Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)

Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)

EEE 310: Communication Laboratory

EXPERIMENT NO: 1
DOUBLE SIDEBAND AM AND SINGLE SIDEBAND AM GENERATION AND DETECTION

Exercise 1 (a):
DOUBLE SIDEBAND AM GENERATION AND DETECTION
Part A: Double Sideband AM Generation

Objectives:
1. To investigate the generation of double sideband amplitude modulated (AM) waveforms.
2. To examine the effects of changing audio frequency and amplitude on carrier suppuration.

Equipment:
1) ANACOM 1/1 module
2) Power sources +12Vdc,-12Vdc.
3) Connecting wires.
4) Oscilloscope.

Procedure:
1) Connect the ANACOM 1/1 module to the power supply as shown below:

POWER SUPPLY
h+12V
h 0V
h -12V

+12V 0V -12V
ANACOM 1/1 hh hh hh

Figure 3
2) Ensure that the following initial conditions exist on the board:
a) AUDIO INPUT SELECT switch in INT position;
b) MODE switch in DSB position;
c) OUTPUT AMPLIFIERE’s GAIN preset in fully clockwise position;
d) SPEAKER switch in OFF position.
3) Turn on power to the ANACOM 1/1 board.
4) Turn the AUDIO OSSCILATOR block’s AMPLITUDE preset to its fully clockwise (MAX)
position, and examine the block’s output (t.p.14) on oscilloscope. The audio frequency is a sine
wave, which will be used as a modulating signal. The modulating frequency can be varied from 300
Hz to 3.4 kHz by adjusting the AUDIO OSCILLATOR’s FREQUENCY preset.
5) Turn the BALANCE preset, in the BALANCE MODULATOR & BANDPASS FILTER CIRCUIT
1 block, to its fully clockwise position.
6) Monitor, in turn, in the BALANCE MODULATOR & BANDPASS FILTER CIRCUIT 1 block, at
t.p. 1 and t.p. 9.
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7) Next, examine the output in the BALANCE MODULATOR & BANDPASS FILTER CIRCUIT 1
block (at t.p. 3), and check that the wave forms are as shown below:

The output from the BALANCED MODULATOR & BANDPASS FILTER CIRCUIT1 block (at t.p. 3)
is a double-sideband AM waveform, which has been formed by amplitude-modulating the 1 MHz carrier
sinewave with the audio-frequency sinewave from the audio oscillator.

The frequency spectrum of this AM waveform is as shown below:

Amplitude
CARRIER

LOWER UPPER
SIDEBAND SIDEBAND

(1MHz-fm) 1MHz (1MHz+fm)

Frequency

8) To determine the depth of modulation, measure the maximum amplitude (Vmax) and the minimum
amplitude (Vmin) of the AM waveform at t.p. 3, and use the following formula:
Vmax-Vmin
Percentage Modulation = Vmax+Vmin × 100%

9) Now vary the amplitude and frequency of the audio-frequency sinewave, by adjusting the
AMPLITUDE and FREQUENCY preset in the AUDIO OSCILLATOR block.

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The amplitude of the two sidebands can be reduced to zero by reducing the amplitude of the modulating
audio signal to zero. Do this by turning the AMPLITUDE preset to its MIN position.

Return the AMPLITUDE preset to its maximum position before continuing.

10) Now turn the BALANCE preset in the BALANCED MODULATOR & BANDPASS FILTER
CIRCUIT 1block, until the signal at t.p. 3 is as shown below:

Figure 6

The BALANCE preset varies the amount of the 1 MHz carrier component, which is passed through to
the modulator’s output. By adjusting the preset, until the peaks of the waveform (A, B, C and so on)
have the same amplitude, we are removing the carrier component altogether. Thus the carrier has been
‘balanced out’ (or suppressed) to leave only the two sidebands. The waveform at t.p. 3 is known as the
Double-SideBand Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) waveform, and its frequency spectrum is as shown
below:

Amplitude CARRIER
REMOVED

LOWER UPPER
SIDEBAND SIDEBAND

(1MHz-fm) 1MHz (1MHz+fm)

Frequency
Figure

11) Change the amplitude and frequency of the modulating audio signal (by adjusting the AUDIO
OSCILLATOR block’s AMLITUDE and FREQUENCY presets), and note effect that these
changes have on the DSBSC waveform. The amplitude of the two sidebands can be reduced to zero
by reducing the amplitude of the modulating audio signal to zero. Do this by turning the
AMPLITUDE preset to its MIN position, and note that the monitored signal becomes a D.C. level,
including that there are now no frequency components preset.
12) Examine the output from the OUTPUT AMPLIFIER block (t.p. 13), together with the audio
modulating signal (at t.p. 1), triggering the scope with the latter. Note that the DSBSC waveform
appears, amplified slightly, at t.p. 13. As we will see latter, it is the OUTPUT AMPLIFIER’s output
signal, which will be transmitted to the receiver.
13) By using the optional AUDIO INPUT MODULE (L.J. Order Code CT7), the human voice can be
used as the modulating signal, instead of using ANACOM 1/1’s AUDIO OSCILLATOR block.
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Part B: Double Sideband AM Detection

Objectives:
1. To investigate the detection of double sideband amplitude modulated (AM) waveforms.
2. To examine the effects of changing audio frequency and amplitude on carrier suppuration.

Equipment:
5) ANACOM 1/1 module, 1/2 module
6) Power sources +12Vdc,-12 Vdc.
7) Connecting wires.
8) Oscilloscope.

