9.

When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown

into the field of play by the person first touching it. In
case of a dispute, the umpire shall throw it straight into
BASKETBALL the field. The thrower-in is allowed five seconds; if he
- is one of the most popular sports in the world and one holds it longer, it shall go to the opponent. If any side
of the most widely viewed. It is a team sport that persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul
involves two teams of five active players each trying to on that side.
score points against one another by throwing a ball 10. The umpire shall be judge of the men and shall note the
through a 300 cm (10 feet) high hoop (the 'basket') under fouls and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls
organized rules. have been made. He shall have power to disqualify men
- is a team sport in which two teams, most commonly according to Rule 5.
of five players each, opposing one another on a 11. The referee shall be judge of the ball and shall decide
rectangular court, compete with the primary objective of when the ball is in play, in bounds, to which side it
shooting a basketball through the defender's hoop while belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a
preventing the opposing team from shooting through their goal has been made, and keep account of the goals with
own hoop. any other duties that are usually performed by a
referee.
•HISTORY OF BASKETBALL 12. The time shall be two 15-minute halves, with five
- The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, minutes’ rest between.
who would be the first basketball coach of the Kansas Comment: Game formats including length and the number
Jayhawks, one of the most successful programs in the of periods played along with halftime periods vary
game's history. according to level.
- James Naismith (November 6, 1861 – November 28, 1939) 13.The side making the most goals in that time shall be
was a Canadian-American physical educator, physician, declared the winner. In case of a draw, the game may,
chaplain, sports coach and innovator. by agreement of the captains, be continued until another
goal is made.
• 13 ORIGINAL RULES
1.The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both • THE FIRST BALL
hands. - The very first ball that was used was a soccer ball until
2. The ball may be batted in any direction with one or 1840 when an actual “basketball” was invented. The
both hands (never with the fist.) basketball was slightly smaller, about thirty inches in
3. A player cannot run with the ball. The player must diameter
throw it from the spot on which he catches it, allowance
to be made for a man who catches the ball when running • THE BASKET
at a good speed if he tries to stop. - The first baskets that were used were two peach
4. The ball must be held in or between the hands; the baskets that were hung from the balcony of the gym
arms or body must not be used for holding - By 1906, the peach baskets were replaced by metal
5. No shouldering, holding, pushing, tripping, or striking in baskets with holes in the bottom.
any way the person of an opponent shall be allowed; the - In 1913, a hoop with a net was invented so the
first infringement of this rule by any player shall count basketball could fall freely to the ground.
as a foul, the second shall disqualify him until the next
goal is made, or, if there was evident intent to injure the • BACKBOARD
person, for the whole of the game, no substitute allowed. - In 1893, due to the overzealous spectators interfering
6. A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, violation of with the basketball, the backboard was invented. The
Rules 3, 4, and such as described in Rule 5. first backboard was constructed out of wire mesh, and
7. If either side makes three consecutive fouls, it shall
then wood and now it is made out of glasses so the
count a goal for the opponents (consecutive means blackboard does not interfere with the viewing of the
without the opponents in the mean time making a foul. game.
8. A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted
from the grounds into the basket and stays there, • PRESENT AMATEUR BASKETBALL RULES
providing those defending the goal do not touch or
FIBA - is the governing body of the amateur basketball
disturb the goal. If the ball rests on the edges, and the
worldwide. In the Philippines, the Samahang Basketbol ng
opponent moves the basket, it shall count as a goal.
Pilipinas (SBP) is its locally affiliated organization. All
amateur games played should be governed by the rules
and regulations stated in the FIBA or SBP rule book
 • BASKETBALL SKILLS
• DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FOULS AND VIOLATIONS. 1. Basketball Handling
In Basketball,most fouls occurs as a result of illegal • Around the head, waist and legs
contact with opponent or unsportsmen behavior. Some of - move the ball around the head, waist and legs by
the common fouls are pushing, hitting, slapping, holding. On passing the ball from one hand to another.
the other hand violations are more related to the ball or •Ball tap
court. no free throws are awarded for violations. - tap the ball continuosly and alternately with both
hands.
