ABSTRACT

In recent times the concept of smart cities has gained grate popularity.

Thanks to the evolution of Internet of things, the idea of smart city now seems to

be achievable. Consistent efforts are being made in the field of IoT in order to

maximize the productivity and reliability of urban infrastructure. Problems such as,

traffic congestion, limited car parking facilities and road safety are being addressed

by IoT. In this paper, we present an IoT based cloud integrated smart parking

system. The proposed Smart Parking system consists of an on-site deployment of

an IoT module that is used to monitor and signalize the state of availability of each

single parking space. A mobile application is also provided that allows an end user

to check the availability of parking space and book a parking slot accordingly. The

paper also describes a high-level view of the system architecture. Towards the end,

the paper discusses the working of the system in form of a use case that proves the

correctness of the proposed model.

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 What is embedded system?

An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software,

and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific
function. An embedded system is not a computer system that is used primarily for
processing, not a software system on PC or UNIX, not a traditional business or
scientific application. High-end embedded system - Generally 32, 64 Bit
Controllers used with OS. Examples Personal Digital Assistant and Mobile phones
etc. Lower end embedded systems - Generally 8,16 Bit Controllers used with a
minimal operating systems and hardware layout designed for the specific purpose.

An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within

a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing
constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware
and mechanical parts. Embedded systems control many devices in common use
today. Ninety-eight percent of all microprocessors are manufactured as
components of embedded systems.

Examples of properties of typical embedded computers when compared with

general-purpose counterparts are low power consumption, small size, rugged
operating ranges, and low per-unit cost. This comes at the price of limited
processing resources, which make them significantly more difficult to program and
to interact with. However, by building intelligence mechanisms on top of the
hardware, taking advantage of possible existing sensors and the existence of a
network of embedded units, one can both optimally manage available resources at
the unit and network levels as well as provide augmented functions, well beyond
those available. For example, intelligent techniques can be designed to manage
power consumption of embedded systems.

Embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and
MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers,
and largely complex systems like hybrid vehicles, MRI, and avionics. Complexity
varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple
units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.

1.1.1 History

One of the very first recognizably modern embedded systems was the
Apollo Guidance Computer, developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT
Instrumentation Laboratory. At the project's inception, the Apollo guidance
computer was considered the riskiest item in the Apollo project as it employed the
then newly developed monolithic integrated circuits to reduce the size and weight.
An early mass-produced embedded system was the Automatics D-17 guidance
computer for the Minuteman missile, released in 1961. When the Minuteman II
went into production in 1966, the D-17 was replaced with a new computer that was
the first high-volume use of integrated circuits.

Since these early applications in the 1960s, embedded systems have come
down in price and there has been a dramatic rise in processing power and
functionality. An early microprocessor for example, the Intel 4004, was designed
for calculators and other small systems but still required external memory and
support chips. In 1978 National Engineering Manufacturers Association released a
"standard" for programmable microcontrollers, including almost any computer-
based controllers, such as single board computers, numerical, and event-based
controllers.
 As the cost of microprocessors and microcontrollers fell it became feasible
to replace expensive knob-based analog components such as potentiometers and
variable capacitors with up/down buttons or knobs read out by a microprocessor
even in consumer products. By the early 1980s, memory, input and output system
components had been integrated into the same chip as the processor forming a
microcontroller. Microcontrollers find applications where a general-purpose
computer would be too costly.

A comparatively low-cost microcontroller may be programmed to fulfill the

same role as a large number of separate components. Although in this context an
embedded system is usually more complex than a traditional solution, most of the
complexity is contained within the microcontroller itself. Very few additional
components may be needed and most of the design effort is in the software.
Software prototype and test can be quicker compared with the design and
construction of a new circuit not using an embedded processor.

1.1.2 Applications

Embedded systems are commonly found in consumer, cooking, industrial,

automotive, medical, commercial and military applications.

Telecommunications systems employ numerous embedded systems from

telephone switches for the network to cell phones at the end user. Computer
networking uses dedicated routers and network bridges to route data.

Consumer electronics include MP3 players, mobile phones, videogame

consoles, digital cameras, GPS receivers, and printers. Household appliances, such
as microwave ovens, washing machines and dishwashers, include embedded
systems to provide flexibility, efficiency and features. Advanced HVAC systems
use networked thermostats to more accurately and efficiently control temperature
that can change by time of day and season. Home automation uses wired- and
wireless-networking that can be used to control lights, climate, security,
audio/visual, surveillance, etc., all of which use embedded devices for sensing and
controlling.

Transportation systems from flight to automobiles increasingly use

embedded systems. New airplanes contain advanced avionics such as inertial
guidance systems and GPS receivers that also have considerable safety
requirements. Various electric motors — brushless DC motors, induction motors
and DC motors — use electric/electronic motor controllers. Automobiles, electric
vehicles, and hybrid vehicles increasingly use embedded systems to maximize
efficiency and reduce pollution. Other automotive safety systems include anti-lock
braking system (ABS), Electronic Stability Control (ESC/ESP), traction control
(TCS) and automatic four-wheel drive.

Medical equipment uses embedded systems for vital signs monitoring,

electronic stethoscopes for amplifying sounds, and various medical imaging (PET,
SPECT, CT, and MRI) for non-invasive internal inspections. Embedded systems
within medical equipment are often powered by industrial computers.

Embedded systems are used in transportation, fire safety, safety and security,
medical applications and life critical systems, as these systems can be isolated from
hacking and thus, be more reliable, unless connected to wired or wireless networks
via on-chip 3G cellular or other methods for IoT monitoring and control purposes.
[citation needed] For fire safety, the systems can be designed to have greater
ability to handle higher temperatures and continue to operate. In dealing with
security, the embedded systems can be self-sufficient and be able to deal with cut
electrical and communication systems. A new class of miniature wireless devices
called motes are networked wireless sensors. Wireless sensor networking, WSN,
makes use of miniaturization made possible by advanced IC design to couple full
wireless subsystems to sophisticated sensors, enabling people and companies to
measure a myriad of things in the physical world and act on this information
through IT monitoring and control systems. These motes are completely self-
contained, and will typically run off a battery source for years before the batteries
need to be changed or charged.

Embedded Wi-Fi modules provide a simple means of wirelessly enabling

any device that communicates via a serial port.