Procedure:
1) Position the ANACOM 1/1 and 1/2 modules, with the ANACOM 1/1 board on the left, and a gap of
about three inches between them. Then connect them to the power supply as shown below:
2) Ensure that the following initial conditions exist on the ANACOM 1/1 board:
a) AUDIO OSCILLATOR’s AMPLITUDE preset in fully clockwise position;
b) AUDIO INPUT SELECT switch in INT position;
c) BALANCE preset in BALANCED MODULATOR & BANDPASS FILTER CIRCUIT 1 block,
in fully clockwise position;
d) MODE switch in DSB position;
e) OUTPUT AMPLIFIERE’s GAIN preset in fully counter-clockwise position;
f) TX OUTPUT SELECT switch in ANT. Position;
g) AUDIO AMPLIFIERE’s VOLUME preset in fully counter-clockwise position;
h) SPEAKER switch in ON position.
i) On-board antenna in vertical position, and fully extended.
3) Ensure that the following initial conditions exist on the ANACOM 1/1 board:
a) RX INPUTSELECT switch in ANT. position;
b) R.F. AMPLIFIERE’s TUNED CIRCUIT SELECT switch in INT position;
c) R.F. AMPLIFIERE’s GAIN preset in fully clockwise position;
d) AGC switch IN position;
e) DETECTOR switch in DIODE position;
f) AUDIO AMPLIFIER’s VOLUME preset in fully counter-clockwise position;
g) SPEAKER switch in ON position;
h) BEAT FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR switch in OFF position
i) On-board antenna in vertical position, and fully extended.
4) Turn on power to the modules.
5) On the ANACOM 1/2 module, slowly Turn the AUDIO AMPLIFIERE's VOLUME preset clockwise,
until sounds can be heard from the on-board loudspeaker. Next, turn the vernier TUNING dial until a
broadcast station can be heard clearly, and adjust the VOLUME control to a comfortable level.
6) The first stage, or ‘front end’, of the ANACOM 1/2 AM Receiver is the R.F AMPLIFIER stage. This
is a wide-bandwidth tuned amplifier stage, which is tuned into the wanted station by means of the
TUNING dial. Once it has been tuned into the wanted station, the R.F. AMPLIFIER, having little
selectivity, will not only amplify the wanted frequency, but also those frequencies which are close to
the wanted frequency. As we will see later, these nearby frequencies will be removed by subsequent
stages of the receiver, to leave only the wanted signal.
7) The next stage of the receiver is the MIXER stage, which mixes the R.F. AMPLIFIER’s output with
the output of a LOCAL OSCILLATOR. The frequency of the LOCAL OSCILLATOR is also tuned
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by means of the TUNING dial, and is arranged so that its frequency is always 455Hz above the signal
frequency that the R.F. AMPLIFIER is tuned to. This fixed frequency difference is always present
frequency.

Amplitude R.F AMPLIFIER LOCAL OSCILLATOR

OUTPUT OUTPUT

I.F. = 455Hz

fsig (fsig + IF)

Frequency

Re-tuned the receiver to a radio station before continuing.

8) The operation of the MIXER stage is basically to shift the wanted signal down to the I.F. frequency,
irrespective of the position of the TUNING dial. This is achieved in two stages :
(a) by mixing the LOCAL OSCILLATOR’s output sinewave with the output from the R.F.
AMPLIFIER block. This produces three frequency components :

The local oscillator frequency =(fsig +IF)

The sum of the original two frequencies, fsum =(2fsig + IF)
The difference between the original two frequencies fdiff = (fsig + IF – fsig) = IF

These three frequency components are shown below :

Amplitude LOCAL OSCILLATOR

DIFFERENCE SUM
FREQUENCY FREQUENCY

IF (fsig + IF) (2fsig + IF)

Frequency

9) Note that, since the mixer’s bandpass filter is not highly selective, it will not completely remove the
LOCAL OSCILLATOR and SUM frequency components from the mixer’s output. This is the case
particularly with the LOCAL OSCILLATOR component, which is much larger in amplitude than the
SUM and DIFFERENCE components.

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10) Tune in to a strong broadcast station again, and note that the monitored signal shows little, if any,
sign of modulation. This is because the wanted component, which is now at the I. F. frequency of
455kHz, is still very small in comparison to the LOCAL OSCILLATOR component.

11) Examine the output of I. F. AMPLIFIER 2 (t.p.28) with an a.c.-coupled oscilloscope channel, noting
that the amplitude of the signal has been further amplified by this second I.F. amplifier stage.

12) The next step is tc extract this audio information from the amplitude variations of the signal at the
output of I.F. AMPLIFIER 2 (at t.p.28).

13) The final stage of the receiver is the AUDIO AMPLIFIER block. The block contains a simple low-
pass filter which passes only audio frequencies., and remove the high frequency ripple from the
DIODE DETECTOR’s output signal. This filtered audio signal is applied to the input of an audio
power amplifier, which drives the onboard loudspeaker. The final result is the sound you are
listening to!

14) Now that we have examined the basic principles of operation of the ANACOM ½ receiver for the
reception and demodulation of AM broadcast signals, we will try receiving the A.M. signal from the
ANACOM 1/1 Transmitter.

15) On the ANACOM 1/1 module, turn the VOLUME preset clockwise, until you can hear the tone of
the AUDIO OSCILLATOR’s output signal, from the on-board loudspeaker.

16) On the ANACOM ½ Receiver, adjust the VOLUME preset so that the receiver’s output can be
clearly heard. Then adjust the receiver’s TUNING dial until the tone generated at the Transmitter is
also clearly audible at the Receiver and adjust the Receiver’s VOLUME preset until the tone is at a
comfortable level.

17) We will now investigate the operation of the Receiver’s AGC CIRCUIT. The AGC CIRCUIT
prevents the receiver from overloading when it is tuned into a strong A.M. broadcast signal, by
monitoring the d.c. bias voltage at the output of the DIODE DETECTOR.

18) The receiver’s AGC CIRCUIT is currently in operation. To examine its behavior, monitor the output
of I.F. AMPLIFIER 2, together with the output of the DIODE DETECTOR.

19) We will prevent the AGC CIRCUIT from controlling the gain of the receiver, by disconnecting it
from the R.F. AMPLIFIER and I.F. AMPLIFIER 1 blocks. Do this by putting the receiver’s AGC
switch in the OUT position, and note the effect on the two monitored wavefroms.

20) By using the optional AUDIO INPUT MODULE, the human voice can be used as the transmitter’s
audio modulating signal, instead of using ANACOM 1/1’s AUDIO OSCILLATOR block.

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Exercise 1 (b):
SINGLE SIDEBAND AM GENERATION AND DETECTION

Part A: Single Sideband AM Generation

Objective:
1) To investigate the generation of single sideband amplitude modulated (AM) waveforms.
2) To examine the effects of changing audio frequency and amplitude on carrier suppuration.

Equipment:
9) ANACOM 1/1 module
10) Power sources +12Vdc,-12Vdc.
11) Connecting wires.
12) Oscilloscope.

Procedure:
14) Connect the ANACOM 1/1 module to the power supply as shown below:

POWER SUPPLY
h+12V
h 0V
h -12V

+12V 0V -12V
ANACOM 1/1 hh hh hh

Figure 1

15) Ensure that the following initial conditions exist on the board:
e) AUDIO INPUT SELECT switch in INT position;
f) MODE switch in SSB position;
g) OUTPUT AMPLIFIER’s GAIN preset in fully clockwise position;
h) SPEAKER switch in OFF position.

