Summary 13

S UMM A R Y
==

The fundamental units in the SI system are the meter (m), the second (s), the kilo­
gram (kg), the kelvin (K), the ampere (A), the mole (mol), and the candela (cd).
The unit(s) of every physical quantity can be expressed in terms of these funda­
mental units.

Topic Relevant Equations a nd Rema rks

1. Units The magnitude of physical quantities (for example, length, time, force, and energy)
are expressed as a number times a unit.

Fundamental units The fW1damental lmits in the SI system (short for Systeme International) are the
meter (m), the second (s), the kilogram (kg), the kelvin (K), the ampere (A), the
mole (mol), and the candela (cd). The unit(s) of every physical quantity can be
expressed in terms of these fundamental units.

Units in equations Units in equations are treated just like any other algebraic quantity.

Conversion Conversion factors, which are always equal to 1, provide a convenient method for
converting from one kind of unit to another.

2. Dimensions The two sides of an equation must have the same dimensions.

3. Scientific Notation For convenience, very small and very large numbers are generally written as a factor
times a power of 10.

4. Exponents

Multiplication When multiplying two numbers, the exponents are added.

Division When dividing two numbers, the exponents are subtracted.

Raising to a power When a number containing an exponent is itself raised to a power, the exponents are
multiplied.

5. Significant Figures

Multiplica tion and division The number of significant figures in the result of multiplication or division is
no greater than the least number of significant figures in any of the numbers.

Addition and subtraction The result of addition or subtraction of two numbers has no significant figures
beyond the last decimal place where both of the original numbers had significant
figures.

6. Order of Magnitude A number rounded to the nearest power of 10 is called an order of magnitude. The
order of magnitude of a quantity can often be estimated using reasonable assump­
tions and simple calculations.
14 C HAPTER 1 Systems of Measurement

P R O B LE M S

• Single-concept, single-step, relatively easy In a few problems, you are given more

•• Intermediate-level, may require synthesis of concepts data than you actually need; in a few
other problems, you are required to
••• Challenging
supply data from your general
!SSM! Solution is in the Student Solutions Manual
knowledge, outside sources, or
i ll 1 Problems available on iSOLVE online homework service informed estimates.
iWI ./ These "Checkpoint" online homework service problems ask students
a dditional questions about their confidence level, and how they arrived
at their answer

Conceptual Problems diameter of the moon. (The angle (J sub tended by the moon is
approximately D/I'01 where D is the diameter of the moon and
'
I'm is the distance to the moon.)
• !SSM! i ,Ira Which of the following is not one
of the fundamental physical quantities in the SI system? 1 1 . . !SSM! i· \1 � The sun has a mass of 1 .99 X 1030
(a) Mass. (b) Length. (c) Force. (d) Time. (e) All of the above are kg and is composed mostly of hydrogen, with only a small
fundamental physical quantities. fraction being heavier elements. The hydrogen atom has a