1.1.3 User Interface

Embedded systems range from no user interface at all, in systems dedicated

only to one task, to complex graphical user interfaces that resemble modern
computer desktop operating systems. Simple embedded devices use buttons, LEDs,
graphic or character LCDs (HD44780 LCD for example) with a simple menu
system.

More sophisticated devices that use a graphical screen with touch sensing or
screen-edge buttons provide flexibility while minimizing space used: the meaning
of the buttons can change with the screen, and selection involves the natural
behavior of pointing at what is desired. Handheld systems often have a screen with
a "joystick button" for a pointing device.

Some systems provide user interface remotely with the help of a serial (e.g.
RS-232, USB, I²C, etc.) or network (e.g. Ethernet) connection. This approach gives
several advantages: extends the capabilities of embedded system, avoids the cost of
a display, simplifies BSP and allows one to build a rich user interface on the PC. A
good example of this is the combination of an embedded web server running on an
embedded device (such as an IP camera) or a network router. The user interface is
displayed in a web browser on a PC connected to the device, therefore needing no
software to be installed.

1.2 IOT

The Internet of Things (IoT), sometimes referred to as the Internet of Objects,

will change everything—including ourselves. This may seem like a bold statement,
but consider the impact the Internet already has had on education, communication,
business, science, government, and humanity. Clearly, the Internet is one of the
most important and powerful creations in all of human history. Now consider that
IoT represents the next evolution of the Internet, taking a huge leap in its ability to
gather, analyze, and distribute data that we can turn into information, knowledge,
and, ultimately, wisdom. In this context, IoT becomes immensely important.
Already, IoT projects are under way that promise to close the gap between poor
and rich, improve distribution of the world’s resources to those who need them
most, and help us understand our planet so we can be more proactive and less
reactive. Even so, several barriers exist that threaten to slow IoT development,
including the transition to IPv6, having a common set of standards, and developing
energy sources for millions—even billions—of minute sensors. However, as
businesses, governments, standards bodies, and academia work together to solve
these challenges, IoT will continue to progress. The goal of this paper, therefore, is
to educate you in plain and simple terms so you can be well versed in IoT and
understand its potential to change everything we know to be true today.

1.2.1 IoT as a Network of Networks

Currently, IoT is made up of a loose collection of disparate, purpose-built

networks. Today’s cars, for example, have multiple networks to control engine
function, safety features, communications systems, and so on. Commercial and
residential buildings also have various control systems for heating, venting, and air
conditioning (HVAC); telephone service; security; and lighting. As IoT evolves,
these networks, and many others, will be connected with added security, analytics,
and management capabilities. This will allow IoT to become even more powerful
in what it can help people achieve.

Fig 1.2 Internet as a network of networks

1.2.3 Why is IoT Important?

Before we can begin to see the importance of IoT, it is first necessary to

understand the differences between the Internet and the World Wide Web (or web)
—terms that are often used interchangeably. The Internet is the physical layer or
network made up of switches, routers, and other equipment. Its primary function is
to transport information from one point to another quickly, reliably, and securely.
The web, on the other hand, is an application layer that operates on top of the
Internet. Its primary role is to provide an interface that makes the information
flowing across the Internet usable.
1.2.4 ThingSpeak

According to its developers, "ThingSpeak is an open source Internet of

Things (IoT) application and API to store and retrieve data from things using the
HTTP protocol over the Internet or via a Local Area Network. ThingSpeak enables
the creation of sensor logging applications, location tracking applications, and a
social network of things with status updates". ThingSpeak was originally launched
by ioBridge in 2010 as a service in support of IoT applications.

Fig 1.3 ThingSpeak

ThingSpeak has integrated support from the numerical computing software

MATLAB from MathWorks, allowing ThingSpeak users to analyze and visualize
uploaded data using Matlab without requiring the purchase of a Matlab license
from Mathworks. ThingSpeak has a close relationship with Mathworks, Inc. In
fact, all of the ThingSpeak documentation is incorporated into the Mathworks'
Matlab documentation site and even enabling registered Mathworks user accounts
as valid login credentials on the ThingSpeak website. The terms of service and
privacy policy of ThingSpeak.com are between the agreeing user and Mathworks,
Inc. ThingSpeak has been the subject of articles in specialized "Maker" websites
like Instructables, Codeproject, and Channel.

1.3 System Overview

The concept of Internet of Things (IoT) started with things with identity
communication devices. The devices could be tracked, controlled or monitored
using remote computers connected through Internet. IoT extends the use of Internet
providing the communication, and thus inter-network of the devices and physical
objects, or ‘Things’. The two prominent words in IoT are “internet” and “things”.
Internet means a vast global network of connected servers, computers, tablets and
mobiles using the internationally used protocols and connecting systems. Internet
enables sending, receiving, or communicating of information. Thing in English
has number of uses and meanings. Dictionary meaning of ‘Thing’ is a term used to
reference to a physical object, an action or idea, situation or activity, in case when
we do not wish to be precise. IoT, in general consists of inter-network of the
devices and physical objects, number of objects can gather the data at remote
locations and communicate to units managing, acquiring, organizing and analyzing
the data in the processes and services. It provides a vision where things (wearable,
watch, alarm clock, home devices, surrounding objects with) become smart and
behave alive through sensing, computing and communicating by embedded small
devices which interact with remote objects or persons through connectivity. The
scalable and robust nature of Cloud computing is allowing developers to create and
host their applications on it. Cloud acts as a perfect partner for IoT as it acts as a
platform where all the sensor data can be stored and accessed from remote
locations. These factors gave rise to the amalgamation of both technologies thus
leading to the formation of a new technology called Cloud of Things(CoT). In CoT
the things(nodes) could be accessed, monitored and controlled from any remote
location through the cloud. Due to high scalability in cloud any number of node
could be added or removed from the IoT system on a real time basis. In simple
terms IoT can be explained in form of an equation stating:

Physical Object + Controller, Sensor and Actuators + Internet = Internet of Things

