BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

YEAR: I
PART: II

Compiled by:
Er. Shiva Kafley
 2 COURSE CONTENT

1. Building sciences 7. Temporary Construction

2. Foundations and Basements 8. Cladding and External Finishing
3. Roofs 9. Internal Finishing
4. Staircases 10. Electrical Services
5. Doors and Windows 11. Water Supply and Drainage Services
6. Joints 12. Others Miscellaneous Services in
Building
 CHAPTER : 3
3
ROOFS

1. Single timber roofs: their types, comparative advantages and some

construction: Details

2. Double and triple roofs: situations for their use, their elements and
construction: Details

3. Roof coverings; tiles, slates, CCT sheets etc.

4 ROOFS

➢ Structure forming the upper covering of a building with an intention

of preventing rain, snow, sun and wind and also to protect the
buildings from other adverse effects.
➢ It consists of
❖ Roof covering material: tiles, G.I. Sheets, thatch, slates
❖ Structural element: truss, dome, slab
➢ It prevents deterioration of building starting from top.
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Requirements of roof:
➢ Structurally stable and strong enough to carry loads (DL+LL)
➢ Durable against weathering affects (sun, rain, snow, wind)
➢ Insulation against heat and sound
➢ Be fire resistant
➢ Efficient water proofing and drainage provisions
6 ROOFS

Functions of roof:
➢ Strength, stability and durability of building
➢ Prevent excessive heat loss in winter and keep the interior cool in summer
➢ To keep out rain, wind, snow and dust
➢ Resistance to sound and fire
➢ Aesthetic beauty
7 ROOFS

Terms used
1. Span: Clear distance between support of beam or truss.
2. Ridge: Apex line of sloping roof.
3. Eaves: Lower edge of inclined roof surface of pitched roof.
4. Wall plate: timber piece provided over the top of brick wall or stone for
purpose of fixing the roof timbers and distribute loads.
5. Rise: vertical distance between wall plate and top of ridge.
6. Pitch: Inclination of sides of roof to horizontal which is expressed in degree
or ratio (rise/span).
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7. Hip: ridge formed by the intersection of two sloped surfaces having an

exterior angle greater than 180°.
8. Valley: the reverse of hip formed by the intersection of two roof surfaces
making an angle less than 180°.
9. Hip end: the sloped triangular surface formed at the end of roof.
10. Gable: a triangular portion of end wall of a sloped roof formed by continuing
the end wall up within the roof.
11. Verge: edge of roof coverings projecting beyond gable end of the sloped roof
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12. Common Rafter: inclined wooden member laid from ridge to eaves.
13. Purlins: horizontal members of wood or steel to support common rafters.
14. Hip Rafter: rafter which form hip
15. Valley Rafter: rafter provided at slope to support valley gutter
16. Jack Rafter: rafter of short length which extend from hip or valley to the eaves.
17. Batten: small wooden pieces which are nailed to rafter for laying roof covering
materials ( tiles) over sloped roof.
18. Cleat: small wooden pieces on rafter to prevent purlin to slide down.
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13 ROOFS

Types of roof
1. Flat roof

2. Pitched roof

3. Shells and folded plate roof

 14 ROOFS

1. Flat roof
➢ Used in areas with less rainfall and
moderate climate.
➢ Nearly flat but slope is provided ( less
than 10° ) for water drainage.
➢ Efficient water proofing, roof drainage
and thermal insulation is important.
15 ROOFS

Advantages of flat roof

➢ Used for playing and celebrating functions.
➢ In future, another storey can be added.
➢ Overhead water tanks and other services ( solar panels,…..) can be placed easily.
➢ Suit to any shape of building.
➢ Requires less roofing materials than sloped or pitched roof.
16 ROOFS

Disadvantages of flat roof

➢ Can’t be used for large spans without intermediate columns and beams.
➢ Dead weight is more.
➢ Initial cost of construction is more.
➢ Speed of construction is slow.
➢ Leak is difficult to trace and rectify.
 17 ROOFS

2. Sloped Roof / Pitched Roof

➢ Used in areas with heavy rainfall and
snowfall
➢ Slope of roof > 10°. Generally 40° to 60°.
➢ It consists of system of rafters and purlins
forming a truss.
➢ Preferred for large span structures like
warehouse, factory, cinema hall.
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3. Shell and folded plate Roof

