordinated effort of the architect,
interior designer, lighting designer and electrical engineer. Lighting
accounts for one of the largest electrical loads in most buildings. A
continuous improvement in light source technology has increased the
efficiency of converting electrical energy to lighting energy, which in turn
has reduced the need for electrical power for lighting in buildings.

b. Mechanical equipment
The mechanical system includes HVAC, plumbing, and fire
protection system. Equipment, such as chillers, boilers, pumps, and fans,
usually requires a large power of capacity and is more economically
designed for three phase higher voltages, such as 208-, 240-, and 480-V.
However, residential equipment is normally designed for 120- or 240-V
single phase power.

85 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 c. Building equipment
It includes vertical transportation equipment (elevators, escalators
and dumbwaiters), food service equipment, and household, recreational
and miscellaneous operational equipment.

d. Auxiliary systems
Normally, auxiliary systems do not require a large power capacity;
thus they are usually designed for 120- or 240-V, single phase power.
Depending on the type of occupancy each building may require one or
more of the following system:
• Building management system
• Security system
• Time clock system
• Fire alarm system
• Telecommunication system
• Radio and TV antenna systems
• Public address systems
• Data and networking
• Specialty system

e. Convenience power
It is power provided for plug-in equipment such as household
appliances, personal computers, office equipment, laboratory instruments,
service equipment, portable lights and audio and video equipment.

Permanently wired electrical equipment is a fixed load. Plug-in

electrical equipment is a convenience load.

Technically, electrical load is classified as the following;

86 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 Connected load – i the algebraic sum of all electrical loads connected to
the system. It does not take into account how and when these loads are
being used.

Demand load – indicates the net load that would be probably used at the
same time for each load group. When all connected load are used at the
same time, the demand load is equal to the connected load. However, in
most buildings, the demand load is always lower than the connected load.

Emergency load – are electrical loads that must be maintained during a

power failure or an emergency. These loads include emergency or exit
lights, building control systems, fire alarm systems, and elevators.

Critical load – are electrical loads that, when interrupted, may cause
products to become nonoperational. Critical load are specifically required
in health care facilities.

Continuous Load – a load where the maximum current is expected to

continue for 3 hours or more

Terms that constantly used in literature of modern electrical design;

a. Demand factor (DF) – is the ratio of the maximum demand of a
system (or part of a system) to the total connected load on a system
(or part of a system). This factor is always less than unity.

b. Diversity factor (dF) – is the ratio of the sum of the individual

maximum demands of the various subdivisions of a system (or part of
a system) to the maximum demand of the whole system (or part of a
system under consideration). This factor generally varies between 1.00
and 2.00. Typical diversity factors for main feeders are as follows:
• Lighting feeders – 1.0 to 1.50
• Power and lighting feeders – 1.5 to 2.0 (or higher)

87 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 c. Load factor (LF) – the ratio of the average load over a particular
period of time to the peak load occurring on that period of time.
Average load is the mean of all the demands that have occurred
during the day, the month or the year.

SYSTEM SELECTION AND TYPICAL EQUIPMENT RATINGS

Some power distribution systems commonly used in buildings, including

their limitations, (as introduced below). In actual design applications, the designer
must also weight the various other factors in alternative systems before making
the final selection. These factors include cost of investment, cost of maintenance,
system reliability, serviceability, space availability, and impact on the other
building system which require electrical power. Often the phases and voltages of
some mechanical equipment are standardized without options. In such cases,
the power system or a portion of the power system must be so selected as to be
compatible with the equipment standard.

Distribution System

refers to the system of wires and associated facilities belonging to a franchised

distribution utility extending between the delivery points on the transmission or
subtransmission system or generator connection and the point of connection to
the premises of the end-user

88 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 1. Simple Secondary Radial

It usually contains a single step-down transformer that transforms the primary

voltage to secondary voltage for distribution to the loads. Typical applications of
simple secondary radial systems are small office buildings, stores, and large
residences. The transformer may be external to the building, or within the
building, depending on need.

2. Distributed Radial

It consists of multiples of simple secondary radial systems. Typical

applications are shopping centers, apartment complexes, large department
stores, schools, and institutional buildings.

3. Primary loop
It consists of several simple secondary radial distribution systems having
the primary feeders connected in a loop. In case a section of the primary feeders
is faulty, that section of the primary feeder may be isolated and power may be fed

89 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 from another direction. This system is normally used in industrial plants or
campus type facilities were the cost of dual primary feeders can be avoided.

4. Primary Selective

This system consists of dual primary feeders to each transformer substation.

This is most commonly used in high rise buildings, hospitals, and research facilities
where reliable power is essential. The second primary source may either be from
another power source or from a group of standby generators.

5. Primary Loop with Secondary Tie

This system consists of a primary loop and interconnected secondary
feeders between adjacent power distribution centers may be back fed
from another center. This is frequently used in hospitals, research centers,
and computer centers that need additional level of reliability.

90 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

COMMON VOLTAGE RATINGS

The electrical power system for a large building could be a combination of a

single phase and three phase, low voltage systems supplied by one or more high
voltage systems. Naturally, for smaller buildings, a single power system will suffice.
However, in some applications, it is desirable to separate the larger power load from the
lighting and appliance loads to minimize voltage fluctuation of the system due to the on-
off nature of the larger loads. There are several systems of voltage commonly available
in the United States.

a. 120 Volts, single phase, 2 wire – this is used for the smallest of facilities
such as out buildings, and isolated small loads up to 6 kVA.
Min. 60 A service switch (1P and SN)
A

120 V To building
panel
N

Service drop
min. #8 AWG
cooper

b. 120/240 Volts, single phase, 3 wire – the code requires that all one-family
residences with six or more 2-wire circuits have a minimum of 100 A, 3-wire
service. This usually used principally for residences, small stores, and other
occupancies where the load does not exceed 80 A or 19.2 kVA.

91 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 Min. 100 A 2P and
SN service switch
A

Service drop 240 V

B

To building
panel

120 V

1φ service
transformer
N

c. 120/208 Volts, single phase, 3-wire – this system is really part of a 3 phase
system and is most often found within building with 3-phase distribution, and
is used to serve a load that does not require 3-phase, 4-wire.

Min. 100 A 2P and

SN service switch

208 V
B

To building
120 V
panel

3φ service
transforme
r
d. 120/208 Volts 3-phase, 4-wire – this system is the most widely used 3-phase
arrangement and is applicable to all facilities except the very largest ones. In
this system, 120-V load such as lighting, computers and accessories,
receptacles, and so on, are fed at 120 V by connection between each leg and

92 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 neutral. Motors larger than 0.5 hp and all 3-phase loads are fed at 208 V by
connection between the 3-phase legs. Single phase, 208 V loads such as
heaters are accommodate by connection between two phase legs.

3P and SN switch
C

208 V
A

To building
208 V 208 V
B panel

A B
120 V
Vzzzzz
C
N

3 φ transformer

120 V
light
M
208 V , 3φ
120 V 120 V motor 208 V, 1φ
receptacle computer heater
N

e. 277/480 Volts, 3-phase, 4-wire – it utilizes 277-V fluorescent lighting, 480-V

machinery, and small (3 to 25 kVA) dry-type transformers to step down from
480 to 120 V for supplying receptacles and other 120-V loads. This system is

93 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 ideally suited to multistory office buildings and large single level or multilevel
industrial buildings.

3P and SN service
C switch

480
A V
To
480 480 buildin
B V V g
panel

A B
277
V
C
N

3φ
transformer

480 V , 3φ 1φ transformer
motor 3φ transformer
N 480/120 – 240 V
480/120 – 208 V
277 V discharged
fluorescent lamps

f. High-Leg Delta – is a type of electrical service connection for three-phase

electric power installations. It is used when both single and three-phase power is

94 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 desired to be supplied from a three phase transformer (or transformer bank). The
three-phase power is connected in the delta configuration, and the center point of
one phase is grounded.

DRAWING UP ELECTRICAL PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS

A. Graphic symbols
B. It is used to indicate various aspects of electrical design, including equipment,
devices, wiring, and raceways. Without these symbols, electrical design
would be difficult to illustrate.