The ideal of creating a Smart City is now becoming possible with the
emergence of the Internet of Things. One of the key issues that smart cities relate
to are car parking facilities and traffic management systems. In present day cities
finding an available parking spot is always difficult for drivers, and it tends to
become harder with ever increasing number of private car users. This situation can
be seen as an opportunity for smart cities to undertake actions in order enhance the
efficiency their parking resources thus leading to reduction in searching times,
traffic congestion and road accidents. Problems pertaining to parking and traffic
congestion can be solved if the drivers can be informed in advance about the
availability of parking spaces at and around their intended destination. Recent
advances in creating low-cost, low-power embedded systems are helping
developers to build new applications for Internet of Things. Followed by the
developments in sensor technology, many modern cities have opted for deploying
various IoT based systems in and around the cities for the purpose of monitoring.
A recent survey performed by the International Parking Institute reflects an
increase in number of innovative ideas related to parking systems. At present there
are certain parking systems that claim to citizens of delivering real time
information about available parking spaces. Such systems require efficient sensors
to be deployed in the parking areas for monitoring the occupancy as well as quick
data processing units in order to gain practical insights from data collected over
various sources.
 Fig 1.4 Smart Parking System

The smart parking system that we propose is implemented using a mobile

application that is connected to the cloud. The system helps a user know the
availability of parking spaces on a real time basis.

1.4 Need for IoT-Cloud Integration

Cloud computing and IoT have witnessed large evolution. Both the
technologies have their advantages, however several mutual advantages can be
foreseen from their integration. On one hand, IoT can address its technological
constraints such as storage, processing and energy by leveraging the unlimited
capabilities and resources of Cloud. On the other hand, Cloud can also extend its
reach to deal with real world entities in a more distributed and dynamic fashion by
the use of IoT. Basically, the Cloud acts as an intermediate between things and
applications, in order to hide all the complexities and functionalities necessary for
running the application. Below are some of the factors that led to the amalgamation
of Cloud and IoT.

1.4.1 Storage Capacity

 IoT comprises of a large number of information sources (things), which
produce huge amounts of non-structured or semi-structured data. As a result IoT
requires collecting, accessing, processing, visualizing and sharing large amounts of
data. Cloud provides unlimited, low-cost, and on-demand storage capacity, thus
making it the best and most cost effective solution to deal with data generated by
IoT. The data stored on the Cloud can be accessed and visualized from anywhere
through standard APIs.

1.4.2 Computation Power

The devices being used under IoT have limited processing capabilities. Data
collected from various sensors is usually transmitted to more powerful nodes
where its aggregation and processing can be done. The computation needs of IoT
can be addressed by the use of unlimited processing capabilities and on-demand
model of Cloud. With the help of cloud computing, IoT systems could perform
real-time processing of data thus facilitating highly responsive applications.

1.4.3 Communication Resources

The basic functionality of IoT is to make IP-enabled devices communicate

with one another through dedicated set of hardware. Cloud computing offers cheap
and effective ways of connecting, tracking, and managing devices from anywhere
over the internet. By the use of built-in applications IoT systems could monitor and
control things on a real-time basis through remote locations.

1.4.4 Scalability

Cloud provides a scalable approach towards IoT. It allows increase or

decrease in resources in a dynamic fashion. Any number of “things” could be
added or subtracted from the system when cloud integration is provided. The cloud
allocates resources in accordance with the requirements of things and applications.

1.4.5 Availability

Any time anywhere availability of resources becomes very easy with cloud
integration. Many of the cloud providers assure 5 nine availability. With cloud, the
applications are always up and running and continuous services are being provided
to the end users.

1.4.6 Interoperability

IoT involves the use of devices that are heterogeneous in nature. These
devices may have different hardware or software configurations as a result causing
compatibility issues. It becomes very difficult in an IoT environment to ensure
interoperability among these devices. Cloud helps in addressing this problem as it
provides a common platform where various devices can connect and interact.
Devices are allowed to share and exchange data in a format that is acceptable to
them.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Rico, J., Sancho, J., Cendon, B., & Camus, M. (2013, March). Parking
easier by using context information of a smart city: Enabling fast search and
management of parking resources. In Advanced Information Networking and
Applications Workshops (WAINA), 2013 27th International Conference on
(pp. 1380-1385). IEEE.

In the great majority of cities it is difficult and hardly expensive to create

more parking spaces for vehicles since they have almost reached its full
occupancy. Combining this problem with an inefficient use of parking spaces leads
to congestions due to aggregation of parking seekers and regular drivers. Recent
advances in low-cost, low-power embedded systems bring the opportunity to
develop new applications to solve these problems. In particular, Smart Cities
greatly enrich their sustainability by introducing new resource management
applications that rely in those constrained devices a significant part of the
functionality of the system. The proposed Smart Parking solution consists mainly
in the on-site deployment of an IoT solution to monitor and signalize the state of
availability of each single parking space, as well as using context information
generated by the city and its citizens to provide accurate responses to driver's
demands. Furthermore, this system improves the management of parking resources
by public authorities, for instance handling groups of parking spaces facilitating
the whole city traffic management. The integration of this deployment into an
existing live test-bed implies an easy task requiring just the data collection through
the available means of the parking spaces availability. At the present time there
exist living test-beds which can be used to integrate these new functionalities for
experimentation on IoT data level, to gain a better knowledge and understanding of
the M2M world, reducing costs, resources, pollution and time.

2.2 Zheng, Y., Rajasegarar, S., & Leckie, C. (2015, April). Parking availability
prediction for sensor-enabled car parks in smart cities. In Intelligent Sensors,
Sensor Networks and Information Processing (ISSNIP), 2015 IEEE Tenth
International Conference on (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

The growth in low-cost, low-power sensing and communication

technologies is creating a pervasive network infrastructure called the Internet of
Things (IoT), which enables a wide range of physical objects and environments to
be monitored in fine spatial and temporal detail. The detailed, dynamic data that
can be collected from these devices provide the basis for new business and
government applications in areas such as public safety, transport logistics and
environmental management. There has been growing interest in the IoT for
realising smart cities, in order to maximise the productivity and reliability of urban
infrastructure, such as minimising road congestion and making better use of the
limited car parking facilities. In this work, we consider two smart car parking
scenarios based on real-time car parking information that has been collected and
disseminated by the City of San Francisco, USA and the City of Melbourne,
Australia. We present a prediction mechanism for the parking occupancy rate using
three feature sets with selected parameters to illustrate the utility of these features.
Furthermore, we analyse the relative strengths of different machine learning
methods in using these features for prediction.