mass of 1 .67 x 10-27 kg. Estimate the number of hydrogen
2 • i I T In doing a calculation, you end up with
atoms in the sun.
m/s in the numerator and m/s2 in the denominator. What are
your final units? (a) m2/ s3. (b) l /s. (c) S3/m2. (d) s. (e) m/s. 12 •• Most soft drinks are sold in aluminum cans. The
mass of a typical can is about 0.018 kg. (a ) Estimate the num­
3 • i1 The prefix giga means (a) 103, (b) 106,
ber of aluminum cans used in the United States in one year.
(c) 109, (d) 1 012, (e) 1Q15.
(b) Estimate the total mass of aluminum in a year's consump­
4 • i The prefix mega means (a) 10-9, (b) 10-6, tion from these cans. (c) If aluminum returns $l/kg at a recy­
(c) 10-3, (d) 106, (e) 1 09. cling center, how much is a year's accumulation of aluminum
5 • !SSM! iJ.n.b The prefix pico means (a) 10- 1 2, cans worth?
(b) 1 0-6, (c) 1 0-3, (d) 1 06, (e) 109. 13 •• In his essay "There's plenty of room at the bottom,"
6 . The number 0.0005130 has __ signifi- Richard Feynman proposed writing the entire Encyclopaedia
cant figures. (a) one, (b) three, (c) four, (d) seven, (e) eight. Bl'ittanica on the head of a pin. (a) Estimate the size of the
letters needed if we assume that a pinhead is 1 / 16 in across
7 • i The number 23.0040 has __ significant (the value that Feynman used). (b) If the atomic spacing in a
figures. (a) two, (b) three, (c) four, (d) five, (e) six. metal is about 0.5 nm (5 X 10- 1 0 m), about how many atoms
8 • What are the advantages and disadvantages of across is each letter?
using the length of your arm for a standard length? 14 .. !SSM! (a ) Estimate the number of gallons of gaso-
9 • True or false: line used per day by automobiles in the United States and
the total amount of money spent on it. (b) If 19.4 gal of
(a) Two quantities must have the same dimensions in order to
gasoline can be made from one barrel of crude oil, estimate
be added.
the total number of barrels of oil imported into the United
(b) Two quantities must have the same dimensions in order to
States per year to make gasoline. How many barrels per day
be multiplied.
is this?
(c) All conversion factors have the value 1 .
15 •• There is a n environmental debate over the use of
cloth versus disposable diapers. (a ) If we assume that between
Estimation and Approximation birth and 2.5 y of age, a child uses 3 diapers per day, estimate
the total number of disposable diapers used in the United
States per year. (b) Estimate the total landfill volume due to
10 .. !SSM!
these diapers, assuming that 1000 kg of waste fills about 1 m3
The angle sub­
of landfill volume. (c) How many square miles of landfill
tended by the
area at an average height of 10 m is needed for the disposal of
moon's diameter
diapers each year?
at a point on the
earth is about 16 ••• Each binary digit is termed a bit. A series of bits
0.524° (Figure 1-2) . grouped together is called a word. An 8-bit word is called a
Use this and the byte. Suppose a computer hard disk has a capacity of 20 giga­
fact tha t the moon bytes. (a) How many bits can be stored on the disk? (b) Esti­
is about 384 Mm mate the number of typical books that can be stored on the
away to find the FIGURE I -2 Problem 10 disk assuming each character requires one 8-bit word.
 Problems 1S

