Electric Energy

Systems (ECE 3072)

Lecture 9
15 March 2021

Dr. Mick West

Georgia Institute of Technology
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Atlanta, Georgia, 30332
 Contents

• Last Week’s Lecture • Today’s Lecture

– Primary energy – Power plants:
resources: • Hydroelectric
• Fossil fuel
• Nuclear fuel

• Book chapter 4.1

• Book chapter 3

2 2
 Main Types of Power Plants

• Primary energy resources

– Hydroelectric Today’s lecture
– Fossil (thermal): Coal, oil & natural gas
– Nuclear (thermal)
• Secondary energy resources
– Wind
– Solar
– Fuel cell
– Tidal
– etc.

3 3
 Power Generation Worldwide

Nuclear Hydroelectric
Energy 6%
6%
Oil
36%

Coal
28%

Natural Gas
24%

4 4
 World's Largest Hydroelectric Plants
Year of
Name of dam Location capacity (GW)
Operation
Three-Gorges China 22.5 2010
Itaipu Brazil/Paraguay 14 1983
Guri Venezuela 10 1986
Tucurui Brazil 8.37 1984
Grand Coulee Washington 6.50 1942
Sayano-Shushensk Russia 6.40 1989
Krasnoyarsk Russia 6 1968
Churchill Falls Canada 5.43 1971
La Grande 2 Canada 5.33 1979
Bratsk Russia 4.50 1961

5 5
 Types of Hydro Power Plants

• Impoundment Hydropower:
– Most common type
– Used with high heads.
– Example: Grand Coulee Dam

• Diversion Hydropower:
– Low heads.
– Doesn’t require water storage dam
– Limited capacity

• Pumped Storage Hydropower:

– Dual action water flow system.

6 6
 Impoundment Hydropower

7 7
 Environmental Impact of Large
Hydro Plants
• Large reservoir submerges a large area
– Displaces population
– Destroys landscape
• Affects the river ecology
– Kills the fish

• It is very unlikely that any more large dams will be

built in the United States

8 8
 Diversion Hydropower
• Also known as “run of the river” hydro
• Little or no reservoir
• Little or no control over the flow
• Little or no control over the electrical power output
• Much smaller environmental impact

9 9
 Diversion Hydropower

10 10
 Diversion Hydropower

11 11
 Pumped Hydro Plants

12 12
 Pumped Storage Hydropower

13 13
14 14
 Why pumped hydro?

Generation and load must always be in balance

15 15 15
 Why pumped hydro?
• Consume power by pumping water uphill during
periods of surplus generation
– Renewable generation
– Inflexible nuclear power plants
• Store this energy in the upper reservoir
• Generate power by releasing this water through the
turbines during periods of high demand
• Provide flexibility to the power system
• Currently the only economic way to store large
amounts of electrical energy

16 16
 Pumped Hydro in an electricity market
• Buy electrical energy when price is low
• Store it as water in the upper reservoir
• Sell electricity when price is high
• Produce it by releasing it from the upper reservoir to
the lower reservoir through the turbine
• This is called arbitrage: buy low, sell high
• Challenges:
– Efficiency: on average a pumped hydro plant
consumes energy
– Large investment cost

17 17
 Pumped hydro in an electricity market
100.00 300

Energy Price Energy Consumed

90.00
Energy Released
250
80.00

70.00
200

60.00
$/MWh

MWh
50.00 150

40.00

100
30.00

20.00
50

10.00

0.00 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

18 18 Period
18
 When should I produce with hydro?
• Run-of-the-river hydro
– Determined by the water flow on the river
• Pumped storage hydro
– Arbitrage between periods of surplus and deficit or
arbitrage
– Reservoirs usually hold only enough water to
generate for a few hours → daily cycles
• Hydro with reservoir?