16) Turn on power to the ANACOM 1/1 board.

17) Turn the AUDIO OSSCILATOR block’s AMPLITUDE preset to its fully clockwise (MAX)
position, and examine the block’s output (t.p.14) on oscilloscope. The audio frequency is a sinewave,
which will be used as a modulating signal. The modulating frequency can be varied from 300Hz to
3.4KHz by adjusting the AUDIO OSCILLATOR’s FREQUENCY preset.

18) Turn the BALANCE preset, in the BALANCE MODULATOR & BANDPASS FILTER CIRCUIT
1 block, to its fully clockwise position.

19) Monitor, in turn , in the BALANCE MODULATOR & BANDPASS FILTER CIRCUIT 2 block,
at t.p.15 and t.p.6.

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20) Next, examine the output of the , in the BALANCE MODULATOR & BANDPASS FILTER
CIRCUIT 1 block (at t.p.3), and check that the wave forms are as shown below:

Figure-2
21) The DSBSC output from the BALANCE MODULATOR block is next passed on to the CERAMIC
BANDPASS FILTER block, whose purpose is to pass the upper sideband, but block the lower sideband.
This is shown in the frequency spectrum below :
FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF
CERAMIC BANDPASS FILTER
(CENTERED ON 455Hz)
SUPPRESSED
CARRIER

LOWER
SIDEBAND UPPER
SIDEBAND

fm fm
(fc-fm) fc (fc+fm)
Frequency

22) Monitor the output of the CERAMIC BANDPASS FILTER block (at t.p.20), together with audio
modulating signal (at t.p.15), using the latter signal to trigger the oscilloscope. Note that the envelope of
the signal at t.p. 20 now has fairly constant amplitude, as shown below :

10. Now trigger the oscilloscope with the CERAMIC BANDPASS FILTER’s output signal (t.p.20) and
note that the signal is a good, clean sinewave, indicating that the filter has passed the upper only.

11. Note that there is some variation in the amplitude of the signal at the filter’s output (t.p.20) as the
modulating frequency is changed. This variation is due to the frequency response of the CERAMIC
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BANDPASS FILTER and is best explained by considering the spectrum of the filter’s input signal at the
MIN and MAX positions of the FREQUENCY preset.

12. Note that , by passing only the upper sideband (of frequency (fc +fm)), all we have actually done is
to shift our audio modulating signal (of frequency fm) up in frequency by an amount equal to the carrier
frequency fc.

13. With the AUDIO OSCILLOSCOPE block’s FREQUENCY preset roughly in this midway position,
turn the block’s AMPLITUDE preset to its MIN position, and note that the amplitude of the signal at the
CERAMIC BANDPASS FILTER’s output (t.p.20) drops to zero.

14. You will recall that we have used a CERAMIC BANSPASS FILTER to pass the wanted upper
sideband, but reject the unwanted lower sideband which was also produced by the amplitude modulation
process. We used this type of filter because it passes the upper sideband, yet has a sufficiently sharp
response to strongly attenuate the lower sideband, which is closeby.

15. Now examine the output of the BALANCED MODULATOR & BANDPASS FILTER CIRCUIT 2
block (at t.p. 22) and check that waveform is a good sinewave of frequency approximately 1.455MHz.

16. Monitor the 1.455MHz SSB signal (at t.p.22), together with the audio modulating signal (at t.p.15),
triggering the scope with the latter.

17. Examine the final SSB output (at t.p. 22) together with the output from the OUTPUT AMPLIFIER
block (t.p.13). As we will see later, it is the OUTPUT AMPLIFIER’s output signal which will be
transmitted to the receiver.

18. By using the optional AUDIO INPUT MODULE , the human voice can be used as the audio
modulating signal, instead of using ANACOM 1/1’s AUDIO OSCILLATOR block.

Part B: Single Sideband AM Detection

Objective:
1) To investigate the detection of single sideband amplitude modulated (AM) waveforms.
2) To examine the effects of changing audio frequency and amplitude on carrier suppuration.

Equipment:
1) ANACOM 1/1 module, 1/2 module.
2) Power sources +12Vdc,-12Vdc.
3) Connecting wires.
4) Oscilloscope.

Procedure:
21) Position the ANACOM 1/1 and 1/2 modules, with the ANACOM 1/1 board on the left, and a gap of
about three inches between them. Then connect them to the power supply as shown below:

22) Ensure that the following initial conditions exist on the ANACOM 1/1 board:

a) AUDIO OSCILLATOR’s AMPLITUDE preset in fully clockwise position;

b) AUDIO INPUT SELECT switch in INT position;
c) MODE switch in DSB position;
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d) OUTPUT AMPLIFIERE’s GAIN preset in fully counter-clockwise position;

e) TX OUTPUT SELECT switch in ANT. Position;
f) AUDIO AMPLIFIERE’s VOLUME preset in fully counter-clockwise position;
g) SPEAKER switch in ON position.
h) On-board antenna in vertical position, and fully extended.

POWER SUPPLY

h+12V
h 0V
h -12V

+12V 0V -12V +12V 0V

ANACOM 1/1 hh hh hh ANACOM 1/2 hh hh

Figure

23) Ensure that the following initial conditions exist on the ANACOM 1/1 board:

a) RX INPUTSELECT switch in ANT. position;

b) R.F. AMPLIFIERE’s TUNED CIRCUIT SELECT switch in INT position;
c) R.F. AMPLIFIERE’s GAIN preset in fully clockwise position;
d) AGC switch IN position;
e) DETECTOR switch in DIODE position;
f) AUDIO AMPLIFIER’s VOLUME preset in fully counter-clockwise position;
g) SPEAKER switch in ON position;
h) BEAT FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR switch in OFF position
i) On-board antenna in vertical position, and fully extended.

24) Turn on power to the modules.

25) On the ANACOM 1/1 module, examine the Transmitter’s output signal (t.p. 13), and make sure that
this is a good SSB waveform, by checking that the signal is a reasonably good sinewave for all
positions of the AUDIO OSCILLATOR’s FREQUENCY preset.

26) Turn ANACOM 1/1’s AMPLITUDE preset to its fully counter-clockwise position and note that the
amplitude of the monitored output signal from ANACOM 1/1 (at t.p. 13) drops to zero. This illustrates
that the SSB waveform contains no carrier – if the amplitude of the modulating audio signal drops to
zero, so does the amplitude of the transmitted SSB signal.