➢ Shell: curved surface (parabola, hyperbola, segment
of curve) with a relatively small thickness in which
load is transferred by compression.
➢ Folded plate roof: assembly of flat plates inclined in
different direction and joined along their edges.
➢ Domed roof: This is the curved roof having the roof
area more than semicircle(hemispherical shape).
19 ROOFS

Timber roof ( Pitched roof )

Pitched roof types:

1. Single roof

2. Double roof

3. Triple or truss roof

20 ROOFS

1. Single roof
➢ It consists of only rafters which are supported at the ridge and eaves.
➢ Such roofs are used only when the span is limited to 5 meters, otherwise the
size of the rafters will be uneconomical.

Types of single roof:

i. Lean to roof
ii. Couple roof
iii. Couple close roof
iv. Collar roof
v. Scissor roof
Lean to Roof Coupled Roof Couple-closed Roof Collar Roof Scissors Roof
 21 ROOFS

i. Lean to roof
• This is the simplest type of sloping roof
in which rafters slope to one side only.
• This type of roof is suitable for
maximum span of 2.5m. These are
provided for sheds, out-houses attached
to main building, verandahs etc.
 22 ROOFS

ii. Coupled roof

• This type of roof is formed by couple
or pair of rafters which slope to both
the sides of the ridge of the roof.
• The couple roof is used when the
span is limited to 3.6 meters
 23 ROOFS

iii. Coupled close roof

➢ A coupled close roof is similar to the
couple roof , except that the ends of the
couple of common rafters is connected
by horizontal member called tie beam to
prevent the rafters from spreading and
thrusting out of the wall.
➢ It is economically suitable for spans up
to 4.2 m.
 24 ROOFS

iv. Collar roof

➢ When the span increases, or when the
load is more, the rafters of the couple
close roof have the tendency to bend.
This is avoided by raising the tie beam
and fixing it at one-third to one-half of
the vertical height from wall plate to the
ridge. This raised beam is known as the
collar beam (collar tie).
➢ It is suitable for spans up to 5 meters.
 25 ROOFS

v. Scissors roof
➢ It is similar to the collar roof, except
that two collar beams crossing each
other to have a look of scissors.
 26 ROOFS

2. Double or purlin roofs

• A double roof is the one in which purlins
are introduced to support the common
rafters at intermediate point.
• Used when the span exceeds 5 meters.
• The function of purlin is to tie the rafters
together and to act as an intermediate
support to the rafters.
27 ROOFS

3. Triple or trussed roofs

➢ A triple membered or trussed roof consists of three sets of members:
i. Rafters: to support roofing materials
ii. Purlins: to provide intermediate support to rafters
iii. Trusses: to provide support to ends of purlins .
➢ Provided when the span of the room is greater than 5 meters and when the
length of the room is large, i.e. where there are no internal walls or partitions
to support the purlins.
28 ROOFS

Types of trussed roofs

i. King-Post Truss
ii. Queen-Post Truss
iii. Combination of King-Post and queen post Trusses
iv. Mansard Truss
v. Bel-fast Truss
vi. Steel Trusses
vii. Composite Trusses
The first five types are essentially wooden trusses.
 29 ROOFS

i. King Post truss

➢ Consists of a frame work of two principle
rafters, one tie beam, two inclined struts
and a king post.
➢ The truss is suitable for spans varying from
5 to 9 meters.
➢ The principal rafters support the purlins.
The purlins support the closely-spaced
common rafters which have the same slope
as the principal rafters. The common
rafters support the roof covering as usual.
 30 ROOFS

ii. Queen Post truss

➢ Consists of a frame work of one tie
beam, one straining sill, two principle
rafters, one straining beam, two
inclined struts and two queen post.
➢ The truss is suitable for spans varying
from 8 to 14 meters.
 31 ROOFS

iii. Combination of king post and queen post roof

➢ For greater spans, the queen-post truss can be
strengthened by one or more upright member
called princess-post to each side.
➢ fig (a) and fig (b) shows the resulting combination
of King-Post and queen-post trusses.
➢ Suitable up to 18m span.
 32 ROOFS

iv. Mansard Post

➢ This roof truss is combination of King-
Post and queen-Post trusses.
➢ It is a two-storey truss, with upper
portion consisting of king-post truss and
the lower portion queen post truss.
 33 ROOFS

v. Belfast roof truss ( Bow string Truss)

