KASAYSAYAN 1.

  ● They built ships, furnished the manpower, and 

Reading Summaries.  took care of the food supplies 
  ■ The Spanish governor ordered a quota of men, 
  together with their wives and children, to be 
  brought from Visayan provinces to shipyards in 
  Cavite 
SPORADIC REVOLTS  ● They did this in an effort to relieve Tagalog 
  provinces of further labor conscription and in 
BOTTOMLINE: The revolts were people’s reactions to...  anticipation of Dutch threats 
● The abuse and cruelty associated with ​tribute collections  ■ Eventually, the defenders lost 
and forced labor  ● Rebels were issued a general pardon 
○ The harsh and demanding Spanish encomenderos  ● The leaders were caught 
relied on the natives for food and sustenance   
● The ​imposition of Christianity  ● 1740s 
○ Plenty of natives wished to return to their old religious  ○ The Uprisings of the Eighteenth Century 
beliefs and practices  ■ Most revolts were caused by the greed of the 
● The ​Spanish wars​ against the Dutch and the Muslims  religious orders for land at the expense of the 
○ Filipinos were forcibly involved in Spanish wars,  Filipinos—they were economic in nature 
resulting in great sufferings and loss of life  ● Friars were comfortably supported by their 
  stipends in the parishes, as well as by the free 
TIMELINE  labor and material wealth of the pueblo 
● 1580s to 1600s  residents 
○ Uprisings in the Manila Bay Region  ● On the other hand, Filipinos had to reach the 
■ Luzon chiefs, some already baptized Christians,  quotas for such lands, support their families, 
rose in arms with help from the Muslims  friars, and the regime, in addition to paying the 
■ As this generation of datus passed away, the  tribute 
influence of Islam effectively disappeared from the  ○ The Apolinario Rebellion 
Manila and Tagalog area  ■ Unlike the Tagalog uprisings, this occurred because 
■ The future of Christianity in Luzon was assured  of a deep distrust of spontaneous associations by 
  the Spanish authorities 
● 1650s  ○ The Revolts of Diego Silang and Palaris 
○ Sumuroy Rebellion  ■ In an almost purely agrarian society that Luzon was, 
■ In the beginning of the seventeenth century, the  the main economic support of the regime was still 
price Filipinos had to pay for Hispanic Christianity  the tribute 
inspired uprisings  ■ The collection process afforded ample opportunity 
● Filipinos carried the burden of Spanish quests  for graft and oppression, which then enabled the 
 governor to make huge profits out of the  ■ His wife, Gabriela, urged revenge for his murder 
collections  and tried to keep the rebellion strong 
  ■ Eventually, the rebellion came to an end because of 
● 1750s  the Spaniard’s strong forces 
○ The Recovery of the Population  ○ The End of the British Occupation and of the Revolts 
■ With the phasing out of encomiendas came a  ■ The Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War 
period of relative stability, which then inspired the  between Britain and France 
recovery of the population  ● It was decided that the Philippines would 
■ The regime reassessed its policies and put a stop to  belong under Spain’s control and England was 
the savagery and inhumanity of the early period  to retain sovereignty over Florida and other 
● Most deaths in the seventeenth century were  North American colonies 
due to the Muslim and Dutch wars, as well as  ■ This news renewed the futility of the Pangasinenses 
the killings done by encomenderos and Spanish  insurrection once reaching Pangasinan 
soldiers  ● The greed and avarice of the former alcalde 
● This meant less tributes and lost converts to  created discontent among people 
the colonial regime and to the Church  ● Thus, a new alcalde was chosen: Don Rafael de 
  Acevedo 
● 1760s  ● He proclaimed a moratorium on tax 
○ The British Occupation  collections—which was well received—but later 
■ When the British invaded Manila, the  on made people realize that the tribute would 
Pangasinenses rejoiced, thanking God for having  be restored, sooner or later 
finished the Spaniards for them  ● After Acevedo made a report to the captain 
■ Silang and Palaris went back to Pangasinan and  general to ask for more Spanish troops, the 
urged their people to revolt  second phase of the insurrection became much 
■ Thus, numerous provinces from Pangasinan  more cruel and ruthless on both sides 
presented demands to the vicar provincial and  ○ The Consequences of the Palaris Revolt 
employed peaceful means to gain their ends  ■ The Spaniards exacted terrible vengeance on the 
● They succeeded in unseating oppressive  rebels for their stubborn resistance; lives were 
officials, stopping the collection of tributes,  taken through brutal means 
frightening the Spanish alcalde into leaving the  ■ It cost the Spanish government the lives of 300 men 
province, etc.  to crush the rebellion, while an estimate from 
○ Diego Silang’s Revolt and Betrayal  10,000 to 12,000 rebels were killed 
■ The British provided aid and supported Silang’s  ■ The marked decreases in the population was as 
vision of Filipinos free from taxes and personal  great as the loss in property 
service  ■ In the nineteenth century, the cause for discontent 
■ However, Silang was eventually betrayed and killed  remained the same, but people resorted to legal 
by his loyal assistants  measures instead of arms 
  dishonorable, nor could he turn them over to his 
  commercial rivals France and Germany 
AMERICAN COLONIZATION  ○ McKinley also argued that he could not let the islands 
  be as Filipinos were unfit for self-government 