2.3 Zhou, F., & Li, Q. (2014, November). Parking Guidance System Based on
ZigBee and Geomagnetic Sensor Technology. In Distributed Computing and
Applications to Business, Engineering and Science (DCABES), 2014 13th
International Symposium on (pp. 268-271). IEEE.

Concerning the phenomenon that common parking service could not satisfy the
increasing demand of the private vehicle owners, an intelligent parking guidance
system based on Zig Bee network and geomagnetic sensors was designed. Real-
time vehicle position and related traffic information were collected by geomagnetic
sensors around parking lots and updated to center server via Zig Bee network. On
the other hand, out-door Liquid Crystal Display screens controlled by center server
can display information of available parking places. In this paper, guidance
strategy was divided into four levels, which could provide clear and effective
information to drivers. The experimental results prove that the distance detection
accuracy of geomagnetic sensors was within 0.4m, and the lowest package loss
rate of the wireless network in the range of 150m is 0%. This system can provide
solution for better parking service in intelligent cities. With the acceleration of
transportation construction pace, intelligence transportation has become the
development direction of urban traffic management, it is an important way to ease
traffic congestion and improve the efficiency of transportation and management.
Current road traffic information collection technologies mainly include that GPRS
wireless communication technology, infrared detection technology and radio
frequency identification (RFID) technology. GPRS communication technology
must pay extra fee for network using to operators and will easily lead to
communication delay when the network is busy; infrared detection communication
distance is shorter and will be affected by car's thermal radiation; although passive
RFID technology can achieve accurate vehicles' position and anti-jamming
performance is ideal, it only supports star network, the amount of transferred data
and communication distance will be very limited, so it is not easy to mass
deployment and difficult to promote.

2.4 Botta, A., de Donato, W., Persico, V., & Pescapé, A. (2014, August). On the
Integration of Cloud Computing and Internet of Things. In Future Internet of
Things and Cloud (FiCloud), 2014 International Conference on (pp. 23-30).
IEEE.
 Cloud computing and Internet of Things (IoT), two very different
technologies, are both already part of our life. Their massive adoption and use is
expected to increase further, making them important components of the Future
Internet. A novel paradigm where Cloud and IoT are merged together is foreseen
as disruptive and an enabler of a large number of application scenarios. In this
paper we focus our attention on the integration of Cloud and IoT, which we call the
CloudIoT paradigm. Many works in literature have surveyed Cloud and IoT
separately: their main properties, features, underlying technologies, and open
issues. However, to the best of our knowledge, these works lack a detailed analysis
of the CloudIoT paradigm. To bridge this gap, in this paper we review the
literature about the integration of Cloud and IoT. We start analyzing and discussing
the need for integrating them, the challenges deriving from such integration, and
how these issues have been tackled in literature. We then describe application
scenarios that have been presented in literature, as well as platforms -- both
commercial and open source -- and projects implementing the CloudIoT paradigm.
Finally, we identify open issues, main challenges and future directions in this
promising field. The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm is based on intelligent and
self configuring nodes (things) interconnected in a dynamic and global network
infrastructure. It represents one of the most disruptive technologies, enabling
ubiquitous and pervasive computing scenarios. IoT is generally characterized by
real world and small things with limited storage and processing capacity, and
consequential issues regarding reliability, performance, security, and privacy. On
the other hand, Cloud computing has virtually unlimited capabilities in terms of
storage and processing power, is a much more mature technology, and has most of
the IoT issues at least partially solved.
2.5 Ji, Z., Ganchev, I., O'droma, M., & Zhang, X. (2014, August). A
cloudbased intelligent car parking services for smart cities. In General
Assembly and Scientific Symposium (URSI GASS), 2014 XXXIth URSI (pp.
1-4). IEEE.

This paper presents the generic concept of using cloud-based intelligent car
parking services in smart cities, as an important application deployed on the
Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. The corresponding IoT sub-system includes
sensor layer, communication layer, and application layer. A high-level view of the
system architecture is outlined. To demonstrate the provision of car parking
services with the proposed platform, a cloud-based intelligent car parking system
for use within a University campus is described along with details of its design and
implementation. Intelligent car parking services are an important part of the
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) with a primary purpose to find, allocate,
reserve, and provide the ‘best’ car parking lot for each individual user/driver.
Researchers show that more than 66% of drivers are willing to pay for car parking
during working hours. This directly adds value to the car parking business, which
is a stimulus for the development of intelligent car parking services for smart
cities.

2.6 International Parking Institute, “2012 Emerging Trends in Parking”.

The International Parking Institute (IPI), the world’s largest association

representing the parking industry, conducted an online survey among parking
professionals to determine emerging trends and solicit input on a range of topics.
The survey was conducted between May 8 and May 22, 2012 among members of
the International Parking Institute and its parking communities. The single most
important trend in parking today is the technological revolution that is driving the
industry. Three of the top five trends identified in this study focus on technology,
whether it’s increased demand for cashless or electronic payment, innovative
technologies to improve access control and payment automation, or increased real-
time communication of pricing and availability via mobile phone or PDA
components.

2.7 Ballon, P., Glidden, J., Kranas, P., Menychtas, A., Ruston, S., & Van Der
Graaf, S. (2011, October). Is there a Need for a Cloud Platform for European
Smart Cities?. In eChallenges e-2011 Conference Proceedings, IIMC
International Information Management Corporation.

EPIC - the “European Platform for Intelligent Cities”- is more than just an
IT platform; it is a one-stop-shop where small to medium sized Cities in Europe
can find real, affordable solutions (products and services) to materialize the “Smart
Cities” concept efficiently and cost-effectively. Instead, the EPIC Smart City
roadmap, service catalogue and cloud platform enable every city in Europe to
access and deploy innovative Smart City applications that meet their budgets and
needs. EPIC offers city managers a Roadmap for their journey towards becoming a
smart city in a strategic way. The Roadmap consists of a short-term assessment
exercise covering vision, budget and delivery. EPIC also uses its cloud platform
(currently based on IBM infrastructure) to deliver Smart City solutions “as a
service”. The Roadmap and Cloud Platform provide the foundations for EPIC's
unique selling point: a marketplace for Smart City services. In this marketplace,
EPIC brings together service providers and information/data providers (from
private and public sector) in order to aggregate “Smart City services” with added
value for citizens, city visitors, businesses in the city and the city itself.