27) We will now transmit the SSB waveform to the ANACOM 1/2 Receiver. Since ANACOM 1/1’s TX
OUTPUT SELECT switch is in the ANT. Position, the SSB signal at t.p.13 is fed to the transmitter’s
antenna. Prove this by touching ANACOM 1/1’s antenna and noting that the loading caused by your
hand reduces the amplitude of the SSB waveform at t.p.13.

28) On the ANACOM 1/2 module, monitor the output of the I.F. AMPLIFIER 2 block (t.p.28) and turn
the TUNNING dial until the amplitude of the monitored signal is at its greatest. This should occur at
about 85-95 on the TUNNING dial.

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29) Since the incoming SSB signal contains no carrier component, the Receiver’s AGC CIRCUIT
cannot make use of incoming carrier amplitude, in order to control the Receiver’s gain.

30) For SSB reception, the following blocks of the Receiver operate in the same way as they did for the
reception of Double-sideband AM signals:
R.F AMPLIFIER LOCAL OSCILLATOR MIXEAR
I.F. AMPLIFIER 1 I.F. AMPLIFIER 2

31) The receiver’s BEAT FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR (BFO) produces a sinewave at the I.F.
frequency of 455kHz. This 455kHz sinewave is input to the Receiver’s PRODUCT DETECTOR block,
where it is mixed with the SSB signal from I.F. AMPLIFIER 2.

32) Monitor the output of ANACOM ½’s BEAT FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR block (t.p.46) and note
that this carries a sinewave of 455kHz. On the ANACOM 1/2 Receiver, adjust the VOLUME preset so
that the receiver’s output is clearly audible.

33) On the ANACOM 1/1 module, turn the VOLUME preset clockwise, until you can hear the tone of
the AUDIO OSCILLATOR’s output signal, in addition to the tone from the ANACOM 1/2 board.

34) On the ANACOM 1/2 module, monitor the output of the PRODUCT DETECTOR block (at t.p.37),
together with the output of the AUDIO AMPLIFIER block (t.p.39), triggering the ‘scope with the latter
signal. Vary the frequency of the Transmitter’s audio modulating signal by adjusting the AUDIO
OSCILLATOR’s FREQUENCY preset on the ANACOM 1/1 module.

35) With the Receiver’s TUNNING dial adjusted for correct demodulation of the transmitted SSB
signal, you may notice that there is a slight drift in the tone generated by the Receiver. This is due to
small frequency drifts in the Transmitter and receiver oscillator circuits, leading to changes in the
difference frequency produced by the PRODUCT DETECTOR.

36) In practice, it would not be possible to align the Receiver to the Transmitter by comparing tones,
since the Receiver’s operator would not have access to the original audio modulating signal.

Labsheet revised by:

Sajid Muhaimin Choudhury
Lecturer
Department of EEE, BUET

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Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)

Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)

EEE 310: Communication Laboratory

EXPERIMENT NO: 2
FREQUENCY MODULATION BY VARACTOR MODULATOR AND
FREQUENCY DEMODULATION BY FOSTER-SEELEY
DETECTOR
Objective:
1) Demonstration of frequency modulation by Varactor modulator.
2) Demonstration of frequency demodulation by Foster-Seeley detector and effect of noise
on its performance.

Equipment:
1) Anacom-2 module.
2) Power supply
3) Oscilloscope
4) Frequency meter

Procedure:
Part A: Frequency modulation by Varactor modulator:

1) Connect the Anacom-2 module to the appropriate power supply.

2) Ensure that the following initial conditions exists on the Anacom-2 module:
a) All switched faults OFF.
b) AMPLITUDE preset (in the MIXER/AMPLIFIER block) in fully clockwise position.
c) VCO switch (in PLL block) in OFF position.
3) Turn on power to the ANACOM2 module.
4) Turn the AMPLITUDE PRESET (in the AUDIO OSCILATOR block) in fully clockwise
(Max.) position and observe its output (at t.p 1) on oscilloscope. This is the modulating
signal whose frequency (300 Hz to 3400 Hz) and amplitude can be varied by
FREQUENCY PRESET and AMPLITUDE PRESET on the block.
Leave the AMPLITUDE PRESET in fully counter clockwise (Min.) position for the time
being.
5) Link the AUDIO OSCILLATOR output to the AUDIO INPUT of the MODULATOR
CIRCUIT as shown in Fig. 3 and put the VARACTOR/VARACTOR switch in the
VARACTOR position.
6) As like AUDIO block the amplitude of the FM carrier can be adjusted by the
AMPLITUDE preset on the MIXER/AMPLIFIER block and the frequency (451 kHz to
458 kHz) can be varied by the CARRIER FREQUENCY preset on the VARACTOR
MODULATOR block.
In the VARACTOR MODULATOR block put the CARRIER FREQUENCY preset in its
midway position and AMPLITUDE preset in fully clockwise position. Monitor the signal
at t.p.34. It is the unmodulated carriers as the amplitude of the modulating signal is zero.
7) Turn the CARRIER FREQUENCY preset to its fully counter clockwise position-this
corresponds to minimum base bias voltage. Monitor signal at t.p.34 (Oscillator output)
and at t.p.21 (base bias voltage).

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Now slowly turn the CARRIER FREQUENCY preset clockwise and record the oscillator
frequency (with a frequency meter at t.p.34) for each 0.1 Volts intervals of the base
voltage.
Plot the oscillator frequency Vs base bias voltage as shown in Fig.1.
8) If it is possible to change the base bias voltage with sinusoidal modulating signal a
sinusoidal change in oscillator frequency can be obtained. Thus frequency modulation is
performed with a VARACTOR modulator.

Fig.1
OSCILLATOR
FREQUENCY

BASE BIAS
VOLTAGE
PRESET FULLY PRESET FULLY
CCW CW

9) Now keeping the CARRIER FREQUENCY preset in fully CCW position observe the
FM output at t.p.34. Now turn AMPLITUDE preset (in AUDIO OSCILLATOR
block) to its fully clockwise position and note what
happens to the FM output.
Decrease amplitude of the modulating signal by turning AMPLITUDE preset (in
AUDIO OSCILLATOR block) slowly CCW and observe the frequency deviation in
the FM output.
10) Return the AMPLITUDE preset (in AUDIO OSCILLATOR block) to its fully CW
position. Vary the frequency of the modulating signal by adjusting the FREQUENCY
preset (in AUDIO OSCILLATOR block) and observe whether the FM output pattern
changes or not.