Protocol of Peace  ○ Thus, he decided to take the archipelago, educate the 
● It stipulated that Spain was to relinquish all sovereignty and  people, uplift, civilize, and christianize them 
title over Cuba, Puerto Rico, and other islands in the West  ○ On the other hand, a handful of others did not bother to 
Indies  hide their interests over the Philippines 
● On the other hand, the United States was to occupy and  ■ The economic and naval benefits the Philippines 
hold the city, bay, and harbor of Manila  could offer was given focus to 
● It left to the formal treaty of peace the authority to   
determine the control, disposition, and government of the  Benevolent Assimilation 
Philippines  ● McKinley made a move to extend American sovereignty 
  over the entire archipelago, which was not received well by 
Treaty of Paris  the Filipinos 
● Spain ceded to the United States the Philippine Islands  ● Thus, he vouched that Americans came “not as invaders or 
along with its immovable properties  conquerors, but as friends” 
● The United States agreed to pay Spain the sum of $20M  ● This was the first official indication of America’s intention to 
within three months after the exchange of ratification of the  exercise its right of sovereignty over the Philippines 
treaty   
  Aguinaldo’s Counter-Proclamation 
American Interest in the Philippines  ● Antonio Luna, who received a copy of McKinley’s original 
● Initially, the US did not want to go to war against Spain over  text, bannered the proclamation as nothing but “a 
Cuba  subterfuge to quiet the people temporarily” 
○ Millions of Americans sympathized with the Cuban  ● Consequently, Aguinaldo issued his own proclamation in 
revolutionaries  which he rebuked the Americans for claiming sovereignty 
○ The desire for the early restoration of peace was  over the Philippines when he had declared that the 
primarily because of the safeguarding of American  Filipinos’ greatest desire was freedom and independence 
interests on the island  ● This caused the establishment of the Sedition Act, which 
● When the Spanish-American War broke out, George  censored print and dramas that contained nationalistic 
Dewey’s role in Manila was solely to destroy the Spanish  content 
fleet   
○ Dewey’s triumph brought up questions on what was to  Establishment of Civil Government 
be done with the Philippines  ● The separation of the executive from the legislative branch 
○ President McKinley could not give back the islands to  was carried out by the Taft Commission 
Spain because that would be cowardly and  ● After some time, McKinley conferred the executive 
authority over the pacified areas of Luzon and Visayas on 
 the Taft Commission—a role previously exercised by the  ● The companion bill proposed a Filipino assembly made up 
military governor  of 50 to 100 members 
Organization of the Insular Government  ○ The grant of representation to Filipinos drew a 
● Four executive departments were created: the departments  respectable measure of consideration; congress became 
of the interior, of commerce and police, of finance and  sympathetic to Filipinos after the American atrocities 
justice, and of public instruction  was confirmed 
● From 1901 to 1907, the Philippine Commission exercised  ○ The Cooper Act of 1902 was passed 
both executive and legislative functions  ■ It approved and ratified the creation of the 
  Philippine Commission and the establishment of 
Establishment of the Civil Service  civil government 
● The commission enacted laws that defined the powers and  ■ It divided the legislative branch into two 
privileges of civil service employees  houses—the commission, as the upper chamber, 
● For the executive branch, it established a number of  and the elective Filipino Assembly, as the lower 
bureaus and departments  chamber 
● For the judicial branch, it initially established courts of first   
instance  Political Tutelage 
  ● To justify the Americans’ continued stay in the country, 
Reorganization of Local Governments  McKinley sent over the Taft Commission to establish good 
● Municipal  government and used this as backdrop in introducing 
○ Placed all town governments under a president, a vice  Filipinos to the fundamental ideas of good government 
president, and some councilors elected by qualified  ● The US went one step further and embarked on a policy of 
voters of the town—in the hands of Filipinos  political tutelage, in which Filipinos were taught rudiments 
● Provincial  of government by allowing them to actually participate in all 
○ The government of a regularly organized or Christian  its branches 
province was vested in a provincial board which was  ● This process became synonymous with the Filipinization of 
composed of a governor, a treasurer, and a supervisor;  the government 
the governors were usually elected Filipinos, while the   
treasurers and supervisors were usually appointed  Filipinization 
Americans  ● The US placed all municipal offices in the hands of Filipinos 
  ● Filipinos were preferred for offices in the provincial level 
Philippine Organic Act of 1902  ● However, the topmost level of government stayed in the 
● Root and Lodge were not inclined to favor any concession  hands of the Americans 
granting Filipinos even limited representation in the civil  ● The indispensable qualification required of all Filipinos 
government  wishing to hold public offices was absolute and 
● Eventually, Root drafted the bill which had no real desire to  unconditional loyalty to the United States 
place the governance of the Philippines in the hands of   
congress   
   