19 19
 Scheduling hydro with reservoir
• Reservoir has limited volume
• Can only produce a limited amount of energy
• Produce this energy in a way that maximizes the
value of water
• While the cost of water is zero, the value of water is
not zero

20 20
 Impoundment Hydropower

Dam Penstock
Governor
Reservoir

Generator

Head

Turbine

Discharge

21 21
 Main Components of Hydropower

• Dam:
• It is a barrier creating lake behind the dam.
• The volume and height of the lake is directly
proportional to the potential energy of the water
that can be converted into electrical energy.
• Grand Coulee Dam in Washington State USA
• 170 m in height, and 1.5 km in length.
• Its base is 150 m wide of polished granite
• The base is about four times as large as the base of
the Great Pyramid of Egypt.
• The volume of the concrete used to build the dam is
almost 3 km3; enough to build 10,000 km of 2-lane
Highway.
22 22
 Main Components of Hydropower

• Reservoir:
– Lake behind the dam.
– Grand Coulee dam created an artificial lake named after
the late president Franklin D. Roosevelt.
– The lake is 250 km long, and has over 800 km of shore
line.
– Its surface area is about 240 km2.
• Penstock:
– Large pipe that channel water from the reservoir to the
turbine
– The water flow in the penstock is controlled by a valve
called governor.

23 23
 Main Components of Hydropower

• Turbine:
– An advanced water wheel.
– The electrical generator is mounted on the same
turbine shaft
• Generator:
– It is an electromechanical converter.
• Governor:
– The valve that regulates the flow of water in the
penstock.

24 24
 Grand Coulee Dam

25 25
26 26
 Itaipu Dam

27 27
28 28
 Penstock of Grand Coulee Dam

29 29
 Hydroelectric Turbine-Generator Units at
the Grand Coulee Dam

30 30
 Lower Granite Plant, Walla Walla

31 31
 Stator Winding

32 32
 Stator Winding

33 33
 Stator Winding

34 34
 Rotor

35 35
 Assembly

36 36
 Francis Turbine

37 37
 Three Gorges on Yangtze River

38 38
39 39
40 40
41 41
 Transportation of Turbine

42 42
 Lock

43 43
 Comparative Data

Grand Coulee Three Gorges

Dam Dam
Length of dam 1.6 km 2.34 km
Height of dam 170 m 185 m
Width at river base 150 m 115 m
Width at crest 9m 40 m
Volume of concrete 9.16×106 m3 28×106 m3

Surface area of reservoir

320 km2 72,128 km2
behind dam

44 44
 Classification

Large >100 MW
Medium 15-100 MW
Small 1-15 MW
Mini 0.1-1 MW
Micro 5-100 kW

45 45
 Thank you for filling out the survey!

46 46
 Hydropower Overview

47 47
 Reservoir
Penstock
Governor
Reservoir

E pot = m  g  h
Generator

Head
Turbine

m = V 
Discharge

m: Water mass behind the dam in [kg]

g: Acceleration of gravity in [m/s2]
h: Water head in [m]
Epot: Potential energy of reservoir in [J] = [Ws]
V: Volume of water in [m3]
: Water density in [kg/m3] (At 20oC,  =1000 kg/m3)
48 48
 Example 1

The volume of the reservoir behind a dam is 20 km3. The

average water head is 100 m. Compute the potential
energy of the reservoir.

49 49
 Solution 1

E pot = V    g  H = 20 10 1000  9.81100 J

9

= 1.962 10 GJ
7

50 50
 Penstock
1
Ekin = m  v2
2
Ekin 1 m 2 1 
Pw = =  v = V  v2
E pot = m  g  he t 2 t 2

Pw: Power of water exiting

the penstock.
m: Mass of water entering
the penstock.
Head v: Velocity of water
he:Effective head (actual head
and additional component
to account for the pressure
. energy)
V: Volume flow rate of water

51 51
 Penstock

d A: Cross section of the penstock

2
d 
A = 
2
.
V: Volume flow rate
Pw V =
dV
dt

V: Volume
V = Av t

Pw: Power of water exiting penstock

1  2 1
Pw = V  v = A v3
2 2

52 52
 Example 2

A penstock of a hydroelectric dam allows 2000 m3/s

of water to flow into the penstock at a speed of
50 m/s. Compute the mechanical power of the water
exiting the penstock.