• VIOLATIONS • Figure of 8 stationary (front and back)
1. Travelling - stand with feet widely apart just enough for the ball to
- it is taking more than two steps without or after pass through between the legs.
dribbling the ball, or moving the pivot foot once a player • Figure of 8 walk
stops dribbling. - this is done while walking in a very low position with one
2. Dribbling violation foot ahead of the other.
- the ball with both hands on the ball at the same time • Triple Threat stance
or picking up the dribble and then dribbling again is not - this is the basically a ball protection skill to help the
allowed. player make the moves amid all the attention from the
3. Goaltending defense.
- a defensive player is not allowed to interfere a shot if
the ball is on a downward path going into the goal or 2. Dribbling Skills
after the ball bounces off the backboad. - Low dribble
4. Backcourt violation - High dribble
- the offensive team may unintentionally return the ball - Alternate dribble
to the backcourt since the ball is already in the front - Figure of 8 dribble
court. However, the ball should be touched first by an
offensive player before the violation is called. 3. Passing skills
5. Time restrictions • Chest Pass
- any violation committed on the time restriction rules will - this is a sharp, short-distance passing.
mean a turnover or the ball will be awarded to the • Overhead Pass
opposing team. - usually done if the receiver of the pass is tall, usually
the center.
•Five-second violation • Hook-bounce Pass
- an offensive player has only five seconds to inbound or - this is an angled bounce pass that prevents the ball
pass the ball to his/her teammates into the playing court. from being stolen by the opponent.
•Three-second violation • Baseball Pass
- any player of the offensive team who stays at the - this is used for long distance passing like the outlet pass
restricted or free throws area for more than three to a teammate who is running ahead (fast break).
seconds is called for a three-second violation.
•Eight-second violation – 4. Shooting skills
an offensive team has eight seconds to cross the ball • Ordinary Lay-up
from backcourt to front court. - this is done after dribbling the ball towards the basket.
•24-second shot clock violation • Reverse Lay-up
- an offensive team has 24 seconds to make a field goal - same with ordinary lay-up, only at the goal (farther
attempt. from the side where the shooter took off).

6. Fouls
- Charging
- Pushing foul
- Blocking
- Unsportsmanlike foul
- Technical foul
5. Rebounding skills 1. Service - the act of putting the ball in play by hitting
• Rebounding the ball behind the end line over the net towards the
opponent's court.
- is one of the most important skills in playing basketball.
a. Underhand service - done by holding the ball in front at
The team who controls the board controls the game. waist
Rebounding skills are developed through proper training b. Overhead service - done by holding the ball overhead,
and the right mindset. then throwing it upward and hitting it with the base of
- to obtain rebounds, a player can "box out" his opponent the palm or the inside portion of the wrist. level, then
by positioning himself between the other player and the releasing and hitting it with the wrist.
basket and maintaining body contact with the player he is c. Jumping Spike service - done by tossing the ball up high,
guarding. then jumping or "spiking" it hard.

1. Offensive Rebounds 2. Passing - an act of passing the ball towards a

- the ball is recovered by the offensive side and does not teammate or the opponent's court.
change possession. a. Dig pass - usually done in handling the service of the
2. Defensive Rebounds opponent.
- which the defending team gains possession. b. Toss or Set - also known as the second contact, usually
done by the team's tosser
• HISTORY OF VOLLEYBALL c. Spike - also known as attack. The third and final touch
- William G. Morgan invented volleyball on February 9, 1895 that is usually strong and sharp. making it difficult for
in Holyoke, Massachusetts. It was first known as the opposing team to defend their court.
mintonette, a game derived from the tennis and handball.
Mintonette was created to make another team sport less 3. Blocking - a defensive skill used by front-row players to
physical than basketball. block the opponent's attack. This skill requires a lot of
- The Federation Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) is the training. It involves leaping ability, timing and body
highest governing body of amateur volleyball in the world. control.
In the Philippines, the Philippine Amateur Volleyball
Association is the local governing body. • FUTSAL
- Futsal - is an exciting, fast-paced small sided soccer
game that originated from South America in the 1930s. It
is widely played across the world and is the small sided
football format that is officially recognized by both
the United States of America and Federation
Internationale de Football Association (FIFA).