The change in AUDIO OSCILLATOR frequency does not effect the amount of frequency
deviation-it actually determines how many times per second the carrier deviates from its
center position. But Oscilloscope can not show the rate of change of frequency deviation
and for this reason it appears that the AUDIO OSCILLATOR frequency have no effect.

Now turn the CARRIER FREQUENCY preset slowly CW and observes the frequency
deviation.

Part B: Frequency demodulation by Foster-Seeley detector:

1) Connect a signal generator having a sinusoidal output of amplitude 1V(p-p) and
frequency 400 kHz to the INPUT socket of FOSTER-SEELEY DETECTOR block.
2) Now vary the frequency of the signal generator from about 430 kHz to 480kHz in 5 kHz
steps and record the DC voltage at t.p.52 with the help of a multimeter for each step. Now
plot the DC level against frequency. The curve should look like as shown in Fig.2:
3) Now disconnect the signal generator.

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Adjust CARRIER FREQUENCY preset (in the VARACTOR MODULATOR block) to

have carrier frequency of 450 kHz. Now modulate this carrier with a signal from the
AUDIO OSCILLATOR and apply this modulated signal to the input of the FOSTER-
SEELEY block as shown in Fig.3.
4) Now monitor the output of FOSTER-SEELEY block (at t.p.52) along with input audio
signal (at t.p.14) at dual mode and compare the two signals. The signal should contain
two components:
a) A sine wave at the same frequency as the audio signal at t.p.14.
b) A high frequency ripple component of small amplitude.

OUTPUT
VOLTAGE Fig.2

FREQUENCY

450 kHz
UNMODULATED
CARRIER
FREQUENCY

5) To remove the high frequency ripple apply the signal at t.p.52 to the LOW PASS
FILTER/AMPLIFIER block. Now observe the signal at the output of the LOW PASS
FILTER at t.p.73.
6) We will now investigate the effect of noise on the system. For this put the AMPLITUDE
preset in its MAX position and the FREQUENCY preset in its MIN position in the
AUDIO OSCILLATOR block. Adjust the signal generator for a sinusoidal output of
amplitude 100 mV (p-p), and frequency 2kHz, which will be used as noise input.
Connect this signal to the NOISE INPUT socket in ANACOM2’s MODULATOR
CIRCUIT block and monitor the noise input (at t.p.5) and the FM output (at t.p.34). The
FM signal will be amplitude modulated by the ‘noise’ input in addition to be frequency
modulated by the audio input.
7) Monitor the audio modulating signal (at t.p.14) and the output of the LOW PASS
FILTER block (at t.p.73). A considerable amount of ‘ripple’ may be seen (at t.p.73) at the
frequency of the ‘noise’ input. This is because the FOSTER-SEELEY DETECTOR is
sensitive to amplitude variations in the incoming FM signal.
8) To reduce the amplitude variation connect the AMPLITUDE LIMITER as shown in Fig.4
and observe the signal at AMPLITUDE LIMITER output (at t.p.68) and at LOW PASS
FILTER output (at t.p.73).

Compare the final output with and without AMPLITUDE LIMITER.

3
Communication Laboratory

Report:
1) Describe the principle of operation of the VARACTOR MODULATOR and the
FOSTER-SEELEY DETECTOR.
2) Show all the observations with necessary wave shapes in your report and describe them.

ANACOM2
FM COMMUNICATION TRAINER -12V +0V +12V

SWITCHED
AUDIO OSCILLATOR DERECTOR CIRCUIT
FAULTS

DETUNED QUADRATURE
RESONANT DETECTOR
CIRCUIT
REACTANCE FOSTER- PHASE
MODULATOR SEELEY LOCKED
MIXER/ DETECTOR LOOP
AMPLIFIER DETECTOR

VARACTOR
MODULATOR
AMPLITUDE LOW PASS
LIMITER FILTER

Fig.3

ANACOM2
FM COMMUNICATION TRAINER -12V +0V +12V

SWITCHED
AUDIO OSCILLATOR
FAULTS DERECTOR CIRCUIT

DETUNED QUADRATURE
RESONANT DETECTOR
CIRCUIT
REACTANCE FOSTER- PHASE
MODULATOR SEELEY LOCKED
MIXER/ DETECTOR LOOP
AMPLIFIER DETECTOR

VARACTOR
MODULATOR
AMPLITUDE LOW PASS
LIMITER FILTER

Fig.4
4
 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)

EEE 310: Communication Laboratory

EXPERIMENT NO: 3
FDM AND QM COMMUNICATIONS

Objectives:

• Demonstration of the operation of a two-channel frequency division multiplexed (FDM)

base-band circuit.
• Demonstration of the operation of a two-channel quadrature modulated (QM) base-band
circuit.

Introduction:

Frequency division multiplexing systems can send two or more channels of information over the
same channel. In this experiment, two different intelligence signals are modulated on separate
carriers. The balanced modulator in each channel suppresses the corresponding carrier. The
resulting sidebands are combined by a summer. As for quadrature modulation, the carriers will
have same frequency, but they will have a 90 degree phase shift between them. So the sidebands
will overlap in frequency spectrum.

The ability of a synchronous detector to demodulate the signals that are of the same frequency
and phase as BFO signal is used to recover the intelligence signals in both cases. Synchronous
detectors require BFO signal, which must be of the same frequency and phase as the carrier of
the intelligence signal being demodulated.

Procedure:

(a) Frequency division multiplex operation:

1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure-1.

2) An AF generator will be used to produce a 1 V p-p sine wave at 1600 Hz, approximately
double the frequency of tone generator.

3) By adjusting the CARRIER ADJ. knob, obtain the the balanced modulated waveshape at
J4& J7. Explain the observed waveform.

4) Observe the output of the summer (J10). Explain the observed waveform.

5) Observe the output of the predetection filters (J20& J18).

6) Observe the output of the product detectors (J23 & J26). Explain the observed waveform.

1
 7) Observe the reconstructed outputs at J28 & J30.

From J4 to J8
Balanced
From J2 Modulator
to J1 1

From J3 to
J31(20KHz) From J10
to
J19 & J17
Summing
Amplifier

From J7
Balanced to J9
From J5 to
AF
Modulator
generator 2

From J6 to
J32 (10kHz)

From J20
to J21 From J23
Predetection to J27 J28
Filter Product Detector Post
From (20KHz) 1 Detection
J19& Filter
J17 to
J10 From J22 to J31 (20 kHz)

Predetection J30
Filter Product Detector Post
(10KHz) 2 Detection
Filter
From J18 From J26
to J24 to J29

From J25 to J32(10kHz)

Figure1- Frequency division multiplexing circuit

(b) Quadrature modulation operation

2
1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure-2.

