General Psychology Questions and Answers For Chapter 6

Chapter 6
Motivation and Emotion

1. What is motivation?
Motivation is defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors.
2. What are the three aspects of motivation? What does each aspect mean?
 It energizes behavior
 It directs behavior
 It sustains behavior
3. What is the intrinsic motivation?

Intrinsic motivation refers to behavior that is driven by internal rewards. In other words, the
motivation to engage in a behavior arises from within the individual because it is intrinsically
rewarding.
4. What is extrinsic motivation?

Extrinsic motivation involves engaging in a behavior in order to earn external rewards or avoid
punishment
5. What does the instinct theory in human beings emphasize?

It emphasizes the inborn, automatic and unlearned processes which control and direct human
behavior.
6. What is drive-reduction theory of motivation?

Drive-reduction theory is biologically oriented and based on the concept of homeostasis which
means that the body actively works to maintain a certain state of balance. Any imbalance creates a
biological need that causes tension. This tension is called drive that a person tries to reduce. In
order to reduce this state of tension, humans and animals seek out ways to fulfill these biological
needs. For example, we get a drink when we are thirsty. We eat when we are hungry. According to
the theory, the reduction of drives is the primary force behind motivation.
7. According to psychoanalysis theory, everything we do, every thought we have and every emotion
we experience has one of two goals. What are these two goals?
They are a) to help us survive or b) to prevent our destruction.
8. What are the motivation factors in the classical conditioning and operant learning?
The motivation factor in classical conditioning is the biological response and in operant learning is
the consequence.
9. According to cognitive theory, what determines behavior?

Our thinking determines our behavior.
10. According to cognitive theory, is motivation intrinsic or extrinsic?
It is intrinsic.
11. What is the goal of expectancy theory?

The goal of expectancy theory is to explain how people make choices among behavioral alternatives.
12. According to the expectancy theory, what makes a person choose an alternative instead of another?
A person develops a motivational force (MF) for each behavioral choice. The alternative with the
highest motivational force is the behavior that the individual chooses.
13. What are the three components that are combined by the individual to reach a motivational force
calculation? Describe each one briefly.
They are:
1. Expectancy: It refers to strength of a person’s belief about whether or not a particular job
performance is attainable.
2. Instrumentality: What are the chances I am going to get rewarded if I do good job?
3. Valence: Is the outcome I get of any value to me?
14. According to expectancy theory, all three components of the motivational force should be high in
order for motivation and resulting behavior to be high. True/False. If false correct the statement.
15. What is the most well known theory of motivation?

Humanistic theory.
16. Write down the five needs in Maslow’ hierarchy in correct order. Give example on each need.
 Physiological needs: They are the most basic needs that are vital to our survival such as food,
water and sleep.
 Safety and security needs: When an individual’s physiological needs are met, the focus typically
shifts to safety needs, which may include health insurance, steady employment, and freedom
from war.
 Belonging and love needs: If safety and physiological needs are met, a person will focus on the
need for a community and love. These needs are typically met by friends and family.
 Self esteem needs: When the needs at the bottom three levels have been satisfied, the esteem
needs begin to play a more prominent role in motivating behavior. Self confidence and
acceptance from others are important components of this need.
 Self actualization needs: Self actualization is the ability to meet ones true potential, and the
necessary components of self actualization vary from person to person. A scientist may be self
actualized when able to complete research in a chosen field. A father might be self actualized
when able to competently care for his children.
17. Is the order of these needs in Maslow’s hierarchy important? Why?

Yes, because a person does not feel the second need until the demand of the first need has been
satisfied, nor the third until the second has been satisfied and so on. For example, if you are very
hungry while reading a book, you probably are less able to focus on your motivation to learn the
information in the book. You will focus on your desire for food.
18. Emotions and motivation are intimately related. Anything that motivates you probably moves you
emotionally as well. Any event that causes strong emotions is likely to motivate you, ether toward a
repetition of the event or toward avoidance of it. True/ False If false correct the statement.
19. What is emotion?

The mainstream definition of emotion refers to a feeling state involving thoughts, physiological
changes, and an outward expression or behavior. But what comes first? The thought? The
physiological arousal? The behavior? Or does emotion exist in a vacuum, whether or not these
other components are present? There are five theories which attempt to understand why we
experience emotion.
20. Emotional responses are either programmed such as feeling afraid of falling down or learned such as
feeling afraid of getting a low grade on exams. True/ False If false correct the statement.
21. What is James-Lange Theory?

The James-Lange theory of emotion argues that an event causes physiological arousal first and then
we interpret this arousal. Only after our interpretation of the arousal can we experience emotion. If
the arousal is not noticed or is not given any thought, then we will not experience any emotion
based on this event.
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you
begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. You notice these
physiological changes and interpret them as your body’s preparation for a fearful situation. You
then experience fear.
22. What is Cannon-Bard Theory?

The Cannon-Bard theory argues that we experience physiological arousal and emotional at the same
time, but gives no attention to the role of thoughts or outward behavior.
begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. At the same time as these
physiological changes occur you also experience the emotion of fear.
23. What is Schachter-Singer Theory?

According to this theory, an event causes physiological arousal first. You must then identify a reason
for this arousal and then you are able to experience and label the emotion. In other words, a stimulus
leads to a physiological response that is then cognitively interpreted and labeled which results in an
emotion.
begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. Upon noticing this arousal
you realize that is comes from the fact that you are walking down a dark alley by yourself. This
behavior is dangerous and therefore you feel the emotion of fear.
24. What is Lazarus Theory?

Lazarus Theory states that a thought must come before any emotion or physiological arousal. In
other words, you must first think about your situation before you can experience an emotion.
think it may be a mugger so you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing
deepens and at the same time experience fear.
25. What is facial feedback theory?

According to the facial feedback theory, emotion is the experience of changes in our facial muscles.
In other words, when we smile, we then experience pleasure, or happiness. When we frown, we
then experience sadness. it is the changes in our facial muscles that cue our brains and provide the
basis of our emotions. Just as there are an unlimited number of muscle configurations in our face,
so to are there a seemingly unlimited number of emotions.
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and your
eyes widen, your teeth clench and your brain interprets these facial changes as the expression of
fear. Therefore you experience the emotion of fear.

General Psychology Questions and Answers For Chapter 6

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

General Psychology Questions and Answers For Chapter 6

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

General Psychology Questions and Answers For Chapter 6

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 6

Motivation and Emotion

3. What is the intrinsic motivation?

4. What is extrinsic motivation?

5. What does the instinct theory in human beings emphasize?

6. What is drive-reduction theory of motivation?

9. According to cognitive theory, what determines behavior?

11. What is the goal of expectancy theory?

15. What is the most well known theory of motivation?

17. Is the order of these needs in Maslow’s hierarchy important? Why?

19. What is emotion?

21. What is James-Lange Theory?

22. What is Cannon-Bard Theory?

23. What is Schachter-Singer Theory?

24. What is Lazarus Theory?

25. What is facial feedback theory?

You might also like