- Futsal - began in Uruguay and Brazil where the large
crowded cities and shortage of playing pitches forced
soccer mad populace to play small sided games and
in 1936 the first rules emerged.
- Futsal - was the name chosen by FIFA, which is simply a
- The volleyball court is rectangular in shape with an area combination of the Spanish word for hall "sala" and
of 18 x 9 meters. football "futbol"; hence "futsal".
- The net should be placed vertically over the center line
whose top is set at the height of 2.43 meters for men and • HISTORY OF SOFTBALL
2.24 meters for women. Softball
 The game softball was originally called indoor
• VolleyBall baseball.
- This is made of a mixture of leather and rubber. It has a  It was first played by the Americans at a time
circumference of 65-67 centimeters and weighs 260-280 when baseball players felt the need to play
grams. indoors during the winter months.
•Skills  The Canadians caught the game and they played
- are important but character also determines the success it outdoors in the late 1920s.
of a player or team.  The National Tournament was held at the World's
• Preparation Fain in Chicago, the game has been called softball.
- is also a key to success.  The International Joint Rules Committee on
• Talent Softball makes up the governing body for this
- are best enhanced through hardwork. game.
• 1926 – The name softball was coined b walter hakanson • Inning = a turn at batting and fielding for each team
of ymca •On deck = the batter following the one currently at bat
• 1930- The name softball had spread across the United • Run Batted In (RBI) = the credit a batter receives for a
States runner scoring due to their at bat
• 1934 – The formation of the joint rules committee on • Single = a hit that allows runner to get to ISt base
Softball standardized the rules and naming throughout •Steal = a baserunner's successful advance during an at
the United States bat even though the batter has not hit the ball yet
• Sixteen-inch softball, also sometimes referred to as • Strike zone = the area over the plate between the
mushball or super slow pitch, is a direct descendant of batter's armpits and knees
handcock’s original game • Strike = when the batter swings and misses, when the
• 1933 – World’s Fair, the main course of action taken was batter hits a foul ball with less than two strikes, a pitch
to lengthen the pitching distance in the strike zone that the batter does not swing at
• 1953- Slow pitch achieved formal recognition •Tagging Up = remaining on the base until a fly ball is
• 1991- Women’s fast-pitch softball was selected to debut caught and then advancing
at the 1996 summer Olympics •Triple = a hit in which the batter advances to 3rd base
• 1996 Olympics- introduction of technology in softball. The directly
IOC funded a landmark bio mechanical study on pitching • Triple play = a play in which the fielder's make three
during the games outs in a continuous acuon
• Walk = when the batter receives four balls, he or she
EQUIPMENTS advances safely to first base
1. Gloves
- worn by any player except the catcher and first SKILLS
baseman who use mitts  Throwing a Ball
-Gloves have separate finger openings that cover each -Overhand Full Arm Swing
finger independently in order to protect or keep your -Short Arm Swing
hand and fingers warm. Mittens look very much  Catching a Ball
like gloves but they have only a separate thumb and (just -A high Ball or Ball Above the Waist
like gloves) may cover part of the forearm. -A low Ball or Ball Below the waist
2. Bat  Catching
- not more than 34 inches long and more than 2 1/2 inches  Pitching (Underhand Throw)
in diameter at its largest part.  Batting
3. Mask and Chest Protector -Grip
-Stance
TERMINOLOGY -Swing
• Ball = pitch outside the strike zone that batter doesn't
attempt to hit FOLK DANCE
• Baseline = the imaginary line between each base that Sakuting
the batter must run - is a folk dance from the province of Abra. Originally,
• Bases loaded = there is a runner at each base the performers are all males presenting a mock fight
•Batter = the person attempting to hit the ball between Ilocanos who are Christians and non-Christians
•Batter's box = the rectangular box beside the plate using sticks.
where the batter must stand when hitting the ball - this dance is performed during Christmas at the town
• Bunt = when the batter taps the ball instead of hitting plaza or from one house to another throughout the town.
it - the dancers receive gifts of money (aguinaldo) or
•Changeup = when the pitcher throws a pitch slower than refreshment especially prepared for them.
the normal pitch speed to deceive the batter - A Sakuting stick is striped or bamboo and is about 1 1/2
• Double = a hit in which the batter reaches 2nd base feet long and tapered at the end, like a candle. Its original
• Double play = a play in which two outs are made in a use was for combat training.
continuous action - Its dance form is the comedia (a theatrical dance, also
• Error = a mistake made by a fielder which allows a called moro-moro) and features a battalla (choreographed
baserunner to advance a base skirmish).