1 7 . . IssMI Estimate the yearly toll revenue of the George 32 • • i 1 j T A right circular cylinder has a diameter of
Washington Bridge in New York. At last glance, the toll is $6 6.S in and a height of 2 ft. What is the volume of the cylinder
to go into New York from New Jersey; going from New York in (a) cubic feet, (b) cubic meters, (c) liters?
into New Jersey is free. There are a total of 14 lanes.
33 • • 155MI In the following, x is in meters, t is in seconds,
v is in meters per second, and the acceleration a is in meters
Units per second squared. Find the SI units of each combination:
(a) v2/x, (b) �, (c) � at2.
18 • Express the following quantities using the prefixes
listed in Table 1-1 and the abbreviations listed on page EP-1; Dimensions of Physical Quantities
for example, 10,000 meters 10 km. (a) 1,000,000 watts,
=

(b) 0.002 gram, (c) 3 X 10-6 meter, (d) 30,000 seconds.

34 •
What are the dimensions of the constants in each
19 • Write each of the following without using prefixes: part of Problem 21?
(a) 40 fLW, (b) 4 ns, (c) 3 MW, (d) 2S km.
35 •• The law of radioactive decay is N(t) = Noe-At,
20 • IssMI Write the following (which are not SI units) where No is the number of radioactive nuclei at t = 0, N(t) is
without using abbreviations. For example, 103 meters = 1 kilo­
the number remaining at time t, and ;\ is a quantity known as
meter: (a) 10- 1 2 boo, (b) 1 09 low, (c) 10-6 phone, (d) 10-18 boy,
the decay constant. What is the dimension of ;\?
(e) 106 phone, (j) 10-9 goat, (g) 1 01 2 bull.
36 • • IS5MI The SI unit of force, the kilogram-meter per
21 •• i In the following equations, the distance x is
second squared (kg'm/s2) is called the newton (N). Find the
in meters, the time t is in seconds, and the velocity v is in me­
dimensions and the SI units of the constant G in Newton's law
ters per second. What are the SI units of the constants C I and
of gravitation F = Gml11"l / rl.
Cz? (a) x = CI + C t, (b) x = � Cl tl, (c) v2 = 2C1x, (d) x = 2
2
CI cos Czt, (e) v2 = 2 CI V - (C X)2. 37 •• An object on the end of a string moves in a circle.
2
The force exerted by the string has units of ML/T2 and de­
22 •• i If x is in feet, t is in seconds, and v is in feet
pends on the mass of the object, its speed, and the radius of the
per second, what are the units of the constants C I and C in
2 circle. What combination of these variables gives the correct
each part of Problem 21?
dimensions?
38 • • i ;/ Show that the product of mass, accelera-
Conversion of Units tion, and speed has the dimensions of power.
39 • • The momentum of an object is the product of its
23 • From the original definition of the meter in terms of velocity and mass. Show that momentum has the dimensions
the distance from the equator to the North Pole, find in meters of force multiplied by time.
(a) the circumference of the earth and (b) the radius of the
earth. (c) Convert your answers for (a) and (b) from meters
40 • • What combination of force and one other physical
quantity has the dimensions of power?
into miles.
24 • i 41 . . 155MI i 1 T ./ When an object falls through air,
The speed of sound in air is 340 m/s. What
there is a drag force that depends on the product of the surface
is the speed of a supersonic plane that travels at twice the
area of the object and the square of its velocity, that is, Fair =
speed of sound? Give your answer in kilometers per hour and
CAv2, where C is a constant. Determine the dimensions of C.
miles per hour.
42 • • Kepler's third law relates the period of a planet
25 • 155MI i A basketball player is 6 ft 101 in. tall.
to its orbital radius r, the constant G in Newton's law of gravi­
What is his height in centimeters?
tation (F = G11"l111'l / r2), and the mass of the sun Ms' What com­
2
26 • Complete the following: (a) 100 km/h = __ mi/h, bination of these factors gives the correct dimensions for the
(b) 60 cm = __ in., (c) 1 00 yd = __ m. period of a planet?
27 • The main span of the Golden Gate Bridge is 4200 ft.
Express this distance in kilometers. Scientific Notation and Significant Figures
28 • IS5MI Find the conversion factor to convert from
miles per hour into kilometers per hour. 43 • 155MI Express as a decimal number without using
29 • Complete the following: (a) 1.296 x 105 km/h2 = powers of 10 notation: (a) 3 X 104, (b) 6.2 x 10-3, (c ) 4 X 10-6,
__ km/ (h·s), (b) 1 .296 x 1 05 km/h2 = m/s2,
__ (d) 2.17 X 105.
(c) 60 mi/h __ ft/ s, (d) 60 mi/h =
= m/ s.
__
44 • Write the following in scientific notation:
30 • There are 1 .0S7 quarts in a liter and 4 quarts in a (a) 3.1 GW = __ W, (b) 10 pm = __ m, (c) 2.3 fs =

gallon. (a) How many liters are there in a gallon? (b) A barrel __ s, (d) 4 fLS = __ S.

equals 42 gallons. How many cubic meters are there in a 45 • i Calculate the following, round off to the
barrel? correct number of significant figures, and express your result
31 · There are 640 acres in a square mile. How in scientific notation: (a) (1.14)(9.99 X 1 04), (b) (2.78 X 10-8) -
many square meters are there in one acre? (S.31 X 10-9), (c) 1 2 7T/ (4.S6 X 10 -3), (d) 27.6 + (S.99 X 1 01).
16 C HAPTE R 1 Systems of Measurement

