Course: Operating Systems

Instructor: Dr. Raheel Ahmed Memon

Lab-4 and 5
Objectives
1. Shell Scripting (zero to hero)

SHELL SCRIPTING

Theory Part-1
Common Shells.
C-Shell - csh : The default on teaching systems Good for interactive systems Inferior
programmable features
Bourne Shell - bsh or sh - also restricted shell - bsh : Sophisticated pattern matching and file
name substitution
Korn Shell : Backwards compatible with Bourne Shell Regular expression substitution emacs
editing mode
Thomas C-Shell - tcsh : Based on C-Shell Additional ability to use emacs to edit the command
line Word completion & spelling correction Identifying your shell.

General Things
The shbang line
The "shbang" line is the very first line of the script and lets the kernel know what shell will be
interpreting the lines in the script. The shbang line consists of a #! followed by the full pathname
to the shell, and can be followed by options to control the behavior of the shell.
EXAMPLE
#!/bin/sh
#!/bin/bash

Comments
Comments are descriptive material preceded by a # sign. They are in effect until the end of a line
and can be started anywhere on the line.
EXAMPLE
# this text is not

Assigning values to variables

A value is assigned to a variable simply by typing the variable name followed by an equal sign
and the value that is to be assigned to the variable. For example, if you wanted to assign a value
of 5 to the variable count, you would enter the following command:

count=5

Accessing variable values

To access the value stored in a variable precede the variable name with a dollar sign ($). If you
wanted to print the value stored in the count variable to the screen, you would do so by entering
the following command:
echo $count
If you omitted the $ from the preceding command, the echo command would display the word
count on-screen.

Positional parameters
The shell has knowledge of a special kind of variable called a positional parameter. Positional
parameters are used to refer to the parameters that were passed to a shell program on the
command line or a shell function by the shell script that invoked the function. When you run a
shell program that requires or supports a number of command-line options, each of these options
is stored into a positional parameter. The first parameter is stored into a variable named 1, the
second parameter is stored into a variable named 2, and so forth. These variable names are
reserved by the shell so that you can't use them as variables you define. To access the values
stored in these variables, you must precede the variable name with a dollar sign ($) just as you do
with variables you define.
The following shell program expects to be invoked with two parameters. The program takes the
two parameters and prints the second parameter that was typed on the command line first and the
first parameter that was typed on the command line second.
#program reverse, prints the command line parameters out in reverse #order

echo "$2" "$1"

If you invoked this program by entering reverse hello there

The program would return the following output:

there hello

READ Statement :
To get the input from the user.
read x y (no need of commas between variables)

The if Statement
All three shells support nested if...then...else statements. These statements provide you with a
way of performing complicated conditional tests in your shell programs. The syntax of the if
statement is the same for bash and pdksh and is shown here:
if [ expression ]
then
commands
elif [ expression2 ]
then
commands
else
commands
fi
The case Statement
The case statement enables you to compare a pattern with several other patterns and execute a
block of code if a match is found.
case string1 in
str1)
commands;;
str2)
commands;;
*)
commands;;
esac
String1 is compared to str1 and str2. If one of these strings matches string1, the commands up
until the double semicolon (;;) are executed. If neither str1 nor str2 matches string1, the
commands associated with the asterisk are executed. This is the default case condition because
the asterisk matches all strings.
The shell languages also provide several iteration or looping statements. The most commonly
used of these is the for statement.
The for Statement
The ‘for’ statement executes the commands that are contained within it a specified number of
times. The ‘bash’ and ‘pdksh’ have two variations of the for statement.
for var1 in list
do
commands
done
for i in {2..10}
do
echo "output: $i"
done

The while Statement

Another iteration statement offered by the shell programming language is the while statement.
This statement causes a block of code to be executed while a provided conditional expression is
true.
while expression
do
statements
done
Care must be taken with the while statements because the loop will never terminate if the
specifies condition never evaluates to false.