• Full Count = a count of three balls and two strikes - A mock-duel dance of the Baluga tribe in Zambales and
• Grand Slam = a homerun when the bases are loaded, Pampanga, Sakuting may well have been the precursor to
totaling 4 runs scored the rural Sakuting dance.
- Sakuting was originally an all-male folk dance. During
the Spanish period, Arnis or Esrima, which is a popular
martial arts among Filipinos, was banned because
Spaniards believed that it can be used against them.
- Resilient Filipino Arnis practitioners hid the art in a
form of dance. They wore ordinary Filipiniana costumes
like long sleeves camiso chino (plain or floral) and red
trousers to make them look like dancers, not Arnis
practitioners, Female dancers may wear baro't saya or
Balintawak costumes. Dancers hold a rattan/bamboo
sticks (1 1/2 feet long) in each hand.

SUA-KU-SUA
- is a folk dance that originated from Jolo, Sulu from the
ethno-linguistic group Tausug.
- it means "my pomelo tree".
- the dancers imitate the movement of the leaves of a
pomelo (suha) tree, which grows in abundance in the area.
- this dance is performed during a festivity for good
harvest.
- is performed with traditional Tausug musical
instruments providing as background music while the
dancers chant its lyrics, which makes it a unique folk
dance.
- the female performers wear a Barawasi on top and a
Sawal or Kantiu as pants with a shoulder band
called Siyag and a headpiece as ornaments.
> Barawasi - a traditional long sleeve blouse with plunging
key-hole neckline and decorated with many tiny brass
buttons.
> Sawal or Kantiu - loose pants with a soft white band
attached to the waist (coco curdo)
> Siyag - a malong which is wrapped around the right
shoulder crossing the chest and hanging on the left side of
the body.
- the male performers wear a Bajo on top and a Sawal or
Kantiu as pants with accessories like money belt, a sarok
hat, pis syabit and a Kris or Barong.
> Bajo - a short-waist collarless shirt that is open at the
front and studded with tiny brass buttons
> Sawal or Kantiu - similar to female pants but darker in
color
> Sarok - a native headpiece for men
> Pis siyabit - a rectangular hand-woven scarf tied on
the head or hung loosely over one shoulder
> Kris - a wavy knife or sword common to Muslims
> Barong - a leaf knife
 8. Expository Essay
- The main idea of expository essay is to present a
ESSAY certain event or situation in detail to the reader. This
- An essay is a "short formal piece of writing..dealing essay may also be called a coalition of facts and opinions,
with a single subject“. It is typically written to try to which are free from the author’s criticism but with deep
persuade the reader using selected research evidence. In analysis of the provided information
general, an academic essay has three parts: 9. Definition Essay
- An introduction that gives the reader an idea of what - A good definition essay is required to have a strong
they are about to learn and presents an argument in the thesis statement in which the point of view of the author
form of a thesis statement on a certain term is revealed.
- A body, or middle section, that provides evidence used to 10. Reflective Essay
prove and persuade the reader to accept the writer's - This type of essay is aimed to reflect on a personal
particular point of vie event or experience of the author. The main condition is
- A conclusion that summarizes the content and findings that it has to be a certain personal experience on which
of the essay the author has his very own perception. This experience is
revealed in the essay in order to demonstrate its
TYPES OF ESSAY importance for understanding social relations and the
1. Critical Essay essence of people.
-This essay presents an objective analysis of a certain 11. Response Essay
text, like book, a feature article, news item, or the like. It - This type of essay is basically a response to some work
can either agree or disagree with the work analyzed. by the author. This is a personal reaction and attitude to
2, Persuasive Essay the specific ideas revealed in a certain work and their
- Writing a persuasive essay requires the writer’s ability application of the author’s life.