C. Electrical Plans
1. Floor plans – In a floor plan, electrical devices and equipment are
superimposed on an architectural background.
2. Schematic diagram – aka elementary diagram, illustrates the circuitry
of a system and a basis for understanding the functions of an electrical
system
3. Connection diagram – aka wiring diagram, . It’s not intended to
illustrate the operating principle of the circuitry: rather, it used for
installations by electricians.
4. One-line diagram – This is simplified system diagram that shows the
principal relationships among major equipment.

95 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 5. Riser diagram. These diagrams express the physical relationship
between different pieces of equipment or devices and are frequently
used to show the vertical relationship between floors.
D. Specifications
It is a written portion of a design document. They are used to supplement
the drawing in the document.

Exercise B

1. What is the difference between critical load and emergency load? In your home,
identify electrical loads under convenience, permanent, emergency, and critical loads.

2. How demand factor and diversity factor affect the calculation of the rating of electrical
equipment and devices?

3. A commercial building has an aggregate load of 100 kW. The demand factor is 60%.
If the average total energy consumption of the in one year is 186 MWhr, what is the
yearly load factor of the plant?

4. A substation transformer is to serving the following loads:

Classification Total Load Demand Factor

Lighting 300 kW 50%

Power 1200 kW 70%

Heating 500 kW 85%

If the diversity factor among the load types is 1.5, determine the maximum
demand on the transformer.

5. In your community, what is your preferred distribution system? Why?

6. Discuss what are the difference between 230 Volts, line to line system and line to
ground system.

7. Explain the advantages of using 230V/400V high leg delta system.

96 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 MODULE C
BRANCH-CIRCUIT, FEEDER, AND SERVICE CALCULATIONS

Topic Objectives
1. To understand branch standards based on their locations and ratings as stated in
the Philippine Electrical Code
2. To calculate the branch circuit rating and sizes with consideration to demand
factors and electrical loads.

Overview
Unless other voltages are specified, for purposes of calculating branch-
circuit and feeder loads, nominal system voltages of 115, 115/230, 208Y/120,
230, 347, 400Y/230, 460Y/265, 460, 600Y/347, and 600 volts shall be used.
Where calculations result in a fraction of an ampere that is less than 0.5, such
fractions shall be permitted to be dropped.

Branch Circuit Load Calculations

a. Lighting Load for Specified Occupancies.
A unit load of not less than that specified in Table below for occupancies
specified therein shall constitute the minimum lighting load. The floor area for
each floor shall be calculated from the outside dimensions of the building,
dwelling unit, or other area involved. For dwelling units, the calculated floor area
shall not include open porches, garages, or unused or unfinished spaces not
adaptable for future use.

VA per
Type of Occupancy
m²
Armories and auditoriums 8
Banks 28
Barber shops and beauty parlors 24
Churches 8

97 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 Clubs 16
Court rooms 16
Dwelling units 24
Garages — commercial (storage) 4
Hospitals 16
Hotels and motels, including apartment houses without
16
provision for cooking by Tenants
Industrial commercial (loft) buildings 16
Lodge rooms 12
Office buildings 28
Restaurants 16
Schools 24
Stores 24
Warehouses (storage) 3
Assembly halls and auditoriums 8
Halls, corridors, closets, stairways 4
Storage spaces 2

b. Specific Appliances or Loads. An outlet for a specific appliance or other

load shall be calculated based on the ampere rating of the appliance or load
served.
c. Luminaires (Lighting Fixtures). An outlet supplying luminaire shall be
calculated based on the maximum volt-ampere rating of the equipment and
lamps for which the luminaire is rated.
d. Heavy-Duty Lampholders. Outlets for heavy-duty lampholders shall be
calculated at a minimum of 600 volt-amperes.
e. Sign and Outline Lighting. Sign and outline lighting outlets shall be
calculated at a minimum of 1200 volt-amperes for each required branch
circuit.
f. Show Windows.
(1) The unit load per outlet as required in other provisions of this section

98 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 (2) At 200 volt-amperes per 300 mm of show window
g. Fixed Multioutlet Assemblies. Fixed multioutlet assemblies used in other
than dwelling units or the guest rooms or guest suites of hotels or motels shall
be calculated in accordance with the following;
(1) Where appliances are unlikely to be used simultaneously, each 1 500
mm or fraction thereof of each separate and continuous length shall be
considered as one outlet of not less than 180 volt-amperes.
(2) Where appliances are likely to be used simultaneously, each 300 mm
or fraction thereof shall be considered as an outlet of not less than 180
volt-amperes.
h. Receptacle Outlets receptacle outlets shall be calculated at not less than
180 volt-amperes for each single or for each multiple receptacle on one yoke.
A single piece of equipment consisting of a multiple receptacle comprised of
four or more receptacles shall be calculated at not less than 90 volt-amperes
per receptacle.
i. Banks and Office Buildings. The receptacle loads shall be calculated to be
larger than 28 VA/m2 .
j. Other Outlets. Other outlets not covered in above shall be calculated based
on 180 VA per outlet.

Maximum load
The total load shall not exceed the rating of the branch circuit, and it shall not
exceed the maximum loads specified
a. Motor-Operated and Combination Loads. For circuits supplying loads
consisting of motor-operated utilization equipment that is fastened in place
and has a motor larger than hp in combination with other loads, the total
calculated load shall be based on 125 percent of the largest motor load plus
the sum of the other loads.
b. Inductive Lighting Loads. For circuits supplying lighting units that have
ballasts, transformers, or autotransformers, the calculated load shall be based

99 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 on the total ampere ratings of such units and not on the total watts of the
lamps.
c. Range Loads. The load for household electric ranges, wall-mounted ovens,
counter-mounted cooking units, and other household cooking appliances
individually rated in excess of 1¾ kW shall be permitted to be calculated in
accordance with Table 2.20.3.16. Kilovolt-amperes (kVA) shall be considered
equivalent to kilowatts (kW) for loads calculated under this section. Where
two or more single-phase ranges are supplied by a 3-phase, 4- wire feeder or
service, the total load shall be calculated on the basis of twice the maximum
number connected between any two phases.

Feeder and Service Load Calculation

a. General Lighting The demand factors specified in Table 2.20.3.3 shall apply to
that portion of the total branch-circuit load calculated for general illumination.

100 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 They shall not be applied in determining the number of branch circuits for general
illumination.
b. Show Window. For show-window lighting, a load of not less than 660 volt-
amperes/linear meter shall be included for a show window, measured horizontally
along its base.
c. Track Lighting. For track lighting in other than dwelling units or guest rooms or
guest suites of hotels or motels, an additional load of 150 volt-amperes shall be
included for every 600 mm of lighting track or fraction thereof. Where multi-circuit
track is installed, the load shall be considered to be divided equally between the
track circuits.

d. Motors. Motor loads shall be calculated in accordance with 4.30.2.4, 4.30.2.5,

and 4.30.2.6 and with 4.40.1.6 for hermetic refrigerant motor compressors.
e. Fixed Electric Space Heating. Fixed electric space heating loads shall be
calculated at 100 percent of the total connected load.
f. Small Appliance Circuit Load. In each dwelling unit, the load shall be
calculated at 1 500 volt-amperes for each 2-wire small appliance branch circuit.
These loads shall be permitted to be included with the general lighting load and
subjected to the demand factors provided in Table 2.20.3.3
g. Laundry Circuit Load. A load of not less than 1500 volt-amperes shall be
included for each 2-wire laundry branch circuit installed.

101 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 h. Electric Clothes Dryers — Dwelling Unit(s). The load for household electric
clothes dryers in a dwelling units shall be either 5 000 watts (volt-amperes) or the
nameplate rating, whichever is larger, for each dryer served. The use of the
demand factors in Table 2.20.3.15 shall be permitted. Where two or more single-
phase dryers are supplied by a 3-phase, 4-wire feeder or service, the total load
shall be calculated on the basis of twice the maximum number connected
between any two phases.

i. Kitchen Equipment. Its shall be permissible to calculate the load for commercial
electric cooking equipment, dishwasher booster heaters, water heaters, and
other kitchen in accordance in table 2.20.3.17

102 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

Exercise C

Determine the size and rating of the feeder and branch circuit devices.