  Origins of Free Trade 
Federal Party  ● The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act regulated trade relations 
● The Philippines went through a period characterized by the  between the Philippines and the US 
clash of groups differing from one another on how to  ● It was then superseded by the Underwood-Simmons Act, 
conduct the revolution  which removed the quote limitations on sugar and tobacco 
○ On one side were the radicals, who believed in attaining  entering the US, thereby establishing complete free trade 
the independence of the Philippines even at the cost of  between the two countries 
war   
○ On the other were the conservatives, who wanted to  Opposition to Free Trade 
liberate the country from foreign domination through  ● There were three main reasons for the stand against free 
peaceful means  trade: 
● A party was formed by the conservatives; it was called the  ○ It was highly detrimental to the economic interests of 
Federal Party  the Filipino people because it would divert Philippine 
○ It desired for the Philippines to be considered as one of  sugar and tobacco from their national outlets in Asia; it 
the states of the union—essentially, it held statehood  could also lead to economic dependence on the US 
motives  ○ It could delay the granting of Philippine independence 
  because profiting American companies might oppose it 
Nacionalista Party  ○ It could result in the loss of revenue to such an extent 
● This new political party was to work for the immediate  that it would be impossible to sustain the burden of 
independence of the Philippines in order “to constitute it  servicing the expenditures of the insular government 
into a free and sovereign nation under a democratic   
government”  Effects of Free Trade 
● In the meantime, the Federal Party discarded its goal of  ● It lessened the volume of trade which the Philippines 
annexation and, instead, took as the party’s aim the  transacted with countries other than the US 
ultimate independence of the country as well  ● The Philippine market economy became primarily 
  dependent upon selling agricultural commodities to the US 
   
  Advancements in… 
  ● Crop Specialization 
  ○ The volume of agricultural exports grew as a result of 
Reduction of American Tariff  increased specialization and production 
● The Philippine Commission believed that tariff reduction  ● Technological Advances 
was expected not only to bring about increased economic  ○ Most advances tended to enhance exports 
activity, but also to generate higher internal revenues which  ● Road Construction​, ​Grant of Public Works Franchises​, 
the insular government could use to finance its  Railroad Service 
expenditures   
   
   
Fluctuations in the Export Market  Education 
● The Philippines became vulnerable to sudden downturns  ● Laws were passed in order to support Filipinos in acquiring 
inherent in external demand  education at government expense and for the 
  establishment of more educational structures 
On Manufacturing   
● At its best, Philippine manufacturing at the time involved  Manila 
only a light industrial program  ● It was the center of political and governmental activities 
○ It was oriented towards the production of goods to  ● The enactments made by the commission with regard to 
satisfy the needs of the domestic market  Manila revolved around the physical enhancement of the 
○ The only industries established were essentially of the  city as a showcase of American rule 
assembly and processing type, completely dependent   
on imported materials and machines for their existence  Health 
○ There was no capability for the manufacture of  ● It was one of the priorities of the insular government 
machines and industrial materials that could produce  ● Prevention of diseases in the country was pursued, medical 
the means of production the other domestic industries  schools were established, several health laws were enacted 
required   
● These weaknesses were eventually noticed by Filipino  Uplifting the Conditions of Farmers 
entrepreneurs, who tried their best to remedy them  ● In order to uplift the dismal living conditions of farmers, the 
● Land policies and labor resolutions were passed  government pursued __ thrusts: 
  ○ To increase production through annual appropriation 
Currency Reform  ○ To prevent crop decreases 
● The Philippines’ currency was shifted from the Mexican  ○ To give attention and structure to the management of 
peso to the Philippine peso  crops 
● Various laws were enacted in order to maintain the   
Philippine peso’s purity  Natural Resources 
  ● The insular government complied with the instructions on 
Settlement and Development of Mindanao  protecting and conserving the natural resources of the 
● A law which promoted inter-island migration was passed  Philippines 
● There were three purposes for it: 
○ To make a just and proper redistribution of population 
○ To encourage the possession of small landholdings 
among the greatest number of people 
○ To increase the production of food