to convince his readers and make them accept the The expressed arguments always have a very subjective
arguments of the essay as well as the conclusions. It is character and correspond to the author’s critical
important to learn how to write a persuasive essay in a abilities.
way that will catch the reader’s mind at once and make
him share the point of view of the author. DIFFERENTIATING FACTS FROM OPINIONS
3. Narrative Essay - One critical reading skill is a reader’s ability to
- Writing a narrative essay is basically writing a story distinguish a fact from an opinion. A fact is something
connected with personal experiences that has been proven to be true. An opinion is something
4. Argumentative Essay that some people think, prefer, or believe in.
- The leading tone in an argumentative essay is the - When an opinion becomes too strong that it affects a
position of proving that the presented point of view is the person’s outlook or perspective, it becomes a bias. A
correct one and possesses more truthful arguments than person’s bias can be skewed for or against something.
any other opinion.
5. Descriptive Essay - A fact is something which can be verified with evidence.
- Writing a descriptive essay requires a strong accent on A statement of fact expresses only what actually
the observation and the descriptions provided by the happened, or what could be proven by objective data.
author. - On the other hand, an opinion is based on belief and
- A standard descriptive essay is concentrated on the viewpoint. It may be a statement that tells what someone
senses and based on delivery of the author’s experience thinks or feels about something. Opinions are often
through the following means: taste, smell, sight, sound, personal interpretations and cannot be verified with
and touch. evidence.
6. Compare-and-Contrast Essay - Opinions are often (though not always) preceded with
-This type of essay is basically a composition which is terms such as I think, or with adjectives, comparatives
concentrated on two points: the differences and the and superlatives such as, good, better, and best.
similarities of two points, things, situations.
7. Cause-and-Effect Essay
- It is concentrated on the ability of the writer to
connect the reasons why things happen and the
consequences they might create. In other words, it is the
connection between the causes of events and the effects
these causes have on any analyzed aspect.
DECLAMATION SPEECH: SELECTION AND DELIVERY Visual Auditory Tactile olfactory Gustatory
• Public Speaking Green Sneeze Smooth stale Bitter
- involves communicating information before a group of Tiny Yawn Coarse Fresh Tangy
people, usually some preparation beforehand. Clear Sob Wet Awful Sweet
Bright Bang Hot Steam Acrid
In public speaking, there is normally little opportunity for
Huge Yell cold Aroma Bland
interaction between the speaker and the audience
Dim Roar Rought Stinky Sour
because the audience are only made to listen while the
speaker delivers his/her speech.
• Public Speech 1. Visual imagery
- may serve various functions, such as to inform, to - engages the sense of sight. This is what you can see,
influence, or to entertain. Some speakers, however, choose and includes visual descriptions. Physical attributes
to include two or more functions in their speeches. To including color, size, shape, lightness and darkness,
successfully to this, one must acquire necessary skill set in shadows, and shade are all part of visual imagery
public speaking.
• Declamation 2. Gustatory imagery
- refers to a speaker’s reinterpretation of an original and - engages the sense of taste. This is what you can taste,
important speech, which may be a political speech, a and includes flavors. This can include the five basic
sermon, or a monologue. Students do not have to write tastes—sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami—as well as
their own original speech during the declamation, aside the textures and sensations tied to the act of eating.
for the brief introduction, which should be written
carefully for more impact. 3. Tactile imagery
- engages the sense of touch. This is what you can feel,
CHOOSING A DECLAMATION SPEECH and includes textures and the many sensations a human
1. Style of Language being experiences when touching something. Differences in
- The piece should demonstrate a well-written language temperature is also a part of tactile imagery.
specifically characterized as elevated, inspirational,
poetic, and masterful. The language should help in building 4. Auditory imagery
up a strong message and should include sentence variety. - engages the sense of hearing. This is the way things
2. Structure sound. Literary devices such as onomatopoeia and
- There should be unity of purpose in the piece, which alliteration can help create sounds in writing.