2) An AF generator will be used to produce a 1 V p-p sine wave at 1600 Hz, approximately
double the frequency of Tone generator.

3) Obtain the balanced modulated waveshape at J4& J7. Explain the observed waveform.

4) Observe the output of the summer (J10). Do you notice any difference with the waveform
previously obtained for FDM circuit?

5) Observe the output of the predetection filter ( J18).

6) Observe the output of the product detectors. (J23 & J26). Explain the observed waveform.

7) Observe the reconstructed outputs at J28 & J30.

8) Remove the connection between J33 and J22. Connect J32 and J14.Connect another wire
between J16 and J22.

9) Set the FREQ SEL switch on the FM detector to LO. Vary the Phase adjust control and
observe the reconstructed outputs. Explain.

10) Return the circuit to its original state. Now interchange the subcarriers (Interchange the plug
at J22 with the plug at J25). Observe the final outputs and explain.

• Both product detectors receive the same QM signal from a common source-the 10 kHz
predetection filter. A product detector will demodulate sidebands that have same phase as the
BFO signal. Sidebands that are not the same phase as the BFO will not be demodulated. Full
suppression of the unwanted sidebands occurs at 90 degrees, and the demodulated
intelligence signal from a product detector is maximum when the phase difference is exactly
zero. Between the two extremes, the suppression or demodulated signal amplitude is
proportional to the actual phase shift.

• The LO position in the FM detector block sets the center frequency at approximately at
10KHz. The PHASE ADJ. Is a potentiometer used in the LO frequency range to shift the
frequency of a 10 KHz test signal at its input(J14) approximately 20 to160 degrees.

CAUTION:
Before giving any analog input, check whether a square wave of frequency 20KHz and 10KHz
are available at points J31 and J32,J33 respectively, by using a frequency counter. You have to
do it in both parts of the experiment(FDM and QM).

Labsheet Revised by:

Sajid Muhaimin Choudhury
Lecturer
Department of EEE, BUET

3
 From J4 to
Balanced J8
From J2 Modulator
to Tone 1
generator

From J3 to
J33 (10 KHz) From J10
to J17

Summing
Amplifier

From J7 to
Balanced J9
From J5 to
AF
Modulator
generator 2

From J6 to
J32 (10kHz)

From J18
to J21 From J23
Predetection to J27 J28
Filter Product Detector Post
(10KHz) 1 Detection
Filter
From
J17 to From J22 to
J10 J33 (10KHz)

J30
Product Detector Post
2 Detection
Filter
From J18 From J26
to J24 to J29

From J25 to
J32 (10kHz)

Figure 2 - Quadrature modulation circuit

4
Communication Theory Sessional

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)

Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)

EEE 310: Communication Laboratory

EXPERIMENT NO: 4
SAMPLING AND SIGNAL RECONSTRUCTION

Performance Objectives:

A) Investigate methods used to sample a signal and to recognize the signal that results
form each method.
B) Investigate a method used to reconstruct the intelligence from a sampled signal and
demonstrate how the sampling signal frequency and the lowpass filter characteristic
affect reconstruction.

Equipment and Materials:

1) Power source
2) Oscilloscope
3) AF generator
4) Frequency counter
5) Pulse Modulation Trainer Board
6) Patch chord

Basic Concept:

1) Sampling is a method used in pulse modulation to identify the intelligence signal by a

sequence of pulses that represents the intelligence signal by a sequence of pulses that
represents the intelligence at a particular time.
2) Natural sampling is a type of sampled signal in which the to of each sample pulse
follows the intelligence signal during the pulse-width time of the sampling signal.
3) Flat-topped sampling is a type of sampled signal in which the to of each sample pulse
represents a signal level of intelligence during the pulse-width time of the sampling
signal.
4) The sampling principle states that the intelligence can be reconstructed by filtering
when the sampling signal frequency or sampling (Fs) is greater then twice the
maximum intelligence signal frequency (Fm).
5) The Nyquist rate is a condition that occurs when the sampling signal frequency is
equal to twice the maximum intelligence signal frequency (Fs = 2Fm, where Fs is the
sampling signal frequency and Fm is the maximum frequency of the intelligence
signal).
6) The frequency response of the low-pass filter must be capable of passing the
maximum intelligence signal to reconstruct the intelligence signal frequency while
rejecting side band frequencies of the sampling signal to reconstruct the intelligence
free of distortion.

1
Communication Theory Sessional

Exercise Procedure:

Objective A: Investigate methods used to sample a signal and to recognize the signal
that results from each method.
1. a) Connect a +15Vdc supply voltage across the +15V and GND jack and –15Vdc-
supply voltage across the –15V and GND jacks on the trainer, as described in the
power supply connection diagram.

b) Connect the circuit shown in figure 8-1, which uses natural sampling. Turn the
FREQ ADJ control on the CLOCK circuit fully counterclockwise. Turn the
trainer power on. Trigger the scope on channel 1. Set the AF generator for a sine
wave out put of 3Vp-p at 1Khz or below. This is the intelligence signal input to
the sampler circuit.

c) Connect a second probe from channel 2 of the oscilloscope to J8. This is the
sampled output. Observed the output of the sampler circuit at J8 and carefully
adjust the AF generator to stabilize the waveform. Explain how the sampled
output at J8 is related to the intelligence signal input at J6.

Note: This adjustment is sensitive since the oscilloscope is displaying two

unrelated frequencies.

d) Move the scope prove connected at J6 to J9. The signal at J9 is a pulse train
that represents the sampling signal for a sampler circuit.

e) Turn off power to the trainer.

2. a) Now connect the circuit shown in figure 8-2, which uses flat-topped sampling.
Turn on power to the trainer and observe the signal at J14 on channel 1. The
signals input to J14 represent the intelligence signal to the sampler/hold circuit.

b) Connect a second scope probe from channel 2 of the oscilloscope to J17.

