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L18: FM Threshold Effect & Pre /de Emphasis: N S T M P D N S

This document discusses FM modulation and techniques to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of FM systems. It describes how pre-emphasis and de-emphasis filtering can be used to boost higher frequency message components and reduce noise at those frequencies. Specifically, it recommends using a first-order RC pre-emphasis filter matched with a first-order RC de-emphasis filter at the receiver. This technique increases the output SNR by leveling off the noise power spectral density at higher frequencies. The document also examines threshold effects in FM systems and how to design FM parameters to avoid signal degradation.

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Hunter Verne
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186 views11 pages

L18: FM Threshold Effect & Pre /de Emphasis: N S T M P D N S

This document discusses FM modulation and techniques to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of FM systems. It describes how pre-emphasis and de-emphasis filtering can be used to boost higher frequency message components and reduce noise at those frequencies. Specifically, it recommends using a first-order RC pre-emphasis filter matched with a first-order RC de-emphasis filter at the receiver. This technique increases the output SNR by leveling off the noise power spectral density at higher frequencies. The document also examines threshold effects in FM systems and how to design FM parameters to avoid signal degradation.

Uploaded by

Hunter Verne
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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L18: 

FM Threshold Effect & Pre‐/De‐emphasis

Last lecture
S 3D 2 PM S
 FM output SNR is    2  
 N  o max t | m(t ) |  N  b
Can we make this arbitrarily large by increasing D
(& thus the required transmission BW?)
 2 N0
(2f ) 2 , if | f | W
 LPF’ed output noise psd is S Z ( f )   Ac .
 0, if | f | W
I.e. noise affects higher freq. message components worse.
How can we mitigate this?

L18 1
Threshold Effect

Output FM noise actually depends in a complicated &


highly nonlinear way on both message and channel noise.
(just like AM)

If channel noise power N 0 B  0.5Ac2 , then output noise is


additive & uncorrelated with message
 Output SNR is well-defined & also decreases linearly
with carrier power.
But as carrier power drops, nonlinearities start to
dominate. Beyond some threshold, output signal quality
deteriorates faster than linear.

L18 2
Clicks

Received FM signal is R(t)  Re e j 2f t  Ace j (t )   Vn (t)e j 


c n (t ) 

If N 0 B  0.5Ac2 then the noise envelope Vn (t)  Ac
with prob.  1, so phase of signal is  (t) , as desired.

But if not, then with significant prob., Vn (t)  Ac . Small


variations in-phase & quadrature channel noise then lead
occasionally to large step-like phase changes of  2

The demodulator differentiates these, yielding impulse-like


effects that are heard as crackling or clicking noises.

L18 3
Threshold in terms of SNR

In terms of baseband SNR, we need


S Pr
Pr  0.5 A  N 0 B  N 0 2W (1  D)    
2
 2(1  D)
 N b N 0W
c

In fact, to avoid mutilation, it suffices to have

S S
   20 (1  D ) :  
 b
N  N b ,th
S 60 PM S
   2
D (1  D) :  
2

 N o max t | m(t ) |  N o ,th

L18 4
L18 5
Bandwidth‐ or Threshold‐Limited?

E.g., given 4kHz sinusoidal message, baseband SNR=20dB


& a BP channel with BW= 48kHz.

If all available BW’s used, then D  5.


S
 N   20(1  5)  20.8dB - below threshold!
 b,th

The maximum permissible deviation ratio’s given by

20(D  1)  10(S/N) b /10  100  D  4  B  40kHz .

Hence, this system’s threshold-limited.

L18 6
Choosing FM Parameters

To summarise, when designing FM systems, we need to find


deviation ratio D & received power Pr such that

2
 
S 3 P D Pr S
    
M
2
 N o max t | m(t ) | N 0W  N o , desired
Pr
while ensuring that threshold is met, 20(D  1) 
N 0W
and that available BW isn’t exceeded, 2W (D  1)  Bavail
(If channel has power attenuation  , then transmission power
Pt  Pr )

L18 7
Pre-emphasis & De-emphasis

 Quadratic FM output noise psd High frequencies in


message won’t sound as clean as low freq’s.
 In some cases, “message” is a multiplexed combination of
independent messages  Channels located further away
from carrier freq. experience worse performance.

Soln: pass demodulated signal through a (non-ideal) LP filter


H d ( f ) which attenuates the noise at high freqs.

However, this also attenuates high message freq.s.


 Also put message through highpass filter 1/ H d ( f ) before
modulation.

L18 8
First Order Pre‐/De‐emphasis

Simplest design is a 1st order RC de-emphasis filter,

1 1
Hd ( f )   ,
1  j2fRC 1  jf / f 0
H e ( f )  1/ H d ( f )  1  jf / f 0

where f 0 = 3dB BW of filter.

The message portion of the output is unaffected, since the pre- &
de-emphasis filters are reciprocals of each other & therefore
cancel out.

L18 9
Output Noise PSD with Pre‐/De‐emphasis

The pre-emphasis filter doesn’t affect the channel noise, only the
message.

 The new output noise psd is given by

N0 2 N0 f2
S Z , pd ( f ) | H d ( f ) | (2f ) 2  4
2 2

Ac Ac2 1  ( f / f 0 ) 2

If we choose f 0  W , then at high message freq.s the noise psd


doesn’t keep increasing but levels off.

L18 10
Output SNR Improvement with Pre-De-Emphasis

2 2
W N0 f 2 N0 W f
PZpd ( f )  W 4 A2 1  ( f / f ) 2 df  8 A2 0 1  ( f / f ) 2 df
2

c 0 c 0

N 0 f 03  W W  
 8
2
2 
  arctan  
Ac  f 0  f0  

As the message remains the same, ratio of new SNR to old is


ratio of old noise power to new,

S  S  1 (W / f 0 )3 
N     
 o, pd  N o 3  W / f 0  arctan(W / f 0 ) 

L18 11

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