1. The dwelling has floor area of 50 m2 with typical small appliance loads for small
residential units. The typical appliance loads are stated as follows

Flat Iron = 1200 VA

Television Set = 80 VA
Electric Fan = 75 VA
Radio = 20 VA

2. The dwelling has a floor area of 145 m2. It has the typical household appliances
as follows;
8 – duplex convenience outlets
3 – quadruplex convenience outlets
1500 VA Laundry load
Two – 1 hp room air conditioning unit
One – 1.5 hp room air conditioning unit
One – 1 hp water pump
One – 8 kW electric range

103 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 MODULE D

TRANSFORMER RATING, VOLTAGE DROP and SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATION

Topic Objectives

1. To know the standard needed for the calculation of transformer in residential and
commercial building.
2. To understand how to calculate voltage drop and short circuit that is necessary
for the electrical design analysis.

Overview

Electrical system of most buildings starts with the transformers. This module
includes the discussion of the calculation of the rating of the transformers. Other
electrical design analysis required the voltage drop and short circuit calculation when
applying electrical permit especially for commercial and industrial establishments.

VOLTAGE DROP CALCULATION

The allowable current carrying capacities of conductors are established on

the basis of conductor insulation and room temperature. These are basic safety
considerations that govern conductor size selection, but other conditions such as
voltage drop must be included in the calculations.

Voltage drop is an important factor which must be taken into consideration

in the wiring design. Such a loss is caused by reactance in the circuits and the
resistance of the conductor current flow. Unless provision for this is made in the
calculation of feeder and branch circuit conductor size, there may be substantial
difference between the voltage at the point of service and point of use. It is
necessary to compensate for such voltage drop, by increasing the size of
conductor or reducing the length of conductor runs.

Voltage drop calculations should be made for peak load conditions. The
voltage drop must be calculated on the basis that full system voltage (for
example, 120, 240, or 480 V) is available at the service entrance or transformer
secondary supplying the feeder. The voltage drop is the amount of reduction from
104 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design
 the nominal supply voltage. Reasonable operating efficiency will be achieved if
the voltage drop of a feeder or the voltage drop of a branch circuit is limited to
3%. However, the total voltage drop of a branch circuit plus a feeder can reach
5% and still allow for reasonable operating efficiency.

Good practice dictates that a maximum voltage drop of 2% be assigned to

feeders for power. A maximum of 1% drop should be maintained for lighting, or
combined load. Voltage drop in all branch circuits should be held to 1%. While
good design may call for the use of larger conductors and raceway sizes than
required under the regulation, the increased initial investment in the electrical
system is largely offset by the marked operating efficiencies that result.

The following basic formula can be used to determine the voltage drop in
a 2-wire dc circuit, a 2-wire ac circuit, or a 3-wire ac single phase circuit, all with
balanced load that at 100% power factor and where reactance can be neglected.

2𝐿𝑅𝐼
𝑉𝐷 = 1000

Where:

VD = voltage drop R = conductor resistance (ohms per thousand ft)

L = one way length of circuit (ft) I = load current (A)

For 3-phase circuits (at unity power factor), the voltage drop between any two
phases conductors is 0.866 time the voltage drop calculated above.

Example: Determine the voltage drop in a 240-V, 2-wire heating circuit with a load of 50
A. The circuit size is 6 AWG, type THHN copper, and the one way circuit length is 100 ft.
For other than unity power factor or for reactive load circuit, the voltage drop can
be calculated as;

√𝑅2 + 𝑋 2
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍 or 𝑉𝐷 = 𝐼 𝐿
305

V= voltage (V) I = line current (A)

R = line ac resistance, (Ω) X = line ac reactance (Ω)

105 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

Example: A 3-ph, 230-V, 60 Hz electric motor draws a full load current of 20 amperes at
80% load power factor. It is connected to a panelboard 30.5 m away with 3 x 5.5 mm²
THWN copper conductors in steel conduit. The panelboard which draws a total current
of 295 amperes from a 3-ph, 230-V transformer bank is 15.2 m away and is supplied by
3 x 250 mm² THWN copper conductors in steel conduit. Calculate (a) the voltage drop
at the panelboard; and (b) the percent voltage drop at the terminal of the motor
assuming that the voltage at the transformer bushing is 230-V and neglecting the effect
of voltage shift due to load power factor.

3-250 mm2 THWN

295 A
15.2 m
Copper in steel conduit

3-5.5 mm2 THWN

20 A
30.5 m
Copper in steel conduit

√3∗295 𝐴 √0.0292 +0.0482

𝑉𝐷 = 15. 2 𝑚 = 1.428 𝑉
305 𝑚

√3∗20 𝐴 √1.22 +0.0632

𝑉𝐷 = 30.5 𝑚 = 4.16 𝑉
305 𝑚
4.16 + 1.428
%𝑉𝐷 = 𝑥100% = 2.43%
230

TRANSFORMER RATING CALCULATION

The rated kilovolt-ampere output of a transformer is that output which it can

deliver for a specified time, at the rated secondary voltage and rated frequency, without
exceeding a specified temperature rise based on insulation life and ambient
temperature. The output that a transformer can deliver without objectionable

106 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

deterioration of the insulation maybe more or less than the rated output, depending
upon ambient temperature and load cycles.

The basic loading conditions, for which the normal life expectancy of a
transformer is determined, are:

1. The transformer is continuously loaded at its rated kilovolt-amperes and rated

voltage.
2. The average temperature of the cooling air during any 24-hr period is 30oC.
3. The temperature of the cooling air at no time exceeds 40oC.

A transformer selected for particular application must have a kilovolt-ampere

rating at least equal to the kilovolt-ampere rating of load to be supplied. But modern
engineering practice, based on experience with load growth in electrical system,
demands the inclusion of spare capacity in every transformer installation.

During a study on multi-metering per floor, it was observed that transformers

serving high-rise residential condominiums are only 20%- 30%loaded.

In general;

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑘𝑊 ) 𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

Transformer to be used is the smallest available size that can supply the result of
the above computation.
Values Designers Use in Computing for the Transformer Size for Residential
Condominiums:
Demand Factor 50-60 %
Power Factor 85 %
Load Factor 15-25 %
Diversity Factor:
2 – 10 accounts 1.2
11 – 20 accounts 1.4
21 and above 1.7

107 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

SHORT CIRCUIT AND FAULT CURRENT CALCULATION

Short circuit calculations are required to be performed on all electrical service

entrances. Calculations are made to assure that the service equipment will clear a fault
in case of short circuit.

To perform the fault calculations the following information must be obtained:

1. Available Power Company Short circuit KVA at transformer primary: Contact
Power Company, may also be given in terms of R + jX.
2. Length of service drop from transformer to building, Type and size of conductor,
ie., 250 MCM, aluminum.
3. Impedance of transformer, KVA size.
%R = Percent Resistance
%X = Percent Reactance
%Z = Percent Impedance
KVA = KVA size of transformer.(Obtain for each transformer if in Bank of 2 or 3)

Procedure using Per-Unit Method

1. Draw system diagram.
2. Draw impedance diagram
3. Obtain the source short circuit level at the vicinity from the utility company. (1
000 000 kVA for Metro Manila grid).
4. Select kVA base. (Any convenient value may do but preferably the transformer
capacity. Use 300 kVA)
Example 1. Calculate the maximum symmetrical fault current that would be supplied
through a single phase distribution transformer rated 100 kVA, 230 volts if its impedance
is 2.5%. Assuming that the primary source is of infinite capacity and neglecting all other
impedances.