2.8 Suciu, G., Vulpe, A., Halunga, S., Fratu, O., Todoran, G., & Suciu, V.
(2013, May). Smart cities built on resilient cloud computing and secure
internet of things. In Control Systems and Computer Science (CSCS), 2013
19th International Conference on (pp. 513-518). IEEE.

Cloud Computing and Internet of Things (IoT) are currently two of the most
popular ICT paradigms that are expected to shape the next era of computing. The
convergence between cloud computing and IoT has become a hot topic over the
last few years because of the benefits that IoT could have from the distributed
nature of cloud computing infrastructures. This paper proposes a new platform for
using cloud computing capacities for provision and support of ubiquitous
connectivity and real-time applications and services for smart cities' needs. We
present a framework for data procured from highly distributed, heterogeneous,
decentralized, real and virtual devices (sensors, actuators, smart devices) that can
be automatically managed, analyzed and controlled by distributed cloud-based
services.

2.9 Chen, S. Y., Lai, C. F., Huang, Y. M., & Jeng, Y. L. (2013, July).
Intelligent home-appliance recognition over IoT cloud network. In Wireless
Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), 2013 9th
International (pp. 639-643). IEEE.

In recent years, under the concern of energy crisis, the government has
actively cooperated with research institutions in developing smart meters. As the
Internet of Things (IoT) and home energy management system become popular
topics, electronic appliance recognition technology can help users identifying the
electronic appliances being used, and further improving power usage habits.
However, according to the power usage habits of home users, it is possible to
simultaneously switch on and off electronic appliances. Therefore, this study
discusses electronic appliance recognition in a parallel state, i.e. recognition of
electronic appliances switched on and off simultaneously. This study also proposes
a non-invasive smart meter system that considers the power usage habits of users
unfamiliar with electronic appliances, which only requires inserting a smart meter
into the electronic loop. Meanwhile, this study solves the problem of large data
volume of the current electronic appliance recognition system by building a
database mechanism, electronic appliance recognition classification, and waveform
recognition. In comparison to other electronic appliance recognition systems, this
study uses a low order embedded system chip to provide low power consumption,
which have high expandability and convenience. Differing from previous studies,
the experiment of this study considers electronic appliance recognition and the
power usage habits of general users. The experimental results showed that the total
recognition rate of a single electronic appliance can reach 96.14%, thus proving the
feasibility of the proposed system.

2.10 Dash, S. K., Mohapatra, S., & Pattnaik, P. K. (2010). A survey on

applications of wireless sensor network using cloud computing. International
Journal of Computer science & Engineering Technologies (E-ISSN: 2044-
6004), 1(4), 50-55.

Popularity of cloud computing is increasing day by day in distributed

computing environment. There is a growing trend of using cloud environments for
storage and data processing needs. Cloud computing provides applications,
platforms and infrastructure over the internet. It is a new era of referring to access
shared computing resources. On the other hand, wireless sensor networks have
been seen as one of the most essential technologies for the 21st century where
distributed spatially connected sensor node automatically forms a network for data
transmission and receive among themselves is popularly known as Sensor
Network. For security and easy access of data, cloud computing is widely used in
distributed/mobile computing environment. This is possible due to miniaturization
of communication technology. Many researchers have cited different types of
technology in this context. But the application scenario is of important
consideration while designing a specific protocol for Sensor network with
reference to Cloud Computing. In this paper, we surveyed some typical
applications of Sensor Network using Cloud computing as backbone. Since Cloud
computing provides plenty of application, platforms and infrastructure over the
Internet; it may have combined with Sensor network in the application areas such
as environmental monitoring, weather forecasting, transportation business,
healthcare, military application etc. Bringing various WSNs deployed for different
applications under one roof and looking it as a single virtual WSN entity through
cloud computing infrastructure is novel.

CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

3.1 EXISITING SYSTEM

 An intelligent parking guidance system based on Zig Bee network and

geomagnetic sensors was designed.
  Real-time vehicle position and related traffic information were collected by
geomagnetic sensors around parking lots and updated to center server via
Zig Bee network.

 On the other hand, out-door Liquid Crystal Display screens controlled by

center server can display information of available parking places.

3.1.1 DISADVANTAGES

 Could be used only within a limited range.

 Lack of security and privacy.

3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

 In the proposed system, an Ultrasonic Range Detection Sensor is utilized

with Arduino to indicate the empty slot.

 By measuring the distance using ultrasonic sensor drivers are able to find the
empty slot in parking to park the car and help the driver to find the slot
easily and reduce the searching time.

 As the parking place is found to be empty it is detected using ultrasonic

sensors which report it further.

 We achieved this by programming the sensors and Arduino and transferring

the outcomes through IOT to System applications.

3.2.1 ADVANTAGES

 Long range communication

 Reduces traffic congestion due to unavailability of parking slots.

 Highly secured.
3.3 System Architecture

The parking system that we propose comprises of various actors that work in
sync with one another. Below is the mathematical model that defines our smart
parking system.

3.3.1 Parking Sensors

For our parking system we have made use of sensors like Infrared, Passive
Infrared(PIR) and Ultrasonic Sensors. The work of these sensors is the same i.e. to
sense the parking area and determine whether a parking slot is vacant or not. In
this case we are using ultrasonic sensors to detect the presence of a car. The
ultrasonic sensors are wirelessly connected to raspberry pi using the ESP8266 chip.
An ESP8266 Wi-Fi chip comprises of a self-contained SOC with integrated
TCP/IP protocol stack that allows any microcontroller to access a Wi-Fi network.
The sensors are connected to a 5V supply either from raspberry pi or an external
source. External source being more preferable.

3.3.2 Processing Unit

It comprises of Arduino which is a processor on chip. The processing unit

acts like an intermediate between the sensors and cloud. All the sensors are
wirelessly connected to the processing unit. A single raspberry pi unit comprises of
26 GPIO pins i.e. 26 different sensors can be connected to it. However, we can
increase this number by attaching a multiplexer (MUX). to it. It is essential that the
ground of raspberry pi and sensors must be connected in order to transfer data
using the GPIO pins. There is a python script running on the chip that checks the
status of various GPIO pins and updates this information onto the cloud. Data
collected from various sensors is sent to the raspberry pi through the esp8266 chip.
The raspberry pi then transmits this data to the IBM MQTT Server through MQTT
protocol over a channel. MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport) Protocol is
a publish-subscribe based "light weight" messaging protocol that is used on top of
the TCP/IP protocol. It is designed to establish connections across remote locations
where limited amount of data needs to be transferred or in cases of low bandwidth
availability.

