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This document discusses properties of real numbers including: 1) The Arithmetic-Geometric Mean Inequality which states the mean of numbers is greater than or equal to their geometric mean, with equality only if the numbers are equal. 2) Bernoulli's Inequality which states that for numbers x greater than -1 and natural number n, (1+x)^n is greater than or equal to 1+nx. 3) Exercises are provided to prove additional properties of real numbers using definitions, theorems and proofs discussed in the document.

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Harseno Basugewo
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371 views2 pages

PS1 Scan

This document discusses properties of real numbers including: 1) The Arithmetic-Geometric Mean Inequality which states the mean of numbers is greater than or equal to their geometric mean, with equality only if the numbers are equal. 2) Bernoulli's Inequality which states that for numbers x greater than -1 and natural number n, (1+x)^n is greater than or equal to 1+nx. 3) Exercises are provided to prove additional properties of real numbers using definitions, theorems and proofs discussed in the document.

Uploaded by

Harseno Basugewo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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C02 12/09/2010 15:11:27 Page 30

30 CHAPTER 2 THE REAL NUMBERS

Therefore (2) holds (with strict inequality) when a 6¼ b. Moreover, if a ¼ bð> 0Þ, then both
sides of (2) equal a, so (2) becomes an equality. This proves that (2) holds for a > 0; b > 0.
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On the other hand, suppose that a > 0; b > 0 and that ab ¼ 12 ða þ bÞ. Then,
squaring both sides and multiplying by 4, we obtain
4ab ¼ ða þ bÞ2 ¼ a2 þ 2ab þ b2 ;
whence it follows that
0 ¼ a2 % 2ab þ b2 ¼ ða % bÞ2 :
But this equality implies that a ¼ b. (Why?) Thus, equality in (2) implies that a ¼ b.

Remark The general Arithmetic-Geometric Mean Inequality for the positive real
numbers a1 ; a2 ; . . . ; an is
a1 þ a2 þ & & & þ an
ð3Þ ða1 a2 & & & an Þ1=n '
n
with equality occurring if and only if a1 ¼ a2 ¼ & & & ¼ an . It is possible to prove this more
general statement using Mathematical Induction, but the proof is somewhat intricate. A more
elegant proof that uses properties of the exponential function is indicated in Exercise 8.3.9 in
Chapter 8.
(c) Bernoulli’s Inequality. If x > %1, then

ð4Þ ð1 þ xÞn ( 1 þ nx for all n2N

The proof uses Mathematical Induction. The case n ¼ 1 yields equality, so the assertion
is valid in this case. Next, we assume the validity of the inequality (4) for k 2 N and will
deduce it for k þ 1. Indeed, the assumptions that ð1 þ xÞk ( 1 þ kx and that 1 þ x > 0
imply (why?) that

ð1 þ xÞkþ1 ¼ ð1 þ xÞk & ð1 þ xÞ


( ð1 þ kxÞ & ð1 þ xÞ ¼ 1 þ ðk þ 1Þx þ kx2
( 1 þ ðk þ 1Þx:

Thus, inequality (4) holds for n ¼ k þ 1. Therefore, (4) holds for all n 2 N. &

Exercises for Section 2.1

1. If a; b 2 R, prove the following.


(a) If a þ b ¼ 0, then b ¼ %a, (b) %ð%aÞ ¼ a,
(c) ð%1Þa ¼ %a, (d) ð%1Þð%1Þ ¼ 1.
2. Prove that if a; b 2 R, then
(a) %ða þ bÞ ¼ ð%aÞ þ ð%bÞ, (b) ð%aÞ & ð%bÞ ¼ a & b,
(c) 1=ð%aÞ ¼ %ð1=aÞ, (d) %ða=bÞ ¼ ð%aÞ=b if b 6¼ 0.
3. Solve the following equations, justifying each step by referring to an appropriate property or
theorem.
(a) 2x þ 5 ¼ 8; (b) x2 ¼ 2x;
2
(c) x % 1 ¼ 3; (d) ðx % 1Þðx þ 2Þ ¼ 0:
C02 12/09/2010 15:11:28 Page 31

