TSG

Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Basics of Image Reconstruction

36 sheets
(recon.ppt *B)

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 TSG

Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

TUBE

DETECTOR

DAS
CALIBRATION
DATA
Pre-Proc
RAW DATA

Reconstructor

IMAGE DATA

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

TUBE

DETECTOR

DAS
CALIBRATION
DATA
Pre-Proc
RAW DATA

Reconstructor

IMAGE DATA

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Pre-Processing (1/5)
TUBE
ª Input = Pure Raw Data
DETECTOR
CALIBRATION

DAS Pre Processing functions :

DATA

• Offset correction
Pre-Proc
RAW DATA • Reference correction
• Water Calibration
Reconstructor
• Air Calibration
IMAGE DATA

ª Output = Raw Data

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Pre-Processing (2/5)
TUBE

DETECTOR Offset correction

CALIBRATION

DAS ¤ Offset data is detector

DATA

data taken without X-ray.

Pre-Proc
RAW DATA
¤ Scan data is corrected
Reconstructor with offset data to
compensate for drifts in
IMAGE DATA
the DAS.

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Pre-Processing (3/5)
TUBE

DETECTOR Reference correction

CALIBRATION

DAS ¤ Uses the output of the

DATA

reference detector.
Pre-Proc
RAW DATA (= very close to tube)

Reconstructor ¤ Compensates for

IMAGE DATA
variations in tube output.

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Pre-Processing (4/5)
TUBE Water Calibration
DETECTOR » Calibration data from disk
CALIBRATION

DAS is loaded into Pre-Proc.

DATA

Pre-Proc
RAW DATA
(Calibration data was
taken with water phantom)
Reconstructor

IMAGE DATA
» Is used to set water value
to 0 H (0 Hounsfield).

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Pre-Processing (5/5)
TUBE
Air Calibration
DETECTOR
CALIBRATION

» Calibration data from disk

DAS is loaded into Pre-Proc.
DATA

Pre-Proc
RAW DATA (Calibration data was
taken during air scan.)
Reconstructor

IMAGE DATA » Compensates for

differences in channel
characteristics.
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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Reconstruction Flow (S&V)

From DAS Pre
(Pure Raw Data) Processing

To HDD
Reconstructor (Raw Data)

Filtering

Back To Monitor and HDD.

Projection (Image Data)

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Simple backprojection (1/7)

1 reading of all detector cells (1 view)

1 Qn 896
channels

ell
Example orc
ect
1 scan is 900 readings (views) t
de
1
of
e
alu
v 10
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 TSG

Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Simple backprojection (2/7)

are taken for every detector cell.

During a scan 900 samples (views)
view 1 I

1
channels
Qn 896

view n I

1
channels
Qn 896

view 900
I

1
channels
Qn 896

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Simple backprojection (3/7)

X-ray
tube
Reconstruction Matrix

Detector
Array

Detector cell
value of
detector
readout
Value of detector readout
Qn
is ‘smeared’ back on the
reconstruction matrix.
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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Simple backprojection (4/7)

Value of matrix cell + (0.5* Qn)

Qn
Value of matrix cell + (1* Qn)

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Simple backprojection (5/7)

This is done for all channels and all views.

Qn ’
Qn’’

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Simple backprojection (6/7)

4 6
3
7 1
2
5 4 5
3

3 3 7 9 8 14 13 16
7 7 11 13 16 17 19 22

1 2 3 4

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Simple backprojection (7/7)

After all detector readings

from all angles are ‘smeared’ back.

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Backprojection for parallel beam

P1

QA P1 QB

The attenuation value for P1 is

QA P2 found by linear interpolation.

QB
a
b

α QN

VIEWα

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Backprojection for fan beam

P1

QA P1 QB

P2 The attenuation value for P1 is

QA found by linear interpolation.

a QB
b

QN
α
VIEWα

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Linear superposition method

T
T

T
T

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Result of Lineair superposition method

Original object Result of Lineair Unsharp

Unsharpresult
result
Superposition method

IMPROVEMENT:
IMPROVEMENT:
Filtered
Filtered
Backprojection
Backprojection

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Filtered backprojection (FFT)

Filtering System

Filter function
multiplication Fast Inverse
Fast Fourier Fourier
Transformation Transformation

FFT FFT-1
Input Filter Function Output

Real space Transformation Transformation Real space

Frequency space data
data area area data

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Filtered backprojection(FFT)
Amplitude Amplitude of Fourier coefficients

A1 A1
Frequency = f1
t
f1 spatial frequency
Fourier
transform

A2 Frequency = f2 A2

t
f2 spatial frequency

This profile is the sum of A1

both sine waves f1 and f2 A2

t
f1 f2 spatial frequency

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Filtered backprojection(FFT)
Measured
Absorption
value
Real measured profile
in spatial domain
(detector output)

r
(distance in space)
Amplitude
Fourier
coefficients

Real measured profile

in Fourier domain

R
(spatial frequency)

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Filtered backprojection
Measurement Filter data Result after
data filtering

part dge
e e
ativ arp
g
e ne a sh
Th l give
wil

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Filtered backprojection

T
T

T
T

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Linear superposition vs. Filtered backprojection

Original object Result of Linear Result of Filtered

Superposition method backprojection

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Reconstruction Flow (S&V)

From DAS Pre
(Pure Raw Data) Processing

To HDD
(Raw Data)

After
Afterbackprojection
backprojection
the
theimage
imageis
isin
inthe
the
Reconstructor

Filtering
backprojector
backprojectormemory.
memory.

Back To Monitor and HDD.

Projection (Image Data)

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Reconstructor systems
• FRU
(Fast Reconstruction Unit) Ö8 seconds
• AFRU
(Advanced F.R.U.) Ö7 seconds
• RTRU (Master)
(Real Time R.U.) Ö5 seconds
• RTRU (Master + slave) Ö2 seconds

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Viewing
• The values in the backprojector memory are
Hounsfield units (after Sir G.N. Hounsfield).

• The definition of the Hounsfield unit is :

µx - µH2O
CT number = 1000 x −−−−−−−−−
µH2O

or: CT number = 5263 x µx - 1000

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Viewing
• Some Hounsfield values are :
Bone : 200 - 1000
Dense tumour tissue : 50 - 90
Congealed blood : 55 - 75
Grey matter (brain) : 36 - 46
White matter (brain) : 22 - 32
Blood : 12
Water : 0
Fat : -100
Air : -1000

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Viewing
• To view the image on the monitor the H-
values are displayed as gray-values.

• If the whole Hounsfield scale (-1000 to

+3100) is displayed in gray-values no details
are visible.

• To be able to see details, Window Width and

Window Level techniques are applied.

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Viewing
• Window Width (WW) selects the number of
H-values we see as 256 gray-steps.

» To see details : select narrow WW.

• Window Level (WL) selects the center value

of the WW.

» To see certain tissue : select correct WL.

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Viewing : Window Width

+1000

(+600)
+500 (+500)
Window Width Ex.: 600H values
Window Width are displayed in
(=400H) (=600H) 256 gray-steps
(+100)
0 (0)

-500

-1000
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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Viewing : Window Level

+1000

(+600)
+500
Window Level
(= +300H)

0 (0)

(-100)

Window Level
-500 (= -500H)

(-800)

-1000
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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Viewing : WW visual

WW = 100 WW = 1000
WL = 30 WL = 30

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Basic CT training : Reconstruction CT

Viewing : WL visual

WW = 100 WW = 100
WL = 30 WL = 0

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