Trigger the oscilloscope on channel 1. The signal at J17 is a pulse train, which
represent the sampling signal input to the sampler circuit.

c) Move the scope probe connector at J17 to the output of the sampler/hold circuit
at J16. Trigger the scope on channel 1. Carefully adjust the AF generator to
stabilize 4 the waveform displayed on channel 2 (see note in step 1. ©. Explain
the signal output at J16.

d) Move the channel 1 probe connected at J14 to the output of the sampler circuit
at J8. Move the channel 2 probe connected at J16 to the sampling signal input of
the sampler circuit at J9. Identify and describe the signal at J8 and J9.

e) Turn off power to all equipment.

2
Communication Theory Sessional

To scope CH-1
J6
AF generator Sampler J8
High

J9
J7

GND J1

Clock

Fig. 4-1

To scope CH-1

J14 J16 J6
AF generator High
Sample Sampler
Hold
J17 J9
J15 J7 J8
GND
J1
Clock J2

Fig. 4-2

To scope CH-1

J6
AF generator Sampler J8 J34 Low-pass
High
Filter
J9
J7 J35

To scope
CH-2
J1
Frequency Input Clock
Counter

Fig. 4- 3

3
Communication Theory Sessional

Objective B: Investigate a method used to reconstruct the intelligence from a

sampled signal and demonstrate how the sampling signal frequency and the lowpass
filter characteristic affect reconstruction.

3. a) Connect the circuit shown in figure 8-3. Turn the FREQ ADJ control on the
CLOCK circuit to have a sampling frequency of Fs=16 kHz. Turn on power to the
trainer and set the AF generator to 5 kHz 3Vp-p. the signal output from the low
pass filter at J35 (displayed on channel 2 of the oscilloscope) represents the
reconstructed intelligence signal.

b) Observe the reconstructed intelligence and the original intelligence. Is there

distortion in the reconstructed intelligence signal?

c) Record the exact sampling frequency, f s =- --------------kHz. How does the

sampling signal frequency compare with the Nyquist rate for the intelligence
signal?

d) What reason can be given to indicate why the reconstructed intelligence output
from the low pass filter at J35 contain some distortion even if fs>3fm?

e) Connect the second low pass filter in cascade with the first (connect a jumper
wire from J35 to J36). Connect the channel 2 probe to J37. Observe the
reconstructed intelligence signal at J37. What effect does cascading the second
low pass filter produce on the reconstructed intelligence signal? Explain –

f) Slowly rotate the FREQ ADJ control counterclockwise while observing the
reconstructed intelligence signal. What sampling signal frequency starts to distort
the reconstructed intelligence signal? Fs=---------------- kHz.

g) use the value of fs recorded in step (f) to determine how it compares with the
Nyquist rate and the value recorded in step(c). Relate the fs value to the resulting
reconstructed intelligence and filter circuitry used. What can you conclude?

h) Move the channel 1 probe connected at j6 to j35 to view the reconstructed

intelligence output from the first lowpass filter. Rotate the FREQ ADJ control to
set the sampling signal frequency at 6kHz. Sketch the signals.

i) Rotate the FREQ ADJ control to set the sampling signal frequency such that the
lower side band frequency of fs falls below fm. What condition does this create?
Explain.

j) Turn off Power to all equipment.

4
Communication Theory Sessional

Report:

i) All your observations including the sketch of the waveforms at various stages.
ii) Draw the amplitude spectrum of a sine wave before and after the sampling
process.
iii) Describe the required characteristics of the lowpass filter, and the sampling
frequency to reconstruct the intelligence signal.

Labsheet Revised by:

Sajid Muhaimin Choudhury
Lecturer
Department of EEE, BUET

5
 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)

EEE 310: Communication Laboratory

EXPERIMENT NO: 5
DELTA MODULATION FAMILIARIZATION.

Performance Objective:

Familiarization with Delta Modulation signal generation and detection.

Equipment and materials

1) Power source +15V dc.

2) Power source -15V dc.
3) Dual trace oscilloscope.
4) AF generator.
5) Frequency Counter.
6) Delta Modulation trainer board.
7) Patch Chords and Swiss connectors.

Basic concepts:

1) Delta modulation is an encoding process where the logic levels of the transmitted
pulses indicate whether the decoded output should rise or fall at each pulse.
2) Delta Modulation is a true digital encoding process when compared to pulse
amplitude, pulse-width and pulse-position modulation.
3) Delta modulation uses simple coding, decoding and quantization procedures to
transmit data.
4) Delta modulation system cannot react to rapid amplitude changes between samples.
5) Delta modulation systems are used primarily in voice communication.

Additional Information:

In digital modulation system the intelligence signal is sampled and digitally coded. This
code represents sampled amplitude of the intelligence signal. The digital signal is send to
the receiver in signal form. At the receiver the digital signal is decoded and filtered into
the reconstructed intelligence signal. A sufficient number of samples are required to
allow the intelligence signal to be reconstructed accurately.

There are different methods of digital modulation. Each method is named for the way
samples are changed to represent the intelligence signal. One type of digital modulation is
delta modulation. In delta modulation only one bit is sent per sample. This bit indicates
whether the signal is larger or smaller then the previous sample.

1
The delta modulation encoding process samples, quantizes and encodes the intelligence
signal in to a digital signal. The encoding process consists of a digital sampler and an
integrator. The instantaneous voltage of an intelligence signal is compared to the feed
back signal. The result of the comparison is quantized and encoded. A logic 1 is produced
if the sampled intelligence voltage is greater then the feedback signal, and a logic 0 if it is
smaller. At the command of a clock signal, the digital sampler outputs the logic level and
begins a new comparison.

The delta modulation decoding process consists of an integrator and a low-pass filter. The
integrator converts each digital signal pulse into a integrated analog signal that is an
approximation of the original intelligence. The integrated signal is input to a low-pass
filter, where it filtered and converted to the reconstructed intelligence signal. No clock
signals are required for detection.

Exercise procedure:

Objective A: Familiarization with Delta Modulation signal generation and detection.

a) Connect the circuit shown in figure 4.1 keep the AF generator turned off. Connect a
+15Vdc and a –15Vdc voltage source to the trainer, as shown in the power supply
connection diagram.

b) Set the TIME CONST ADJ switch on the INTEGRATOR 1 circuit to HI. Turn the
TIME ADJ control on the XMT CLOCK GENERATOR circuit fully clock- wise.
Attach the channel 1 probe to J17. Adjust OFFSET ADJ on INTEGRATOR 1 to
produce alternating logic levels of equal width at J17.

c) Attach channel 1 probe to J15. Turn on the AF generator and adjust for 0.2V p-p. 300
Hz sign wave at J15. What does the signal at J15 represent?

d) Trigger the scope on channel 1. Attach the channel 2 probe to J17. If necessary, adjust
the INTEGRATOR 1 OFSET ADJ until the signal at J23 resembles the signal at J15.
What does the signal at J17 represent?

e) Move the channel 2 probe to J23. Observe the signal at J15 and J23. Adjust the
OFFSET ADJ control on the INTEGRATOR 1 circuit until the signal at J23
resembles the signal at J15. What does the signal at J23 represent?

f) Move the channel 2 probe and frequency counter to J27. Observe the signals at J15
and J27. What does the signal at J27 represent?

g) Disconnect the AF generator. Turn off the power supply.