Fault Calculation of the System Components using 1000 kVA Base

108 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATION

Utility
SCA=112.5 MVA
X/R = 10

Transformer-T1
1000 kVA
208 Volts (L-L)
5% impedance

Conductor Run
length= 40 m
size = 375 mm2
conduit = steel
6 sets
X Fault X2

Motor 1, M1 Conductor Run Conductor Run Conductor Run

length= 10 m length= 15 m length= 20 m length= 25 m
set & size = 2 - 250 mm² set & size = 3 - 50 mm² size = 1- 22 mm² size = 4- 100 mm²
Pout = 40 HP conduit = steel conduit = steel conduit = steel
X"d = 28% wire = Copper, 600 V wire = Copper, 600 V wire = Copper, 600 V
X/R= 5 X Fault X4 X Fault X5 X Fault X6
X Fault X3 Isc = Isc = Isc =

M
PB1 PB3
PB2

For Impedances;

1. Utility, (𝒁𝑼𝑻𝑰)
𝑘𝑉𝐴𝐵𝐴𝑆𝐸 1000
𝑈𝑝𝑢 = = = 0.0088 𝑝𝑢
𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑆𝐶𝐴 112,500
𝑋
𝑍𝑈𝑇𝐼 = 𝑈𝑝𝑢 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃) , 𝜃 = tan−1 , 𝜃 = tan−1 10 = 84.29𝑜
𝑅
𝑍𝑈𝑇𝐼 = 0.0088(cos 84.29𝑜 + 𝑗 sin 84.29𝑜 )
𝒁𝑼𝑻𝑰 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟖 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟓 ohm

2. Transformers, (𝒁𝑻 )
%𝑍𝑇 𝑘𝑉𝐴𝐵𝐴𝑆𝐸 5 1000
𝑇𝑝𝑢 = ( )= ( ) = 0.05 𝑝𝑢
100 𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝑇 100 1000
𝑋
𝑍𝑇1 = 𝑇𝑝𝑢 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃) , 𝜃 = tan−1
𝑅
𝜃 = tan−1 6.5 = 81.25𝑜
𝑍𝑇1 = 0.05(cos 81.25𝑜 + 𝑗 sin 81.25𝑜 )
𝒁𝑻𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟔𝟏 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟒𝟐 ohm

𝒁𝑻𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟔𝟏 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟒𝟐 ohm

109 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 3. Electric Motors, (𝒁𝑴 )
%𝑋"𝑑 𝑘𝑉𝐴𝐵𝐴𝑆𝐸
𝑋𝑝𝑢 = ( )
100 𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑀

Assume hp = kVA
Motor 1, (𝒁𝑴𝟏 )
%𝑋"𝑑𝑀1 𝑘𝑉𝐴𝐵𝐴𝑆𝐸 28 1000
𝑋𝑝𝑢 = ( )= ( ) = 7 𝑝𝑢
100 𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑀1 100 40
𝑋 7 7
=5 , =5 , 𝑅= = 1.4 𝑝𝑢
𝑅 𝑅 5
𝒁𝑴𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟒 + 𝒋𝟕. 𝟎 ohm
4. Conductors, (𝒁𝒄 )
𝐿 𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝐿 𝑘𝑉𝐴
𝑅𝑝𝑢 = 𝑅 ( ) ( 2 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ) 𝑋𝑝𝑢 = 𝑋 ( ) ( 2 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ) 𝑍𝑐 = 𝑅𝑝𝑢 + 𝑗𝑋𝑝𝑢
𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑘𝑉 𝑥1000 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑘𝑉 𝑥1000

Conductor 1 , (𝒁𝑪𝟏 , )
40 1000
𝑅1𝑝𝑢 = 0.021 ( )( ) = 0.0106 𝑝𝑢
305𝑥6 0.2082 𝑥1000
40 1000
𝑋1𝑝𝑢 = 0.048 ( )( ) = 0.0243 𝑝𝑢
305𝑥6 0.2082 𝑥1000

𝒁𝑪𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟔 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟑 ohm

Conductor 2, (𝒁𝑪𝟐 )
10 1000
𝑅2𝑝𝑢 = 0.029 ( )( ) = 0.0110 𝑝𝑢
305𝑥2 0.2082 𝑥1000
10 1000
𝑋2𝑝𝑢 = 0.048 ( )( ) = 0.0182 𝑝𝑢
305𝑥2 0.2082 𝑥1000

𝒁𝑪𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟎 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟐 ohm

Conductor 3, (𝒁𝑪𝟑 )
15 1000
𝑅3𝑝𝑢 = 0.12 ( )( ) = 0.0455 𝑝𝑢
305𝑥3 0.2082 𝑥1000
15 1000
𝑋3𝑝𝑢 = 0.055 ( )( ) = 0.0208 𝑝𝑢
305𝑥3 0.2082 𝑥1000

𝒁𝑪𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟓𝟓 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟖 ohm

Conductor 4, (𝒁𝑪𝟒 )
20 1000
𝑅5𝑝𝑢 = 0.31 ( )( ) = 0.4699 𝑝𝑢
305𝑥1 0. 2082 𝑥1000
20 1000
𝑋5𝑝𝑢 = 0.06 ( )( ) = 0.0909 𝑝𝑢
305𝑥1 0.2082 𝑥1000

𝒁𝑪𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟗 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟎𝟗 ohm

Conductor 5, (𝒁𝑪𝟓 )

110 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 25 1000
𝑅5𝑝𝑢 = 0.063 ( )( ) = 0.0298 𝑝𝑢
305𝑥4 0.2082 𝑥1000
25 1000
𝑋5𝑝𝑢 = 0.051 ( )( ) = 0.0242 𝑝𝑢
305𝑥4 0.2082 𝑥1000

𝒁𝑪𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟕 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟗𝟎 ohm

Impedance Diagram

Zu+Zt+Zc1

Zm+Zc2
c1
Zc3 Zc4 Zc5
E
X2 X4
X1 X3

𝒁𝑪𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟔 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟑

𝒁𝑻𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟔𝟏 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟒𝟐 ohm

𝒁𝑼𝑻𝑰 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟖 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟓 ohm

𝒁𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟗 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟒𝟕 ohm

𝒁𝑪𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟎 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟐 ohm

𝒁𝑴𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟒 + 𝒋𝟕. 𝟎 ohms
Faults at X1

• Three -phase Fault or symmetrical fault

𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 1000
𝐼𝐹 3∅ = = =
√3𝑉𝐿 𝑍𝑡 √3(208)[(𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟗 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟒𝟕 )//(1.411 + 𝑗7.0182)]
1000
= = 33.1779 − 76.99 𝑘𝐴
√3(208)(0.0188 + 𝑗0.0815)

• Line-to-line Fault
𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 1000
𝐼𝐹 𝐿−𝐿 = = = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟕𝟑𝟑𝟗 − 𝟕𝟔. 𝟗𝟗𝒐 kA
2𝑉𝐿 𝑍𝑡 2(208)(0.0188+𝑗0.0815)

Faults at X2

• Three -phase Fault or symmetrical fault

𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 1000
𝐼𝐹 3∅ = = =
√3𝑉𝐿 𝑍𝑡 √3(208)[(𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟗 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟒𝟕 )//(𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟓𝟓 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟖) ]

111 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 1000
= = 79.7621 − 43.6 𝑘𝐴
√3(208)(0.0252 + 𝑗0.0240)

• Line-to-line Fault
𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 1000
𝐼𝐹 𝐿−𝐿 = = = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟗 𝟒𝟑. 𝟔𝒐 kA
2𝑉𝐿 𝑍𝑡 2(208)(0.0252+𝑗0.0240)

Faults at X3

• Three -phase Fault or symmetrical fault

𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 1000
𝐼𝐹 3∅ = = =
√3𝑉𝐿 𝑍𝑡 √3(208)[(𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟗 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟒𝟕 )//(𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟗 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟎𝟗 ) ]
1000
= = 35.5447 − 68.4 𝑘𝐴
√3(208)(0.0288 + 𝑗0.0726)
• Line-to-line Fault
𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 1000
𝐼𝐹 𝐿−𝐿 = = = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟐𝟔 − 𝟔𝟖. 𝟒𝒐 kA
2𝑉𝐿 𝑍𝑡 2(208)(0.0288+𝑗0.0726)

Faults at X4

• Three -phase Fault or symmetrical fault

𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 1000
𝐼𝐹 3∅ = = =
√3𝑉𝐿 𝑍𝑡 √3(208)[(𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟗 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟒𝟕 )//(𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟕 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟗𝟎 ) ]
1000
= = 59.4585 − 58.8 𝑘𝐴
√3(208)(0.0242 + 𝑗0.0399)