➢ This truss, in the form of a bow, consists of
thin sections of timber, with its top chord
curved. If the roof covering is light, this roof
truss can be used up to 30m span.
 34 ROOFS

vi. Composite roof truss

➢ Roof trusses made of two materials such as
timber (compression member) and steel (tension
member) are known as Composite roof trusses.
➢ Some common types of composite roof trusses,
using fittings such as C.I.(cast iron) head, C.I
shoe, steel angle bolts, tie rod, collar, principal
rafter and king post.
 35 ROOFS

Steel Truss and components

➢ They are used for span more than 10m.
➢ Popular as they are more economical, easy
to construct or fabricate, fire proof, more
rigid and permanent.
➢ It consists of rolled steel sections welded
and bolted in gusset plates. Sometimes
rivets are also used.
➢ The sections may be tube (pipe) or angles.
➢ Members carry direct stresses i.e.
compression and tension.
 36 ROOFS

Tubular Steel roof truss

➢ Tubular Steel roof trusses are used for large
span constructions such as factories,
industry work sheds, shopping malls, huge
exhibition centers, multiplexes etc.
➢ Spans as large as 25-30m.
➢ Direct stress as well as purlins for flexure.
37 ROOF COVERINGS

• It is a material covering provided over the formwork of roof structure to act

as a barrier for the rain, sun, wind or other adverse effects.
• Type of material depends upon climatic condition, fabrication, facility,
availability and affordability.
38 ROOF COVERINGS

Types of pitched roof covering materials

• Thatch
• Wood Shingle
• Tiles
• Slates
• Asbestos Cement (A.C.) sheet
• Galvanized iron (G.I.) sheet
 39 ROOF COVERINGS

1. Thatch Covering
➢ Thatch is the organic material (dry) available in
nature and used for the roof.
➢ This vegetation may be of different types. Sometime,
the rice, and wheat straw are also used in the roof,
but the thatch is special grass available in wild land.
➢ The thatch is simply tied tightly in a bunch in to the
battens in closely distanced about 30cm) layers.
➢ Thickness: 10cm to 15cm.
➢ Used largely in rural areas.
➢ Slope > 40°.
➢ Thatch is combustible, absorbs moisture and is liable
to rot or decay.
40 ROOF COVERINGS

2. Wooden Shingles
➢ Shingles are thin slabs of wood used to cover roofs.
➢ Hilly areas
➢ Length from 60 mm to 250 mm
➢ Thickness varies from 10 mm at one end to 3 mm at the other end
➢ Poor fire and termite resistance.
 41 ROOF COVERINGS

3. Tiles
➢ Manufactured from clay and concrete i.e.
ceramic which is hard and brittle
➢ Pitch: 20 to 45 degree
➢ Standard size of plain tile: 265 x 165 x 10mm.
➢ Camber is provided
➢ Overlapped and hunged
42 ROOF COVERINGS

3. Tiles
Nail hole

10 to15 mm

camber

165mm

265 mm
Nib

Standard Plain Tiles

Single Lap
-Lighter
-Economical
Double Lap
-Heavier
-Uneconomical
 43 ROOF COVERINGS

4. Slates
➢ Stones used are obtained from sedimentary
rocks of limestone or sandstone.
➢ Size : 600 x 350 to 250 x 120 mm
➢ Thickness : 4 to 8 mm
➢ Overlapped : 50-75%
➢ Rough texture
➢ Do not absorb water
 44 ROOF COVERINGS

4. C.G.I sheets
➢ CGI sheets are very much popular these days in
different region of Nepal.
➢ It is relatively cheap as well.
➢ CGI sheet is very easy to fix on the roof. The
rafter is fixed to wall plate and the ridge and
purlin is laid on it.
➢ The C.G.I sheets are nailed or bolted to purlins.
➢ Eaves board is nailed to the ends of rafter.
➢ The slope of roof for CGI sheets should be more
than 25° and lapping 15cm.
 45 ROOF COVERINGS

6. A.C. Sheets
• AC sheets are produced by the mixture of cement,
asbestos fibers and water.
• This asbestos-cement sheet is cheap, light,
impervious, durable and fire resistant.
• These sheets are available in 2 to 3 meters in length.
• Not a very good thermal resistant.
• Need to provide false ceiling.
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Thank You