means that the entire discourse should be in a coherent
form. Beginning, development and closing paragraphs must 5. Olfactory imagery
work together to intensify the overall theme of the piece. - engages the sense of smell. Scent is one of the most
3. Appropriate Cutting direct triggers of memory and emotion, but can be
- When cutting the other parts of a piece to emphasize it difficult to write about. Since taste and smell are so
is most dramatic and significant pat, remember to keep closely linked, you’ll sometimes find the same words (such
intent of the piece the same. Though your cut piece is just as “sweet”) used to describe both. Simile is common in
a part of a larger whole, you want your audience to feel olfactory imagery, because it allows writers to compare a
as if your speech is a complete work. particular scent to common smells like dirt, grass, manure,
or roses.
EFFECTIVE DELIVERY OF A DECLAMATION
1. Build your confidence COMPOUND WORDS
2. Maintain eye contact with your audience - Are made up of two or more words that are joined
3. Use appropriate facial expressions. together to form a new words.
4. Demonstrate variety of gestures. - Compound modifier are compound words that describe a
5. Utilize your stafe to your advantage noun
6. Speak with outstanding vocals. 1.) Hypenated
- Sister-in-law
- Chief-executive order
SENSORY IMAGE - two-fold.
- Also known as imagery - check-in.
- can qlso produce a particular mood or tone. - merry-go-round.
2.) Seperated continued to operate the plantation for 10 years until
- Rocking chair mismanagement, drought, and the falling price of coffee
- Tourist spot forced her return to Denmark.
- Police station
- crime solving - Her years in Kenya are recorded in a nonfiction
- carbon monoxide poisoning book, Out of Africa (1937; Den afrikanske farm). These
- house hunting highly regarded memoirs of her years in Kenya reveal an
3.) Combined almost mystical love of Africa and its people. The book is a
- breakup poetic reminiscence of her triumphs and her sorrows on
- strawberry the loss of her farm, the death of her companion, the
- breakfast English hunter Denys Finch Hatton, and the disappearance
- underground of the simple African way of life she admired. In 1944 she
- lifetime produced her only novel Gengældelsens veje (The Angelic
Avengers) under the pseudonym Pierre Andrézel. It is a
EARLY AFRICA: CRADLE OF CIVILICATION melodramatic tale of innocents who defeat their
- Africa is a rich continent as big as other continents like apparently benevolent but actually evil captor, but Danish
United States, Western Europe, India, and China combined. readers saw in it a clever satire of Nazi-occupied
- It has been considered to be a less progressive Denmark.
continent, for it has the last to have been influenced by
western culture. Literature which has been mostly about
tribe, nature, and God. People live close to wild animals - She initially wrote first in English and then rewrote her
that roam around in their natural habitat. books in Danish, but her later books usually appeared
simultaneously in both languages. Dinesen’s characteristic
- Isak Dinesen, pseudonym of Karen Christence Dinesen, writings were in the form of tales—highly polished
Baroness Blixen-Finecke, (born April 17, 1885, Rungsted, narratives in the Romantic tradition. Collections
Denmark—died September 7, 1962, Rungsted), Danish include Seven Gothic Tales (1934; Syv fantastiske
writer whose finely crafted stories, set in the past and fortællinger), Winter’s Tales (1942; Vinter-eventyr),
pervaded with an aura of supernaturalism, incorporate and Last Tales (1957; Sidste fortællinger). Carnival:
the themes of eros and dreams. Entertainments and Posthumous Tales (1977) includes
- Educated privately and at the Academy of Fine uncollected or hitherto unpublished stories. Her other
Arts, Copenhagen, Dinesen married her cousin, Baron Bror posthumously published works include Daguerreotypes, and
Blixen-Finecke, in 1914 and went with him to Africa. There Other Essays (1979) and Letters from Africa, 1914–31 (1981).
they owned and directed a coffee plantation in Kenya and
became big-game hunters. After her divorce in 1921 she
APPLICATION OF SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES
CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
- In an “IF THEN” statement, the clause following “IF” is
called the hypothesis and the clause following the “THEN” is
Converse, Inverse, and Contrapositive
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
Direct and Indirect Proof
GEOMETRY AS A MATHEMATICAL SYSTEM