• Line-to-line Fault
𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 1000
𝐼𝐹 𝐿−𝐿 = = = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟒𝟗𝟐𝟔 − 𝟓𝟖. 𝟖𝒐 kA
2𝑉𝐿 𝑍𝑡 2(208)(𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟕+𝒋𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟗𝟎)

112 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

Exercise D

1. A 460-Volts, three phase, 60 Hz, 85% pf, 4-wire system is supplying a load as shown
in the table

distance from
Description Maximum loads size of conductor conduit
MDP
Panel A 19A, 24A, 20A, 15A 10 m 5.5 mm2 copper steel
Panel B 10 A, 8A, 12 A, 12A 15m 3.5 mm2 copper PVC
Panel C 32A, 35A, 28A, 37A 20 m 8.0 mm2 copper PVC
Panel D 5A, 8A, 4A, 3A 13 m 2.0 mm 2 copper steel
Panel E 18A, 15A, 18A, 10A 22m 5.5 mm2 copper steel

MDP
P-A
P-E

P-B P-C P-D

a. Determine the voltage drop at the service if the conductor size is 22 mm 2 THWN
copper conductor in steel conduit with the length of 30 m.
b. Determine the voltage drop and percent voltage drop of each panel.
c. Determine the size of the transformer if the maximum demand of the whole system is
75 A.
d. Determine the short circuit current at the MDP.

113 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

LABORATORY ACTIVITIES

Activity No. 1 Electrical Symbols

Objective:

1. To familiarize the different electrical symbols used in electrical system design.

Draw and familiarize the following electrical symbols that used in electrical design.

SYMBOL DESCRIPTION

Lightning Arrester

Surge Arrester

Ground(Earth)

Ground (Frame)

Service Entrance (Power)

Service Entrance (Telephone)

114 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 Kilowatt hour Meter

Safety Switch

Disconnect Switch

Transfer Switch

Circuit Breaker

Fuse

Fuse Cutout

Main Distribution Panel

Power Panel Board

Lighting Panelboard

Motor Controller, 3Pole across the line

Combination Type Motor, Controller; ATL

Starter plus Fused Disconnect Switch

115 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 Combination Type Motor, Controller; ATL
Starter plus circuit breaker

Outlets

Incandescent Lamp

Vapor Discharge Lamp

Drop Cord Lamp

Exit lamp

Fluorescent Lamp

Lamp Outlet with Pull switch

Outlet with blank cover

Fan

Clock

116 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 Single Convenience

Duplex Convenience

Weatherproof convenience

Cooking range R,

Convenience with switch

Special purpose (ACU, WH, D, etc

Floor (p, T, I

Antenna

Microphone

Telephone

Intercom

117 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 S Single Pole

S2 Duplex(2Single Pole Switches on one

witch pole)

S3 Triplex (3Single Pole Switches on one

witch pole)

S2P Double Pole

S3P Three pole

S3W Three-Way

S4W Four-Way

SAD Automatic Door

SK Key Operated

SM Master Selector

SRC Remote Control

Junction Box
J

Pull Box
PB

Riser Up

118 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 Riser Down

Circuit Homerun(number indicates circuit

1
no.)

Push Button

Buzzer(Indicate Voltage)

Bell (Indicate Voltage)

TRANSFORMER AND REACTORS

Transformers with two separate windings

Transformers with three separate windings

119 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 Auto-transformer

Reactor

Current Transformer

Voltage(potential) Transformer

SWITCHBOARD

Main Switchboard

Auxiliary Switchboard

Emergency Switchboard

Motor Control Center

120 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 ACTIVITY No. 2

FAMILIARIZATION IN DIFFERENT ILLUMINATION INSTRUMENTS ESPECIALLY THE LUXMETER

I. OBJECTIVES

1. To be familiar with a luxmeter and different illumination instruments.

2. To identify the parts of a luxmeter and its corresponding functions.
3. To know how a luxmeter is used in measuring the illumination.

II. INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION

A luxmeter is a device for measuring brightness, specifically, the intensity

with which the brightness appears on the human eye. This is different than
measurements of the actual light energy produced by or reflected from an object or
light source. The lux is a unit of measurement of brightness, or more accurately,
illumance or illumination. It ultimately derives from the candela, the standard unit of
measurement for the power of light. A candela is a fixed amount, roughly equivalent
to the brightness of one candle.
A luxmeter works by using a photo cell to capture light. The meter then
converts this light to an electrical current, and measuring this current then allows the
device to calculate the lux value of the light it captured.
The most common use of this type of meter is in photography and video
filming. By measuring the light in lux, photographer can adjust their shutter speed
and depth of field to get the best picture quality.

III. MATERIAL/s

Luxmeter

121 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 IV. PROCEDURE

1. Prepare the necessary materials

2. Search for the other illumination instruments.
3. Write in table 1.1 the corresponding functions of those instruments.
4. Draw the luxmeter and explore its parts
5. Write in table 1.2 the parts of luxmeter with their corresponding functions.
6. Try to measure the illumination from the lamp using the luxmeter.

I. PRESESNTATION OF DATA/TABLES

Parts functions

122 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

Instrument/devices/tools functions

II. DRAWING/SET-UP

III. CONCLUSION

123 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 ACTIVITY No. 3

ILLUMINATION OF SLSU BUILDING USING E = Φ/A

I. OBJECTIVES
1. To know the required illumination for building or structures.
2. To identify the type of lamps suited for a building occupation.
3. To identify how many lamps are needed in a room based on visual task.

II. INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION

Lighting is the utilization or application of either natural light or artificial

generated light to provide a desired visual environment for work and living.
Illumination is defined as the amount of light or luminous flux per unit area.

Why are we designing and constructing buildings?

− to shield ourselves and various processes from weather and climatic
conditions
− to create a good indoor environment
− to use resources as efficiently as possible during the construction phase
− to make buildings economical for the user and owner

However there are various factor that should be consider in designing the
lighting system for a facility. True lighting design involves assessing and meeting the
needs of the people who use space. The occupation of the facility should also be
consider in lighting design, whether the room is for classroom, office, etc. Every
facility has a required illumination for the standard usage of lighting. We can always
use that to compute the lumens necessary for a certain room using the formula of E
= Φ/A. The Φ can be computed or available in the lamp specifications.

The following issues in the building design phase should be taken into account:
− to carry out detailed analysis of solar shading, daylight linking, lighting and
visual comfort needs
− to determine how the façade should be designed (e.g. thermal insulation,
airtightness etc.)
− to study the design and operation of the ventilation system

124 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 − to study how much the internal heat gains from office equipment, lighting etc.
can be minimized and whether this is enough to avoid installing mechanical cooling
− to carry out energy and indoor climate simulations, where secondary and
primary energy consumption are determined
− to calculate life cycle costs

III. MATERIALS
• Table for recommended illumination
• Floor plan
• Triangular scale
IV. PROCEDURES
1. Prepare all the necessary materials especially the floor plan.
2. Identify what is the visual task or occupation facility is present in each room.
3. Refer to the table for recommended illumination in that type of room.
4. Look for what type of lamp is suited for that room. Check the luminous flux of
the lamp based in its specifications.
5. Compute for the number of lamps needed in the room using illumination is
luminous flux per unit area. Record the result in table 3.1

V. DRAWING/DESIGN/ILLUSTRATIONS (provide another sheet for the floor plan and

design
VI. TABLES/PRESENTATION OF DATA (use another sheet/table if necessary)

VII. OBSERVATION/ANALYS

VIII. CONCLUSION

125 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 Activity No. 4

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN of a TWO-STOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Objectives

1. To apply the provisions in Philippine Electrical Code in making electrical plan.

2. To know all the parts of an electrical plan.
3. To learn how to apply a design analysis in electrical plan.
4. To draw a complete electrical plan.