3.3.3 Mobile Application

The mobile application acts like an interface for the end users to interact
with the system. The application is developed in Apache Cordova and Angular Js
framework using Javascript as a programming language. The purpose of using
Apache Cordova is to create applications that can run on both android and iOS
platforms with the same source code. The application is connected with the IBM
MQTT server through a secure channel and a 2 factor authorization. The purpose
of this mobile application is to provide information regarding availability of
parking spaces and allowing the end user to book a slot accordingly. Transfer of
data takes place in JSON format between IBM MQTT server and the mobile
application. In order to ensure proper communication both the Raspberry pi and
mobile application must be subscribed to a particular channel on IBM MQTT
server.

3.3.4 The Cloud

The IBM MQTT server is hosted on cloud. Cloud acts as a data base to store
all the records related to parking areas and end users that have access to the
system. It keeps a track of every user connected to the system and maintains
information such as time at which the car was parked, time duration for parking a
car, amount paid by the user and mode of payment. It is due to the flexible nature
of cloud which permits the system to add any number of users at any time of the
day. Continuous backup is made of the data stored on cloud in order to ensure easy
and quick recovery of data in case of any kind of system failure.

On closely looking at the figure one gets to see that empty parking spaces
are indicated by red light in Lane A whereas green light in Lane B. This is due to
the fact that in case of Lane A although there is no car currently parked but there
still is a red light because the slot has already been booked by some user. On the
other hand, the parking slot in Lane B shows green light because it neither has a
booking nor a car parked in it.

3.4 Flow Chart

In this, we talk about the implementation and working of the system in a real
world scenario. The complete process of booking a parking slot, parking a car in
that slot and leaving the parking area is explained with the help of the following
flow chart.

Fig 3.1 Flow Chart

 We conducted an experiment in order to depict the working of our system at
every stage from checking the availability of parking space to actually park a car in
a vacant parking slot. This is done by implementing the smart parking system in
the parking area of a shopping mall.

3.5 Block Diagram

Ultrasonic LCD
Sensor

Ultrasonic ARDUINO
WIFI Chip
Sensor UNO

Ultrasonic
Sensor
Fig 3.2 Block Diagram

CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

 CHAPTER 5

OVERVIEW OF HARDWARE

 Arduino
 16x2 LCD
 WIFI Chip
 Ultrasonic Sensor

5.1 ARDUINO UNO

5.1.1 OVERVIEW
 The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 . It
has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP
header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with
a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from all preceding
boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it
features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-
to-serial converter. Board has the following new features:

pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two
other new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to
adapt to the voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible
both with the board that use the AVR, which operate with 5V and with the Arduino
Due that operate with 3.3V. The second one is a not connected pin, that is reserved
for future purposes.

Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2. "Uno" means one in Italian and is named to
mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the
reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of
USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for a
comparison with previous version 2.2 Schematic & Reference Design The Arduino
reference design can use an Atmega8, 168, or 328, Current models use an
ATmega328, but an Atmega8 is shown in the schematic for reference. The pin
configuration is identical on all three processors. 2.3 Summary Microcontroller -
ATmega328 Operating Voltage - 5V Input Voltage - 7-12V (Recommended) Input
Voltage (limits) - 6-20V Digital I/O Pins - 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins - 6 DC Current per I/O Pin - 40 mA DC Current for 3.3V Pin -
50 mA Flash Memory - 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM - 2 KB (ATmega328) EEPROM - 1 KB (ATmega328) Clock Speed - 16
MHz 2.4 Power The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with
an external power supply. The power source is selected automatically. External
(non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug
into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and
Vin pin headers of the POWER connector. The board can operate on an external
supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may
supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V,
the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended
range is 7 to 12 volts.

The power pins are as follows: VIN -The input voltage to the Arduino board
when it's using an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB
connection or other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this
pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin. 5V -
This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 -12V), the USB connector
(5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V
pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it. 3V3-
A 3.3-volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is
50 mA. GND - Ground pins. IOREF - This pin on the Arduino board provides the
voltage reference with which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured
shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and select the appropriate power source or
enable voltage translators on the outputs for working with the 5V or 3.3V. 2.5
Memory the ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also
has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with
the EEPROM library).

Input and Output Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an
input or output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead ()functions. They
operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has
an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition,
some pins have specialized functions: Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive
(RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are connected to the
corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip. External
Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low
value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach Interrupt ()
function for details. PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with
the analog Write () function. SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK).
These pins support SPI communication using the SPI library. LED: 13. There is a
built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is
on, when the pin is LOW, it's off. The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0
through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e., 1024 different
values). By default, they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to
change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analog Reference
() function. Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality: TWI: A4 or
SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire library.
There are a couple of other pins on the board: AREF. Reference voltage for
the analog inputs. Used with analog Reference (). Reset. Bring this line LOW to
reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to shields which
block the one on the board 2.7 Communication the Arduino Uno has a number of
facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino or other
microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
Communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An
ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and
appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware
uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However,
on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor
which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX
and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-
to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial
communication on pins 0 and 1). A Software Serial library allows for serial
communication on any of the Uno's digital pins. The ATmega328 also supports
I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library
to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For SPI
communication, use the SPI library.

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software. The
ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes pre-burned with a bootloader that allows
you to upload new code to i without the use of an external hardware programmer.
It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).
You can also bypass the bootloader an program the microcontroller through the
ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details.
The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is
available. The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be
activated by: On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the
board (near the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2. On Rev2 or later boards:
there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier
to put into DFU mode. You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the
DFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use
the ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader).
See this user-contributed tutorial for more information. 2.9 Automatic (Software)
Reset Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload,
the Arduino Uno is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running
on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of
theATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100
nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops
long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow
you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino
environment. This means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the
lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload. This setup
has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer running
Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software
(via USB). For the Following half-second or so, the bootloader is running on the
Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e., anything besides an
upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board
after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time
configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with
which it communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before
sending this data. The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset.
The pads on either side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's
labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by
connecting a 110-ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line.