46 • Calculate the following, round off to the correct 58 • • If the average density of the universe is at least
number of significant figures, and express your result in sci­ 6 X 10-27 kg /m3, then the universe will eventually stop
entific notation: (a) (200.9)(569.3), (b) (0.000000513)(62.3 X 107), expanding and begin contracting. (a ) How many electrons
(c) 28,401 + (5.78 X 1 04), (d) 63.25 / (4.17 X 10-3). are needed in a cubic meter to produce the critical density?
(b) How many protons per cubic meter would produce the
47 • ISSMI ""J:I.O] A cell membrane has a thickness of critical density? (me = 9.11 X 10-31 kg; 11'Ip = 1 .67 X 10-27 kg.)
about 7 nm. How many cell membranes would it take to make
a stack 1 in high? 59 • • 155MI The Super-Kamiokande neutrino detector in
Japan is a large transparent cylinder filled with ultrapure
48 • Calculate the following, round off to the correct
water. The height of the cylinder is 41.4 m and the diameter is
number of significant figures, and express your result in sci­
39.3 m. Calculate the mass of the water in the cylinder. Does
entific notation: (a) (2.00 X 1 04)(6.10 X 10-2), (b) (3.141592)
this match the claim posted on the official Super-K Web
(4.00 X l OS), (c) (2.32 X 103) / (1 . 1 6 X 108), (d) (5.14 X 103) +
site that the detector uses 50,000 tons of water? The density of
(2.78 X 102), (e) (1.99 X 102) + (9.99 X lO -S).
water is 1,000 kg/m3
49 • IssMI Perform the following calculations and row1d
off the answers to the correct number of significant figures:
60 • • • The table below gives experimental results for a
measurement of the period of motion T of an object of mass m
(a ) 3.141592654 X (23.2)2, (b) 2 X 3.141592654 X 0.76,
suspended on a spring versus the mass of the object. These
(c) 4 / (3 1T) X ( 1 . 1)3, (d) (2.0)5 /3.141592654.
data are consistent with a simple equation expressing T as a
function of rn of the form T = Cm", where C and n are con­
General Problems stants and n is not necessarily an integer. (a ) Find 11 and C.
(There are several ways to do this. One is to guess the value
50 • On many of the roads in Canada the speed limit is of 11 and check by plotting T versus m" on graph paper. If your
100 km /h. What is the speed limit in miles per hour? guess is right, the plot will be a straight line. Another is to plot
log T versus log m. . The slope of the straight line on this plot
51 • IssMI If you could COW1t $1 per second, how many is n . ) (b) Which data points deviate the most from a straight­
years would it take to count 1 billion dollars (1 billion = 109)? line plot of T versus rn"?
52 • Sometimes a conversion factor can be derived from
Mass In , kg 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.50 0.75 1 .00 1 .50
the knowledge of a constant in two different systems. (a ) The
speed of light in vacuum is 186,000 mils = 3 X 108 m/s. Use Period T, s 0.56 0.83 1.05 1 .28 1.55 1.75 2.22
this fact to find the number of kilometers in a mile. (b) The 61 • • • The table below gives the period T and orbit radius
weight of 1 ft3 of water is 62.4 lb. Use this and the fact that r for the motions of four satellites orbiting a dense, heavy
1 cm3 of water has a mass of 1 g to find the weight in pounds asteroid. (a ) These data can be fitted by the formula T = Cr".
of a I-kg mass. Find C and n . (b) A fifth satellite is discovered to have a period
53 • • r The mass of one uranium atom is 4.0 X of 6.20 y. Find the radius for the orbit of this satellite, which
10-26 kg. How many uranium atoms are there in 8 g of pure fits the same formula.
uranium?
Period T, y 0.44 1.61 3.88 7.89
54 •• .I During a thunderstorm, a total of 1 .4 in. Radius r, Gm 0.088 0.208 0.374 0.600
of rain falls. How much water falls on one acre of land?
(1 mi2 = 640 acres.) 62 . . . IssMI The period T of a simple pendulum depends
on the length L of the pendulum and the acceleration of
55 • • An iron nucleus has a radius of 5.4 X 1O-1S m and a gravity g (dimensions L / P). (a ) Find a simple combination of
mass of 9.3 X 10-26 kg. (a ) What is its mass per unit volume in
L and g that has the dimensions of time. (b) Check the
kg/m3? (b) If the earth had the same mass per LU1it volume, what
dependence of the period T on the length L by measuring
would be its radius? (The mass of the earth is 5 .98 X 1024 kg.)
the period (time for a complete swing back and forth) of
56 • • Evaluate the following expressions: (a ) (5.6 X lO -S) a pendulum for two different values of L. (c ) The correct
(0.0000075) / (2.4 X 10- 1 2), (b) (14.2)(6.4 X 107)(8.2 X 10-9) - formula relating T to L and g involves a constant that is a
4.06, (c) (6.1 X 10- 6)2(3.6 X 104)3 1 (3.6 X 10-11) 1 /2, multiple of 1T, and cannot be obtained by the dimensional
(d) (0.000064)1 /3/ [(12.8 X 10-3)(490 X 10-1)1 /2]. analysis of Part (a). It can be found by experiment as in
Part (b) if g is known. Using the value g = 9.81 m/ S2 and your
57 • • IssMI The astronomical wut (AU) is defined in terms
experimental results from Part (b), find the formula relating T
of the distance from the earth to the SLU1, namely 1 .496 X 1011 m.
to L and g.
The parsec is the radius of a circle for which a central angle of
1 s intercepts an arc of length 1 AU. The light-year is the dis­ 63 • • • i IT J .I The weight of the earth's atmosphere
tance that light travels in 1 y. (a ) How many parsecs are there pushes down on the surface of the earth with a force of 14.7 1b
in one astronomical unit? (b) How many meters are in a for each square inch of the earth's surface. What is the weight
parsec? (c) How many meters in a light-year? (d) How many in pounds of the earth's atmosphere? (The radius of the earth
astronomical units in a light-year? (e) How many light-years is about 6370 km.)
in a parsec?