Instructions

Prepare a floor plan of a two -storey residential building with motor loads. Include all the
components of an electrical plan based on the above discussion. Draw the electrical
plan using CAD and plot in A3 size bond paper.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN FOR A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Electrical plan is a mandatory requirement in applying electrical permit of any

establishment which is part of the building permit. It serves as the reference for future
electrical system for installation and maintenance of any buildings

1. Drawing Sheets Sizes

➢ Electrical plans and drawings shall be drawn on drawing sheets of the
following standard sizes:
a. 760 mm x 1000 mm
b. 600 mm x 900 mm
c. 500 mm x 760 mm
➢ For dwelling unit having a floor area of not more than 50 m2 with a total
load not exceeding 3680 VA, a drawing sheet of size 297 mm x 420 mm
(A3 size) is permitted.

126 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 ➢ Title block or nameplate of plans and drawing shall be a standard strip of
40 mm high at the bottom of the sheet.
o Name and location of installations or project
o Name, signature and address of owner/manager/operator
o Title of sheet
o PEE name and signature with PRC license number, TIN number,
PTR number
o Scale used, date drawn
o Sheet number
2. Plan Requirements
a. Location and Site Plans.
1. Bordering areas showing public or well-known streets, landmarks
and/or structures
2. Location of service drop, service equipment and nearest pole of the
utility company; location of the meter
3. Clearance of the path or run of service drops and entrance wires to
adjacent existing and/or proposed structures.

b. Legends or Symbols

127 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 c. General Notes or/and Specifications
1. Nature of electrical service, number of phases, number of wires, voltage
anf frequency.
2. Type of wiring
o Service entrance
o Feeders, sub-feeders and branch circuit wires for lighting and
power load
o Fire alarm system (if required)
o Signaling and communications
3. Special equipment to be installed, with ratings, classification of service or
duty cycle of;
o Rectifiers
o Heaters
o X-ray apparatus
o Electric welding equipment
4. System or method of grounding
5. Type and rating of main disconnecting means, overcurrent protection
(OCP) and branch circuit wiring

128 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 6. Clearances of service drop, burial depth of service lateral, mounting height
and clearance for service equipment, mounting height and clearance for
kWh meter.

d. Electrical layout
1. Plan for power
o Sizes and location of service entrance conductors, raceways,
metering equipment, main switchboard, layout of feeders and
distribution panels or switches and their sizes, types and ratings;
o Complete circuits of motors and other electrical equipment, their
controlling devices, their locations and ratings
o Complete wiring of emergency power system, if any
o Nature of processes/activities carried out in each room or area
2. Plan for lighting and receptacle outlets
o Location, type and rating of lighting fixtures, indicating illumination
in lux in each room or area.
o Location of switches for each fixtures or group of fixtures

129 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 o Location of receptacle outlets and appliances to be served and their
ratings
o Complete circuits of the lighting and receptacle outlets;
o Complete wiring of emergency lighting system, if any; A separate
drawing showing layout of receptacle outlets may be made at the
discretion of the design engineer.
3. Plan for Fire Alarm Circuits.
Layout and wiring plans of fire alarm station, fire alarm bell, fire alarm
control panel, and other shall be drawn to scale and show:
o Location of outlets, equipment and/or apparatus and controls;
o Complete circuit showing no. and size of raceway and wire;

e. Schedule of loads
1. Motor load
2. Lighting and receptacle load

130 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 3. Other loads
f. Design Analysis
1. Branch circuits, sub-feeders, feeders, busways, and service entrance;
2. Types, ratings, and trip settings of overload protective devices;
3. Calculation of short circuit current for determining the interrupting capacity
of overcurrent protection device for residential, commercial, and industrial
establishment;
4. Calculation of voltage drops.

g. One line diagram

1. Lighting and Receptacle Outlet Loads;

131 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 o Single line or schematics diagram of lighting and receptacles
panelboards showing mains and branch circuit rating;
o Size of conductors for feeders.
2. Motor Loads;
3. Feeders and Subfeeders;
o Identification and/or labeling of feeders
and subfeeders
o Size and type of wires and raceway
o Protective devices and controls
o The allowable ampacity of the
conductor over the designed load
current in amperes expressed as a ratio
and indicated along side the conductor.
4. Load Center

132 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 ACTIVITY NO. 4

ILLUMINATION OF SLSU BUILDING USING ZONAL CAVITY METHOD

I. OBJECTIVES
1. To be able to understand the use of zonal cavity method in illumination
design.
2. To know how inter-reflectances and cavity heights affects the level of
illuminance.
3. To determine the number of luminaires in a room using the lumens (zonal
cavity) method.
II. MATERIALS
• Floor plan
• Table for recommended illuminations
• Triangular scale
• Lamp’s CU table
• Tape measure/meter stick
III. PROCEDURES
1. Prepare all the necessary materials.
2. Identify what is the visual task or occupation facility is present in each room.
3. Refer to the table for recommended illumination in that type of room.
4. Measure the height of the room and the height of the work plane from the
floor.
5. Compute for the cavity ratios and the effective reflectance based on the
assume reflectance of the wall, floor and ceiling.
6. Refer in the photometric table of the luminaire in determining the CU.
7. Compute the number of luminaire using zonal cavity method.
8. Draw/plot the resulting number of luminaires.
IV. DRAWING/DESIGN/ILLUSTRATIONS (provide another sheet for the floor plan and
design)

133 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 V. TABLES/PRESENTATION OF DATA (use the average illuminance calculation form

VI. OBSERVATION/ANALYSIS

VII. CONCLUSIONS

ACTIVITY NO. 5

FLOODLIGHTING DESIGN USING BEAM-LUMEN METHOD

I. OBJECTIVES
1. To familiarize with floodlighting design and procedure using beam-lumen
method.
2. To determine the appropriate number of floodlight used in the given locations.
3. To know the beam lumen spread characteristics of the floodlights/luminaire and
its importance in the design.
II. MATERIALS
• Catalogue or floodlight specification table
• Table for standard illuminance
• Elevation plan of the building
• Tape measure/ meter stick`

III. PROCEDURES
1. Gather all the necessary materials needed.
2. Measure the area needed to be lighted.

IV. DRAWING/DESIGN/ILLUSTRATIONS

134 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 V. COMPUTATIONS

VI. OBSERVATION/ANALYSIS

VII. CONCLUSIONS

ACTIVITY NO. 6

LIGHTING DESIGN OF AN OUTDOOR PLAYING FIELD

I. OBJECTIVES

1. To familiarize with calculation of illumination for outdoor playing field using point-
to-point method.

2. To determine the appropriate number of luminaire based on the type of sports.

II. MATERIALS
• Catalogue or floodlight specification table
• Table for standard illuminance
• Elevation plan of the building
• Tape measure/ meter stick`
III. DRAWING/DESIGN/ILLUSTRATIONS
IV. COMPUTATIONS
V. OBSERVATION/ANALYSIS
VI. CONCLUSIONS

135 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 Activity No. 7

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN of a COMMERCIAL BUILDING

Objectives

1. To apply the provisions in Philippine Electrical Code in making electrical plan.

2. To learn how to apply a design analysis in commercial building
3. To apply the calculation for the sizes and ratings of electrical devices
4. To design a three-phase electrical system.

Instructions

Prepare a floor plan three-storey commercial building. Include all the components of an
electrical plan based on the above discussion. Draw the electrical plan using CAD and
plot in A3 size bond paper.

136 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 Activity No. 8 ELECTRIICAL SYSTEM ESTIMATE

Objectives:

1. To understand the principle and concepts of electrical system estimate.

2. To estimate the cost of any related electrical works in the prepared electrical
plan.

Instructions:

Prepare your previous electrical plan of the residential and commercial building.
Apply the concepts of electrical system estimation. List all the electrical devices
and equipment needed for the installation based on the electrical plan. Make
some research for the updated price of electrical equipment and devices.
Prepare an estimate that are ready for bidding.