USB Over current Protection the Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that
protects your computer's USB ports from shorts and over current. Although most
computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of
protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will
automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.

Physical Characteristics The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are
2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively, with the USB connector and power jack extending
beyond the former dimension. Four screw holes allow the board to be attached to a
surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil
(0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100-mil spacing of the other pins.

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328

(datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power
jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support
the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it
with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
 Fig 5.1 Arduino Uno

5.1.2 PIN DESCRIPTION

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output,
using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5
volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal
pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins
have specialized functions:

Input and Output

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Arduino Uno can be used as an input or output,
using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5
volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal
pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms.

In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

Serial: pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL
serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2
USB-to-TTL Serial chip.

External interrupt: pins 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an

interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the
attach Interrupt () function for details.

PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analog Write ()
function.

SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI

communication using the SPI library.
LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is
HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it’s off.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labelled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10
bits of resolutio n (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from
ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using
the AREF pin and the analogReference() functio n.

Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:

TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the
Wire library.

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().

Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a
reset button to shields which block the one on the board.

5.2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

LCD Modules can present textual information to user. It’s like a cheap
“monitor” that you can hook in all of your gadgets. They come in various types.
The most popular one is 16x2 LCD Module. It has 2 rows and 16 columns.

Fig 5.2 A 16X2 LCD MODULE

 In order to connect LCD to the MCU, you have to first make physical
connections between the pins of LCD and MCU. In order to connect the LCD, you
have to use one PORT of the MCU completely for this purpose. Suppose you
chose a particular PORT.

Select your chip and clock frequency. Then click on LCD tab. Select the
PORT at which you want to make LCD connections.

Set chars/line text box to 16, because you will be using 16*2 LCD. All the
connections of the LCD other than power connections will be displayed in the
wizard. Make other settings and then select generate save, save and exit from file
menu. To save the file, give the file name.

Once this is done, you are ready to use LCD display form your program.
You can now use inbuilt functions to write to the LCD screen.

5.3 WI-FI Modem

The NETGEAR D6300 Wi-Fi DSL Modem Router offers maximum-

performance wireless speeds of up to 450 Mbps needed for demanding
applications, such as large file transfers, streaming HD video, and multiplayer
gaming. Complete with a built-in DSL modem, it is compatible with all major DSL
Internet service providers. Simultaneous dual-band technology runs both 2.4 and 5
GHz bands at the same time, ensuring top speeds and the greatest range, while
Gigabit offers ultrafast wired connections. The unit supports a wide range of
premium features and applications such as Ready SHARE® Cloud, Ready
SHARE® Printer, and NETGEAR genie®. The WiFi modem router lets you
access your network from anywhere within the operating range of your wireless
network. However, the operating distance or range of your wireless connection can
vary significantly depending on the physical placement of your router. For
example, the thickness and number of walls the wireless signal passes through can
limit the range. For best results, place your router:

•Near the center of the area where your computers and other devices operate,
and preferably within line of sight to your wireless devices.

•So it is accessible to an AC power outlet and near Ethernet cables for wired
computers.

•In an elevated location such as a high shelf, keeping the number of walls
and ceilings between the Wi-Fi modem router and your other devices to a
minimum.

•Away from electrical devices that are potential sources of interference, such
as ceiling fans, home security systems, microwaves, computers, or the base of a
cordless phone or 2.4-GHz cordless phone.
•Away from any large metal surfaces, such as a solid metal door or
aluminum studs. Large expanses of other materials such as glass, insulated walls,
fish tanks, mirrors, brick, and concrete can also affect your wireless signal.

ESP-01 is the one of the most popular ESP8266 module available in the
market. ESP8266 is a self contained SoC with integrated TCP/IP stack which helps
any microcontroller having UART to access a wifi network. It can act as both WiFi
access point as well as a WiFi client. It is pre-programmed with AT commands, so
we can easily access and configure it using a microcontroller. ESP8266 runs on
3.3V and its input pins are not 5V tolerant. So we need to reduce the 5V output of
the Arduino Tx pin to 3.3V by using voltage dividing resistors to connect to Rx pin
of ESP8266 module. Arduino TTL input pins will detect 3.3V as logic high, so we
can directly connect 3.3V output of ESP8266 Tx to Arduino Rx pin.
 Fig 5.3 ESP 8266

5.4 Ultrasonic Sensor

An ultrasonic sensor transmits ultrasonic waves into the air and detects
reflected waves from an object. There are many applications for ultrasonic sensors,
such as in intrusion alarm systems, automatic door openers and backup sensors for
automobiles. Accompanied by the rapid development of information processing
technology, new fields of application, such as factory automation equipment and
car electronics, are increasing and should continue to do so. Using its unique
piezoelectric ceramics manufacturing technology developed over many years,
Murata has developed various types of ultrasonic sensors which are compact and
yet have very high performance. The information contained in this catalog will
help you to make effective use of our ultrasonic sensors. Ultrasonic waves are
sounds which cannot be heard by humans and are normally, frequencies of above
20kHz.
 CHAPTER 6

OVERVIEW OF SOFTWARE

In this system, following software’s are used,

1.ARDUINO IDE

2.LIBRARIES

3.EMBEDDED C

4.HOSTING WEBSITE –Ubidot.com

6.1 ARDUINO IDE

Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use

hardware and software. It consists of a circuit board, which can be programed
(referred to as a microcontroller) and a ready-made software called Arduino IDE
(Integrated Development Environment), which is used to write and upload the
computer code to the physical board. Arduino provides a standard form factor that
breaks the functions of the micro-controller into a more accessible package.

Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use

hardware and software. It consists of a circuit board, which can be programed
(referred to as a microcontroller) and a ready-made software called Arduino IDE
(Integrated Development Environment), which is used to write and upload the
computer code to the physical board. The key features are:

 Arduino boards are able to read analog or digital input signals from
different sensors and turn it into an output such as activating a motor, turning LED
on/off, connect to the cloud and many other actions.

 You can control your board functions by sending a set of instructions to

the microcontroller on the board via Arduino IDE (referred to as uploading
software).

 Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, Arduino does not need
an extra piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load a new code onto
the board. You can simply use a USB cable.

 Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it

easier to learn to program.
  Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions
of the micro-controller into a more accessible package.

Various kinds of Arduino boards are available depending on different

microcontrollers used. However, all Arduino boards have one thing in common:
they are programed through the Arduino IDE. The differences are based on the
number of inputs and outputs (the number of sensors, LEDs, and buttons you can
use on a single board), speed, operating voltage, form factor etc. Some boards are
designed to be embedded and have no programming interface (hardware), which
you would need to buy separately. Some can run directly from a 3.7V battery,
others need at least 5V.

Arduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit board (often referred to

as a microcontroller) and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated Development
Environment) that runs on your computer, used to write and upload computer code
to the physical board. Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software
company, project, and user community that designs and manufactures single-board
microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and
interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical world. The
project's products are distributed as open-source hardware and software, which are
licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU
General Public License (GPL) permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and
software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in
preassembled form, or as do-it-yourself (DIY) kits. Arduino board designs use a
variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of
digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various
expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The boards feature serial
communications interfaces, includ ing Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some
models, which are also used for loading programs from personal computers. The
microcontrollers are typically programmed using a dialect of features from the
programming languages C and C++. In addition to using traditional compiler
toolcha ins, the Arduino project provides an integrated development environment
(IDE) based on the Processing language project.

6.2 LIBRARIES

The Arduino environment can be extended through the use of libraries, just
like most programming platforms. Libraries provide extra functionality for use in
sketches, e.g. working with hardware or manipulating data. To use a library in a
sketch, select it from Sketch > Import Library. A number of libraries come
installed with the IDE, but you can also download or create your own. See these
instructions for details on installing libraries.

Standard Libraries Used

 Ethernet-for connecting to the internet using the Arduino Ethernet Shield,

Arduino Ethernet Shield 2 and Arduino Leonardo ETH.
 PCD8544 - for controlling or to communicate with Nokia 5110 lcd.
 Wi-Fi - for connecting to the internet using the Arduino Wi-Fi shield.
 Ubidot Library- to connect with ubidot.com.
6.3 EMBEDDED C

Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming

language by the C Standards Committee to address commonality issues that exist
between C extensions for different embedded systems. Historically, embedded C
programming requires nonstandard extensions to the C language in order to
support exotic features such as fixed-point arithmetic, multiple distinct memory
banks, and basic I/O operations.

Embedded Programming

Embedded refers to the combination of hardware and software. Embedded

systems programming is the programming of an embedded system in some device
using the permitted programming interfaces provided by that system.
EmbeddedJava is an example of a development environme nt for programming
embedded systems that will execute Java programs. Arduino is a very minute part
of embedded systems, in fact we can call it as an application product of embedded
system. Arduino is just any other microcontroller board, with a specifically
designed API and software which makes programming it very easy. Arduino is just
a drop of water in Embedded System Ocean.

6.4 UBIDOTS.COM (HOSTING WEBSITE)

Ubidots was first born as an engineering services firm, specializing in

hardware and software development for IoT projects in Latin America. Between
2012 and 2014, we accomplished hundreds of Internet of Things projects across
industries like Healthcare, Oil & Gas, Energy, Manufacturing, Transportation and
Retail, learning the nuts and bolts of IOT. After going through the Boston Mass
Challenge Accelerator -with a purpose of turning ourselves into a global product-
based startup- the idea of an IOT cloud was born; specially one that understood the
real needs of hardware engineer. Since its launch in 2014, the ubidots Cloud has
grown into one of the top IoT Platforms in the market, supporting thousands of
IOT initiatives in more than 40 countries.

CHAPTER 7

RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION

For our parking system we have made use of sensors like Infrared, Passive
Infrared(PIR) and Ultrasonic Sensors. The work of these sensors is the same i.e. to
sense the parking area and determine whether a parking slot is vacant or not. In this
case we are using ultrasonic sensors to detect the presence of a car. The ultrasonic
sensors are wirelessly connected to raspberry pi using the ESP8266 chip. An
ESP8266 WiFi chip comprises of a self contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP
protocol stack that allows any microcontroller to access a WiFi network. The
sensors are connected to a 5V supply either from raspberry pi or an external
source. External source being more preferable
It comprises of Raspberry pi which is a processor on chip. The processing unit acts
like an intermediate between the sensors and cloud. All the sensors are wirelessly
connected to the processing unit. A single raspberry pi unit comprises of 26 GPIO
pins i.e. 26 different sensors can be connected to it. However we can increase this
number by attaching a multiplexer (MUX) to it. It is essential that the ground of
raspberry pi and sensors must be connected in order to transfer data using the
GPIO pins. There is a python script running on the chip that checks the status of
various GPIO pins and updates this information onto the cloud. Data collected
from various sensors is sent to the raspberry pi through the esp8266 chip. The
raspberry pi then transmits this data to the IBM MQTT Server through MQTT
protocol over a channel. MQTT[15] (Message Queue Telemetry Transport)
Protocol is a publish-subscribe based "light weight" messaging protocol that is
used on top of the TCP/IP protocol. It is designed to establish connections across
remote locations where limited amount of data needs to be transferred or in cases
of low bandwidth availability
 The IBM MQTT server is hosted on cloud. Cloud acts as a data base to store
all the records related to parking areas and end users that have access to the
system. It keeps a track of every user connected to the system and maintains
information such as time at which the car was parked, time duration for parking a
car, amount paid by the user and mode of payment. It is due to the flexible nature
of cloud which permits the system to add any number of users at any time of the
day. Continuous backup is made of the data stored on cloud in order to ensure easy
and quick recovery of data in case of any kind of system failure.

CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION

The concept of Smart Cities has always been a dream for humanity. Since
the past couple of years’ large advancements have been made in making smart
cities a reality. The growth of Internet of Things and Cloud technologies have
given rise to new possibilities in terms of smart cities. Smart parking facilities and
traffic management systems have always been at the core of constructing smart
cities. In this paper, we address the issue of parking and present an IoT based
Cloud integrated smart parking system. The system that we propose provides real
time information regarding availability of parking slots in a parking area. Users
from remote locations could book a parking slot for them by the use of our mobile
application. The efforts made in this paper are indented to improve the parking
facilities of a city and thereby aiming to enhance the quality of life of its people.

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