ARRAYS and for LOOP

NAMES="Hamza Junaid Ali Ahmed Niyaz"
for NAME in $NAMES
do
echo $NAME
done
Functions
The shell languages enable you to define your own functions. These functions behave in much
the same way as functions you define in C or other programming languages. The main advantage
of using functions as opposed to writing all of your shell code in line is for organizational
purposes. Code written using functions tends to be much easier to read and maintain and also
tends to be smaller, because you can group common code into functions instead of putting it
everywhere it is needed.

fname () {
shell commands
}

####RELATIONAL OPERATORS TO KNOW###

# val1 -eq val2 Returns true if the values are equal
# val1 -ne val2 Returns true if the values are not equal
# val1 -gt val2 Returns true if val1 is greater than val2
# val1 -ge val2 Returns true if val1 is greater than or equal to val2
# val1 -lt val2 Returns true if val1 is less than val2
# val1 -le val2 Returns true if val1 is less than or equal to val2

File Operations:
A file can be read like:
FILE=”test.txt”
Check if file exist?
if [ -e "$FILE" ]

####FILE TEST OPERATORS TO KNOW####

-d file True if the file is a directory
-e file True if the file exists (note that this is not particularly portable, thus -f is generally used)
-f file True if the provided string is a file
-g file True if the group id is set on a file
-r file True if the file is readable
-s file True if the file has a non-zero size
 Practice Part-2
#! /bin/bash

#ECHO COMMAND
echo Hello World!

INTRODUCTING VARIABLES

# VARIABLES
# Uppercase by convention
# Letters, numbers, underscores
NAME="Bob"
echo "My name is $NAME"
echo "My name is ${NAME}"

INPUT FROM USER

# USER INPUT
read -p "Enter your name: " NAME
echo "Hello $NAME, nice to meet you!"

CONDITIONAL IF STATEMENT AND VARIATIONS

# SIMPLE IF STATEMENT
if [ "$NAME" == "Brad" ]
then
echo "Your name is Brad"
fi
COMPARISON
NUM1=31
NUM2=5
if [ "$NUM1" -gt "$NUM2" ]
then
echo "$NUM1 is greater than $NUM2"
else
echo "$NUM1 is less than $NUM2"
fi

######RELATIONAL OPERATORS TO KNOW######

# val1 -eq val2 Returns true if the values are equal
# val1 -ne val2 Returns true if the values are not equal
# val1 -gt val2 Returns true if val1 is greater than val2
# val1 -ge val2 Returns true if val1 is greater than or equal to val2
# val1 -lt val2 Returns true if val1 is less than val2
# val1 -le val2 Returns true if val1 is less than or equal to val2
OPERATIONS WITH FILE AND DIRECTORIES
A file can be read like:

FILE=”test.txt”

Check if file exist?

if [ -e "$FILE" ]

####FILE TEST OPERATORS TO KNOW####

-d file True if the file is a directory
-e file True if the file exists (note that this is not particularly portable, thus -f is generally used)
-f file True if the provided string is a file
-g file True if the group id is set on a file
-r file True if the file is readable
-s file True if the file has a non-zero size
-u True if the user id is set on a file
-w True if the file is writable
-x True if the file is an executable

ARRAYS and for LOOP

NAMES="Raheel Ali Ahmar Sarwech Junaid"

for NAME in $NAMES
do
echo $NAME
done
CASE STATEMENT

#CASE STATEMENT
read -p "Are you 18 or over? Y/N " ANSWER
case "$ANSWER" in
[yY] | [yY][eE][sS])
echo "You can make your National ID Card"
;;
[nN] | [nN][oO])
echo "Sorry, you still have to survive on Form B :("
;;
*)
echo "Please enter y/yes or n/no"
;;
esac
WHILE LOOP

# WHILE LOOP - READ THROUGH A FILE LINE BY LINE

LINE=1
while read -r CURRENT_LINE
do
echo "$LINE: $CURRENT_LINE"
((LINE++))
done < "./new-1.txt"

FUNCTIONS IN SHELL SCRIPTING

FUNCTION
function sayHello() {
echo "Hello World"
}
sayHello

FUNCTION WITH PARAMS

function greet() {
echo "Hello, I am $1 and I am $2"
}

greet "Raheel" "36"

 Task Part-03
TASK-1
USE else and elif with logic to get input and decide the statement to execute

TASK -2
Check if a particular filename (string) exist?

TASK -3
Check if a particular file exists?

TASK-4
Input the names in an array from console and greet each name separately (assume that one name
is of one word)

TASK-5
Use for loop to rename a couple of existing files in a folder,
For example existing files in a particular folder are:
file1.txt, file2.txt, file3.txt
After running your script, these should be renamed to:
new-file1.txt, new-file2.txt, new-file3.txt

TASK-6
Use for loop to rename a number of files on the basis of choices mentioned in case A or B. let’s
say append “new” in case A or “old” in case B as a prefix of file name if a file date of
modification/creation is today or before. Where, today is prefixed with “new” and whatever
before is prefixed with “old”.

TASK-7
Make a function to crawl through the subfolders of current directory and display all the available
files with .txt extension.