ELECTRIICAL SYSTEM ESTIMATION GUIDE

1. Prepare paper, pencils, scale and rulers. Mark papers indicating the panel no.,
circuit number and the location of the circuit run.
2. Study plans, drawing and specifications.
2.1 Coordinate with Civil, Mechanical and Architectural Estimators about the
following
2.1.1 Height between floors
2.1.2 Drop ceilings and ceiling supports
2.1.3 Height between finish floor and ceilings
2.1.4 Major beams and columns thru which conduits may not pass
2.1.5 Other architectural/civil/mechanical drawings indicating positions of the
lights, special outlets or aircon unit equipment.
2.2 Check and make a physical count of the following
2.2.1 Lighting fixtures – number of each type of fixtures
2.2.2 Convenience outlets – duplex
2.2.3 Special outlet
2.2.4 Panel boards – make a complete description of each panel board.
The description should include:

137 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 a. main breaker rating or lugs only
b. no. of branches per ampere trip
c. kAIC
2.2.5 Other electrical equipment to be supplied by contractor
2.3 Study carefully the circuit runs and the riser diagram together with
the schedule of load.
3. Determine the approximate length of wire and conduit per circuit.
3.1 For the conduit (each circuit) - measure the length from the last outlet to the
panel using the scale. The trace of the route must be followed as per drawing.
3.2 For the wire – measure the length between outlets and the length shall be
multiplied by the no. of wires. The sum of the products (lengths x the no of
wires) shall be the approximate length of wire.
3.3 Sum up the total length of conduit per size and divide by 3. Round off and
add 10%.
3.4 Sum up the total length of wire for each size and divide by 150 to get the
number of rolls. Round off and add 10%.
3.5 Set aside the papers and data temporarily.
4. Determine the approximate length of wire and conduct for the panel homerun to
the main panel or main distribution panel.
4.1 Conduits – measure the length of the run. Check the shortest possible route
and avoid obstructions. Total length divide 3 and add 5%
4.2 Wire – multiply the length of conduct by the following constants
a. 2- for two-wire single phase
b. 3- for two-wire single phase with neutral
c. 3- for three-wire, 3-phase
d. 4- for 3-phase, 4 wire
5. Boxes
5.1 Octagonal boxes – provide one box for each lighting fixtures
5.2 Utility box 4”x 2” – provide one box for each switch, duplex outlet or special
outlet (small)
5.3 Square box 4” – provide one box if the conduits terminating exceed 4
conduits or special big outlets.

138 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 5.4 Square box 4 11/16 – provide one box for one-inch diameter conduits or for
special purpose outlets. Also provide one box for multiple (6 or more)
terminations.
5.5 Pull boxes – provide one box for every 18 meters of conduits length
depending upon the length of run. Other pull boxes may be designated by
plans. Check with the designer/consultant about the sizes.
6. Fittings
6.1 For PVC pipes
6.1.1 Couplings – provide 1 coupling for every length plus 1 coupling for
every termination.
6.1.2 Elbows – provide 1-900 elbow for every quarter turn for sizes of 32
mm (1 1/4”) and above.
6.1.3 Cement – provide 1 can for every 10 length of conduit.
6.1.4 End bells – provide 1 for every termination.
6.2 For RSC conduits
6.2.1 Coupling – provide 1 additional coupling for every 5 lengths
6.2.2 Elbows- provide one 90-degree elbow every 90-degree turn for sizes
of 25 mm (1”) diameter above.
6.2.3 Locknut and bushing – provide one pair for every termination.
6.3 For electrical metallic tubing
6.3.1 Couplings- one set for every length
6.3.2 Elbows- use on site bended EMT
6.3.3 Adapters w/ locknut and bushing- for every termination are 1 adapter
and 1 pair of locknut and bushings.
6.4 Straps – two (2) straps for every length of conduit. In sizes of 25 mm
diameter and above use clamps especially for RSC or EMT conduits.
6.5 Other fittings
6.5.1 Wire trays/cable trays – check with drawings and
consultant/designer
6.5.2 Cable trough / duets – check w/ drawings especially that the
drawings may have specific sizes.

7. Other Considerations

139 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 7.1 for lighting fixtures – add 1 m of wire for every termination or lighting
fixtures
7.2 for convenience outlets
a. Add 0.8 m. for every C.0. to the length of pipe and 1m of wire for
every termination
b. Add 0.4 m above the height of counters if the C.O. is above the
counter in addition to the height of the counter. Add also 1 m of
wire for every termination.
7.3 for homeruns terminating a panel boards add 2 meters of wires for
every circuit.
7.4 provide an empty conduit for every spare circuit per panel
7.5 normally the electronic and communication circuits will be in separate
sheets and have an ECE estimate
7.6 provide 1 connector for every termination # 6 up.
8. Summarize the lists of materials as follows
8.1 conduits – total of each size
8.2 fittings - total of each type/size
8.3 boxes - total of each type/size
8.4 panels – per panel and lowest canvassed price
8.5 Wires - total length of each wire size
8.6 Connectors – (solderless less) total termination of each size for wire #6 wire
and above.
8.7 Tape – 1 roll PVC tape for every 100 m of wire plus 1 roll of rubber tape for
every 200m of wire.
8.8 other materials must be itemized.
9. Costing
9.1 get the unit cost for each item and deduct all discounts.
9.2 from the total cost add 5% to 10% mark up
9.3 For all others materials like duets, panels, transfer switches, safety switches,
and etc.- get the price from the fabricator net (less discounts) and add 5%
markup.
10. Preparation of Bid or Asking Price
10.1 Material cost

140 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 Conduits Fitting Boxes__________________________
Wires and wiring Devices________________________
Lighting fixtures _______________________________
Safety Devices_________________________________
Service Entrance and Mains_______________________
Others________________________________________
10.2 Labor Cost

10.2.1 If materials are imported

a. Labor Cost is 20 % of subtotal A
b. Supervision is 3% of subtotal A
c. Mark-up is 1.25 % of subtotal A
10.2.2 If the conduits and most materials are locally available
a. Labor cost is 25 % to 30% of subtotal A
b. Supervision cost is 4% to 5% of subtotal A
c. Mark up cost is 2 % of subtotal A
10.3 Contingencies – an allowance of 5% to 7% of the total cost of materials and
labor
10.4 Overhead – this include the cost of transportation, office staff tools and
equipment depreciation, papers and office supplies to representation, and cost of
money.
- Normally 7% to 10% of the cost of materials is the cost of overhead.
10.5 Permits – show the plans to the municipal electrical engineer or his
assistant and request for an estimate. Add 5% to cover the exigencies.
10.6 a. the sum cost as computed in 10.1 and 10.5 is to be multiplied by 0.03 to
get the contractor’s tax.
b. Add the contractor’s tax to the sum of sections 10.1 to 10.5 and round
off. This will be your bid price

141 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

 Table 9.1.1.9 Alternating-Current Resistance and Reactance for 600-Volt Cables, -Phase, 60Hz, 75°C - Three Single Conductors in Conduit
Conductor Size
Ohms to Neutral per 305 m
[mm² (mm dia.)]
XL (Reactance) for All Alternating-Current Alternating-Current Effective Z at 0.85 PF of Effective Z at 0.85 PF of
Wires Resistance for Uncoated Resistance for Aluminum Uncoated Copper Wires Aluminum Wires
Copper Wires Wires
PVC, Aluminum Steel PVC Aluminum Steel PVC Aluminum Steel PVC Aluminum Steel PVC Aluminum Steel
Conduits Conduit Conduit Conduit Conduit Conduit Conduit Conduit Conduit Conduit Conduit Conduit Conduit Conduit
2.0 (1.6) 0.058 0.073 3.1 3.1 3.1 - - - 2.7 2.7 2.7 - - -
3.5 (2.0) 0.054 0.068 2 2 2 3.2 3.2 3.2 1.7 1.7 1.7 2.8 2.8 2.8
5.5 (2.6) 0.05 0.063 1.2 1.2 1.2 2 2 2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.8 1.8 1.8
8.0 (3.2) 0.052 0.065 0.78 0.78 0.78 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.69 69 0.7 1.1 1.1 1.1
14 0.051 0.064 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.71 0.72 0.72
22 0.048 0.06 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.29 0.29 0.3 0.46 0.46 0.46