53 53
 Solution 2

1  1
Pw = V    v = 2000  1000  50 = 2.5 GW
2 2

2 2

54 54
 Types of Turbines

• Impulse (Pelton)
• Reaction (Francis and Kaplan)

Pelton

Francis

Kaplan

55 55
 Types of Turbines

56 56
 Theory Behind Impulse Turbine
• Newton’s first law:
“The force that moves an object at constant speed is
equal to the net force applied on the object.”
• The second law:
“The net force is equal to the change in the object’s
momentum during a period of time”

57 57
 Impulse Turbine (Pelton)

58 58
 Pelton Animation

59 59
 Pelton Turbine

Cups
buckets Nozzle

Runner

r jet
Wate Volute
Chamber

Water flow

60 60
 Why 2 Cups?

vr
Reflected jet
Cub
Reflected jet
Cub vc
vi
Injected jet
Speed of cub

Cub
Reflected jet
vr
Reflected jet

• If the bucket is made out of a single cup, not

all the momentum in the water jets is utilized.
• This is because water splashes in all
directions after striking the cup.
61 61
 Momentums

Cup is a reference frame

M a = mi (vi − vc )

Ma : Momentum of incident water vr

Reflected jet
captured by cups
Cub
vi: Velocity of water jet
vc : Velocity of a cup vi vc
mi: Mass of incident water Injected jet
Speed of cub

M r = mr (vr + vc ) Reflected jet

Cub

vr
Mr : Lost momentum due to
reflected water
v r: Velocity of reflected water
mr: Mass of reflected water
62 62
 Net Momentum
vr
Reflected jet

M a = mi (vi − vc ) Cub

vi vc

M r = mr (vr + vc ) Injected jet

Speed of cub

Cub

M = M a − M r Reflected jet
vr

Assume mi = mr and vi = vr

M = 2 mi (vi − vc )

63 63
 Power Captured by Cup

M
= 2 (vi − vc )
mi
Force Fc =
t t

Power Pc = Fc  vc

Pc = 2 (vi − vc )vc
mi
t

64 64
 Maximum Power Extraction

Pc = 2
mi
(vi − vc )vc
t
Pc
=0  vi = 2vc
vc

• For constant frequency, the speed of the cup must be constant

• Hence max power extraction is when the incident speed is
double the cup speed

1 mi 2 1
Pc − max = vi  Ec −max = mi vi2 & Ec−max = 2 mi vc2
2 t 2

65 65
 Example 3

• A cup receives 10 m3/s of water. The speed of the

cup must be fixed at exactly 200 m/s. Compute the
speed of the injected water if the power captured by
the cup is 40.0 MW.

66 66
 Solution 3

Pc = 2 V  (vi − vc )vc

(vi − vc ) =  Pc
2 V  vc
Pc
vi = + vc
2 V  vc
4.0  107 W
= + 200 m/s
2 10 m / s 10 kg/m  200 m/s
3 3 3

= 210 m/s

67 67
 Example 4

• The angular speed of the generator must be

maintained at 180 min−1. The diameter of the runner
is 10 m. Compute the maximum power captured by
the cup at a flow rate of 10 m3/s.

68 68
 Solution 4

 180 
vc =  r =  2   5 = 94.25 m/s
 60 

vi = 2vc = 2  94.25 = 188.5 m/s

1 mi 2
Pc −max = vi
2 t
1 1
Pc − max = V  vi2 = 10 10 3 188 .52 = 177 .66 MW
2 2

69 69
 Theory Behind Reaction Turbine

• Bernoulli’s principal (conservation of energy)

“The energy in the water just before the blades is

equal to the energy of water just after the blades plus
the energy captured by the blades.”

70 70
 Reaction Turbine (Francis)

71 71
 Reaction Turbine (Kaplan Turbine)

72 72
 Francis Turbine

High pressure water Water flow

Blades

73 73
 Reaction Turbine

• The turbine is immersed in water

• Hence, the energy components are both
potential and kinetic.

Pr : Water pressure per unit area (N/m2)

E pot = Pr V
V : Volume of water (m3)

1 m : Water mass (kg)

Ekin = m v2
2 v : Water velocity (m/s)

74 74
 Energy in Moving Water

Just before the blades Just after the blades

1 1
E1 = Pr1 V + m v1
2
E2 = Pr 2 V + m v2
2

2 2

Eblade = E1 − E2

Eblade = (Pr1 − Pr 2 )
1
(
V + m v12 − v22
2
)
Pressure energy Kinetic energy

75 75
 Kinetic Energy is Small

• Since the turbine is fully immersed in water,

the velocity of water is almost constant and
small
• Hence, Eblade = (Pr1 − Pr 2 ) V

• The pressure of water on the other side of the

blade is very small.
• Hence, Eblade = Pr1 V

V
Pblade = Pr1 = Pr1 V
t

76 76
 Power Flow

77 77
 Total Output Power

78 78