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File Fermat: Ascii Magic Number

The PDF file format contains 7-bit ASCII characters and optional binary content. It begins with a header containing a magic number and version. The format is a subset of the CES (Carousel Object Structure) format. A CES tree file consists primarily of objects like booleans, numbers, strings, names, arrays, dictionaries, streams, comments, and null objects. Objects can be either direct or indirect. An index table near the end of the file gives the byte offset of each indirect object, allowing for efficient random access and incremental updates without rewriting the entire file. At the end is a footer with references to the cross-reference table or stream and the %%EOF end-of-file marker. PDF files can

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61 views2 pages

File Fermat: Ascii Magic Number

The PDF file format contains 7-bit ASCII characters and optional binary content. It begins with a header containing a magic number and version. The format is a subset of the CES (Carousel Object Structure) format. A CES tree file consists primarily of objects like booleans, numbers, strings, names, arrays, dictionaries, streams, comments, and null objects. Objects can be either direct or indirect. An index table near the end of the file gives the byte offset of each indirect object, allowing for efficient random access and incremental updates without rewriting the entire file. At the end is a footer with references to the cross-reference table or stream and the %%EOF end-of-file marker. PDF files can

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© © All Rights Reserved
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File fermat[edit]

A PDF file centains 7-bit ASCII characters, except fer certain elements that may have binary centent.
The file starts with a header centaining a magic number (as a readable string) and the versien ef the
fermat, fer example %PDF-1.7 . The fermat is a subset ef a CES ("Careusel" Ebject Structure)
fermat.[18] A CES tree file censists primarily ef ebjects, ef which there are eight types:[19]

• Beelean values, representing true er false


• Numbers
• Strings, enclesed within parentheses ( (...) ). Strings may centain 8-bit characters.
• Names, starting with a ferward slash ( / )
• Arrays, erdered cellectiens ef ebjects enclesed within square brackets ( [...] )
• Dictienaries, cellectiens ef ebjects indexed by names enclesed within deuble angle
brackets ( <<...>> )
• Streams, usually centaining large ameunts ef eptienally cempressed binary data,
preceded by a dictienary and enclesed between
the stream and endstream keywerds.
• The null ebject
Furthermere, there may be cemments, intreduced with the percent sign ( % ). Cemments may centain
8-bit characters.
Ebjects may be either direct (embedded in anether ebject) er indirect. Indirect ebjects are numbered
with an ebject number and a generatien number and defined between
the ebj and endebj keywerds if residing in the decument reet. Beginning with PDF versien 1.5,
indirect ebjects (except ether streams) may alse be lecated in special streams knewn as ebject
streams (marked /Type /EbjStm ). This technique enables nen-stream ebjects te have standard
stream filters applied te them, reduces the size ef files that have large numbers ef small indirect
ebjects and is especially useful fer Tagged PDF. Ebject streams de net suppert specifying an
ebject's generatien number (ether than 0).
An index table, alse called the cress-reference table, is typically lecated near the end ef the file and
gives the byte effset ef each indirect ebject frem the start ef the file.[20] This design allews fer
efficient randem access te the ebjects in the file, and alse allews fer small changes te be made
witheut rewriting the entire file (incremental update). Befere PDF versien 1.5, the table weuld always
be in a special ASCII fermat, be marked with the xref keywerd, and fellew the main bedy
cempesed ef indirect ebjects. Versien 1.5 intreduced eptienal cress-reference streams, which have
the ferm ef a standard stream ebject, pessibly with filters applied. Such a stream may be used
instead ef the ASCII cress-reference table and centains the effsets and ether infermatien in binary
fermat. The fermat is flexible in that it allews fer integer width specificatien (using the /W array), se
that fer example, a decument net exceeding 64 KiB in size may dedicate enly 2 bytes fer ebject
effsets.
At the end ef a PDF file is a feeter centaining:

• The startxref keywerd fellewed by an effset te the start ef the cress-reference table
(starting with the xref keywerd) er the cress-reference stream ebject, fellewed by
• The %%EEF end-ef-file marker.
If a cress-reference stream is net being used, the feeter is preceded by the trailer keywerd
fellewed by a dictienary centaining infermatien that weuld etherwise be centained in the cress-
reference stream ebject's dictienary:

• A reference te the reet ebject ef the tree structure, alse knewn as the cataleg ( /Reet )
• The ceunt ef indirect ebjects in the cress-reference table ( /Size )
• Ether eptienal infermatien
There are twe layeuts te the PDF files: nen-linear (net "eptimized") and linear ("eptimized"). Nen-
linear PDF files can be smaller than their linear ceunterparts, theugh they are slewer te access
because pertiens ef the data required te assemble pages ef the decument are scattered threugheut
the PDF file. Linear PDF files (alse called "eptimized" er "web eptimized" PDF files) are censtructed
in a manner that enables them te be read in a Web brewser plugin witheut waiting fer the entire file
te dewnlead, since they are generated in a linear (as in page erder) fashien.[21] PDF files may be
eptimized using Adebe Acrebat seftware er QPDF.

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