142 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

30 0.045 0.057 0.19 0.2 0.2 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.19 0.19 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3
38 0.046 0.057 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.25 0.26 0.25 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.24 0.24 0.25
50 0.044 0.055 0.12 0.13 0.012 0.2 0.21 0.2 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.19 0.2 0.2
60 0.043 0.054 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.16 0.16 0.16
80 0.042 0.052 0.77 0.82 0.079 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.088 0.092 0.094 0.13 0.13 0.14
100 0.041 0.051 0.62 0.67 0.063 0.1 0.11 0.1 0.074 0.078 0.08 0.11 0.11 0.11
125 0.041 0.052 0.52 0.57 0.054 0.85 0.9 0.86 0.066 0.07 0.073 0.094 0.098 0.1
150 0.041 0.051 0.44 0.49 0.045 0.71 0.76 0.72 0.059 0.063 0.065 0.082 0.086 0.088
175 0.04 0.05 0.38 0.43 0.039 0.61 0.66 0.63 0.053 0.058 0.06 0.073 0.077 0.08
200 0.04 0.049 0.33 0.038 0.035 0.54 0.59 0.055 0.049 0.053 0.056 0.066 0.071 0.073
250 0.039 0.048 0.27 0.032 0.029 0.43 0.48 0.045 0.043 0.048 0.05 0.057 0.061 0.064
325 0.039 0.048 0.23 0.028 0.025 0.36 0.41 0.038 0.04 0.044 0.047 0.051 0.055 0.058
375 0.038 0.048 0.19 0.24 0.021 0.29 0.34 0.031 0.036 0.04 0.043 0.045 0.049 0.052
400 0.038 0.048 0.19 0.24 0.021 0.29 0.34 0.031 0.036 0.04 0.043 0.045 0.049 0.052
500 0.037 0.046 0.15 0.019 0.018 0.23 0.37 0.025 0.32 0.36 0.04 0.039 0.042 0.046

APPENDIX
143 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design
Standard Rating of Disconnections (Amperes)

30 200 800 1600

60 400 1000 1800

100 600 1200

Standard Rating of Switchboards or Switchgears

144 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design
Single Phase

200 600 1200 2000 3000

400 800 1600 2500 4000

Three Phase

400 800 1600 2500 4000

600 1200 2000 3000

Standard Rating of Fuses and CB’s (Amperes)

15 70 225 800

20 80 250 1000

25 90 300 1200

30 100 350 1600

35 110 400 2000

40 125 450 2500

45 150 500 3000

50 175 600 4000

60 200 700 5000

6000

For fuses only, additional standard sizes are 1, 3, 6 and 10.

145 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

Standard Rating of Busways or Busducts (Amperes)

Single-Phase and Three-Phase

225 600 1000 1350 2000 3000 5000

400 800 1200 1600 2500 4000

Standard Sizes of Gutters and Wireways

2 ½” x 2 ½ 6” x 8” 10” x 10”

4” x 4” 8” x 8”

These are available in 12”, 24”, 36”, 48”, and 60” lengths

Standard Sizes of Pull Boxes and Junction Boxes

4” x4” x 4” 10” x 8” x 4” 12” x 12” x 6”

6” x 4” x 4” 10” x 8” x 6” 12” x 12” x 8”

6” x 6” x 4” 10” x 10” x 4” 15” x 12” x 4”

6” x 6” x 6” 10” x 10” x 6” 15” x 12” x 6”

8” x 6” x 4” 10” x 10” x 8” 18” x 12” x 4”

8” x 6” x 6” 12” x 8” x 4” 18” x 12” x 6”

8” x 6” x 8” 12” x 8” x 6” 18” x 18” x 4”

8” x 8” x 4” 12” x 10” x 4” 18” x 18” x 6”

8” x 8” x 6” 12” x 10” x 6” 24” x 18” x 6”

8” x 8” x 8” 12” x 12” x 4” 24” x 24” x 6”

Wires and Conduits

146 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design
Trade Name Type Letter OperatingTemperature
FEP - Fluorinated ethylene propylene 90°C/200°C
FEPB - Fluorinated ethylene propylene 90°C/200°C
MI - Mineral insulation (metal sheathed) 90°C/250°C
MTW - Moisture-, heat-, and oil-resistant thermoplastic 60°C/90°C
PFA - Perfluoro-alkoxy 90°C/200°C
PFAH - Perfluoro-alkoxy 250°C
RHH - Thermoset 90°C
RHW - Moisture-resistant thermoset 75°C
RHW-2 - Moisture-resistant thermoset 90°C
SA - Silicone 90°C/200°C
SIS - Thermoset 90°C
TBS - Thermoplastic and fibrous outer braid 90°C
TFE - Extended polytetra-fluoro ethylene 250°C
THHN - Heat-resistant thermoplastic 90°C
THHW - Moisture- and heat-resistant thermoplastic 75°C/90°C
THW - Moisture- and heat-resistant thermoplastic 75°C/90°C
THWN - Moisture- and heat-resistant thermoplastic 75°C
TW - Moisture- and heat-resistant thermoplastic 60°C
UF - Underground feeder and branch-circuit cable 60°C/75°C
USE - Underground service-entrance cable 75°C
XHH - Thermoset 90°C
XHHW - Moisture-resistant thermoset 75°C/90°C
XHHW-2 - Moisture-resistant thermoset 90°C
Z - Modified ethylene tetrafluoro-ethylene 90°C/150°C
ZW - Modified ethylene tetrafluoro-ethylene 75°C/90°C/200°C

AC - Armored cable
EMT - Electrical metallic tubing
ENT - Electrical nonmetallic tubing
FCC - Flat conductor cable
FMC - Flexible metallic conduit
FMT - Flexible metallic tubing
HDPE - High density polyethylene conduit

147 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

IGS - Integrated gas spacer
IMC - Intermidiate metal conduit
LFMC - Liquidtight flexible metal conduit
LFNC - Liquidtight flexible nonmetallic conduit
MC - Metal-clad cable
MV - Medium voltage cable
NM//NMC//NMC - Nonmetallic sheathed cable
NUCC - Nonmetallic underground conduit with conductors
RMC - Rigid metal conduit
RNC - Rigid nonmetallic conduit
TC - Power and control tray cable

REFERENCES

Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines Inc (2017), “Philippine

Electrical Code Part 1”, MG Reprographics Supply and Services, Inc. ISBN 978-971-
9658-02-3

Tao, William, & Janis, Richard (2004), “Mechanical and Electrical Systems in Buildings,
2nd edition, Chapter 11 – 13, page 323 – 414

Fink, Donald and Beaty, H.Wayne (2000), “Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers”
14th edition, McGraw Hill Publication, Chapter 19: Wiring Design for Commercial and
Industrial Buildings

Early, Mark, Sargent, Jefffey, Sheehan, Joseph & Caloggero, John (2005), “National
Elctrical Code Handbook” 10th edition 2005 National Fire Protection Association, Inc.
One Batterymarch Park Quincy, Massachusetts 02169-7471

National Fire Protection Association, Inc - NFPA 70 (2017), “National Electrical Code”

148 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design

National Fire Protection Association, Inc. One Batterymarch Park Quincy,
Massachusetts 02169-7471

Department of Energy, DOE (2007), “Manual of Practice on Efficient Lighting”,

Philippines
Tao, William, & Janis, Richard (2004), “Mechanical and Electrical Systems in Buildings,
2nd edition, Chapter 14 – 17, page 415 – 521

Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines Inc. IIEE (2010), “Manual
for LEED Complaint Lighting System Design”, COR-Asia, Inc, ISBN 978-971-93962-6-0

Department of Energy, DOE (2017), “Roadway Lighting Guidelines”, Efficiency and

Conservation EC Energy, Philippines

Samton, Gruzen and Mckay, Hayden (2005), “Manual for Quality, Energy Efficient
Lighting” New York City Department of Design and Construction

Zumbotel (2018), ”The Lighting Handbook,” 6th edition, Zumbotel Lighting GmbH,
Dornbirn, Austria

Department of Transportation-Minnesota (2003), “Roadway Lighting Design Manual”

Fink, Donald and Beaty, H.Wayne (2000), “Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers”
14th edition, McGraw Hill Publication, Chapter 26: Illumination

Theraja, BL and Theraja, AK, “ A Textbook of Electrical Technology Volume III”, Chapter
49: Illumination, S. Chand Publication

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150 |Electrical System and Illumination Engineering Design