2.1 THE ALGEBRAIC AND ORDER PROPERTIES OF R 31

4. If a 2 R satisfies a ! a ¼ a, prove that either a ¼ 0 or a ¼ 1.


5. If a 6¼ 0 and b 6¼ 0, show that 1=ðabÞ ¼ ð1=aÞð1=bÞ.
6. Use the argument in the proof of Theorem 2.1.4 to show that there does not exist a rational
number s such that s2 ¼ 6.
7. Modify the proof of Theorem 2.1.4 to show that there does not exist a rational number t such that
t2 ¼ 3.
8. (a) Show that if x, y are rational numbers, then x þ y and xy are rational numbers.
(b) Prove that if x is a rational number and y is an irrational number, then x þ y is an irrational
number. If, in addition, x 6¼ 0, then show that xy is an irrational number.
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9. Let K :¼ s þ t 2 : s; t 2 Q . Show that K satisfies the following:
(a) If x1 ; x2 2 K, then x1 þ x2 2 K and x1 x2 2 K.
(b) If x 6¼ 0 and x 2 K, then 1=x 2 K.
(Thus the set K is a subfield of R. With the order inherited from R, the set K is an ordered field
that lies between Q and R.)
10. (a) If a < b and c & d, prove that a þ c < b þ d.
(b) If 0 < a < b and 0 & c & d, prove that 0 & ac & bd.
11. (a) Show that if a > 0, then 1=a > 0 and 1=ð1=aÞ ¼ a.
(b) Show that if a < b, then a < 12 ða þ bÞ < b.
12. Let a, b, c, d be numbers satisfying 0 < a < b and c < d < 0. Give an example where ac < bd,
and one where bd < ac.
13. If a; b 2 R, show that a2 þ b2 ¼ 0 if and only if a ¼ 0 and b ¼ 0.
14. If 0 & a < b, show that a2 & ab < b2 . Show by example that it does not follow that
a2 < ab < b2 .
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15. If 0 < a < b, show that (a) a < ab < b, and (b) 1=b < 1=a.
16. Find all real numbers x that satisfy the following inequalities.
(a) x2 > 3x þ 4; (b) 1 < x2 < 4;
(c) 1=x < x; (d) 1=x < x2 :
17. Prove the following form of Theorem 2.1.9: If a 2 R is such that 0 & a & e for every e > 0, then
a ¼ 0.
18. Let a; b 2 R, and suppose that for every e > 0 we have a & b þ e. Show that a & b.
$ %2
19. Prove that 12 ða þ bÞ & 12 ða2 þ b2 Þ for all a; b 2 R. Show that equality holds if and only if
a ¼ b.
20. (a) If 0 < c < 1, show that 0 < c2 < c < 1.
(b) If 1 < c, show that 1 < c < c2 .
21. (a) Prove there is no n 2 N such that 0 < n < 1. (Use the Well-Ordering Property of N.)
(b) Prove that no natural number can be both even and odd.
22. (a) If c > 1, show that cn ' c for all n 2 N, and that cn > c for n > 1.
(b) If 0 < c < 1, show that cn & c for all n 2 N, and that cn < c for n > 1.
23. If a > 0; b > 0; and n 2 N, show that a < b if and only if an < bn . [Hint: Use Mathematical
Induction.]
24. (a) If c > 1 and m; n 2 N, show that cm > cn if and only if m > n.
(b) If 0 < c < 1 and m; n 2 N, show that cm < cn if and only if m > n.
25. Assuming the existence of roots, show that if c > 1, then c1=m < c1=n if and only if m > n.
26. Use Mathematical Induction to show that if a 2 R and m; n 2 N, then amþn ¼ am an and
ðam Þ ¼ amn .

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