2
Report:

1) All your observations including the sketch of the waveforms at various stages.
2) Compare and contrast delta modulation with pulse code modulation. (PCM)
3) Describe slope overload, idling noise and quantization noise in correction with
delta modulation.

To scope To frequency
CH-1 Counter
XMT Clock
Generator
To scope
J1 CH-2

AF out J19
J15
J17
AF Generator Digital Sampler

J16
GND

J20
Integrator Integrator J23
1 2
J21 J22

J24 J25
Low –pass filter
combination
J26 J27

Fig. 5.1: Delta Modulation Decoding and Encoding

3
 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)

EEE 310: Communication Laboratory

EXPERIMENT NO: 6
STUDY OF DIGITAL MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
(ASK & PSK)

Objectives:

ASK and PSK signal generation and demodulation.

Introduction:
In digital system, the analog intelligence (information) signal is sampled. The sampled values are
digitized and coded to format digitally. Binary ones (1’s) and zeroes (0’s) are used to represent
the intelligence. After coding digitally, the signal is transmitted. For a close distance digital
signals can be transmitted directly. But for a long distance, digital signals must be made suitable
for transmission. The technique by which this is done is known as digital modulation.

As like analog modulation, there are three types of digital modulation processes—
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK): It is a modulation process in which the binary ones and zeroes of
the digital intelligence signal are represented by a high and low frequency carrier.
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK): It is a modulation process in which the binary ones and zeroes
of the digital intelligence signal are represented by a high and low amplitude carrier.
Phase Shift Keying (PSK): It is a modulation process in which the transition of binary ones and
zeros of the digital intelligence signal are represented by a phase difference of a carrier.

ASK, FSK signals can be demodulated with either a synchronous or asynchronous detector but
PSK can only be demodulated synchronously.

Frequently modem (modulator-demodulator) is used at transmitter and receiver for modulation

purpose.

Equipment:
1) Digital modulation IA and IB trainers
2) Power supply (+15V dc, 250 mA)
3) Power supply (-15V dc, 150 mA)
4) Frequency counter.
5) Oscilloscope.

(a) ASK and PSK generation and demodulation:

1) Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.5.

1
2) Turn on power. Adjust the OFFSET ADJ control of the ASK MOD/PSK MOD circuit fully
counter clockwise (CCW). Adjust the BALANCE ADJ control of the ASK MOD/PSK MOD
circuit to zero the signal at J22.

3) Connect J19 to J21. Move ch2 at J22 to J19. Adjust the FREQ ADJ Hicontrol of the FSK
MOD/OSCILLATOR circuit to output a 192 kHz sinewave at J19. What does the signal at
J19 represents?.
4) Observe and describe the signal at J20 on ch1. What does the signal at J20 represent?.
5) Move ch2 connected at J19 to J22. Now record the amplitude, numbre of carrire cycles and
phase shift of the signal at J22 when the data at J20 is a binary 0, binary 1 and in transition.

Binary 0 Binary 1 Transition

Amplitude VPP VP-P
Phase Shift

What does the signal at J22 represent?.

6) Move the OFFSET ADJ control fully clock wise. Adjust the OFFSET ADJ control untill the
carrire signal at J22 shows a 2Vp-p amplitude when the data at J20 is a binary 0. Record the
amplitude, numbre of carrire cycles and phase shift of the signal at J22 when the data at J20
is a binary 0, binary 1 and in transition.

Binary 0 Binary 1 Transition

Amplitude VPP VP-P
Phase Shift
What does the signal at J22 represent?.
7) Move the ch2 connectde at J22 to J24. Observe the signal at J24. What is the purpose of the
XMT BANDPASS FILTER circuit?
8) Adjust the OFFSET ADJ control untill the carrier signal at J24 shows 0V when the data ta
J20 is a binary 0. What type of ASK modulation does the signal at J24 represent?
Now adjust the OFFSET ADJ control sothat the signal at J24 is ASK type.
9) Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.6. Turn ON power. Set the BANDWIDTH SELECT
switch of the POST DETECTION FILTER circuit to HI.
10) Connect the ch1 at J41 of the ASK DEMOD/PSK DEMOD circuit. Observe the signals at
J22 and J41 at dual mode. What does the signal at J41 represent?
11) Observe the signal at J32 of the POST DETECTION FILTER circuit with ch2. What is the
function of the POST DETECTION FILTER circuit?
12) Move ch1 at J41 to J44 and observe the signals at J32 and J44 in dual mode. What is the
function of the VOLTAGE COMPARATOR circuit?
What does the signal at J44 represent?

Report:
1) Show all the waveshapes observed on the oscilloscope according to the procedure.
2) Answer all the questions asked in the procedure.
3) Discussion

Labsheet revised by:

2
 Sajid Muhaimin Choudhury
Lecturer
Department of EEE, BUET

J20
TO FREQUENCY Ch- 2
COUNTER

FSK MOD/ ASK MOD/PSK MOD XMT

J18 OSCILLATOR
OFF SET BALANCE
BAND PASS J24
FREQ FILTER
ADJ ADJ ADJ J22 J23
LO HI
J19 J21

Ch- 1

XMT CLOCK GEN/ J5

INTERFACE DATA
GENERATOR
J1 FREQ J2 J4 J8
ADJ
J9
Fig. 5
TO SCOPE
EXT.
TRIGGER

3
 TO FREQUENCY
COUNTER

J20 ASK MOD/PSK MOD

XMT
FSK MOD/ BAND PASS J24
OFF SET BALANCE
OSCILLATOR FILTER
FREQ ADJ ADJ
J22 J23
ADJ

LO HI J19 J21

J32
XMT CLOCK GEN/ J5 J31 POST DETECTION
INTERFACE FILTER
DATA
J1 FREQ
GENERATOR
J2 J4 J8 BANDWIDTH
ADJ SELECT
J9
LO HI
TO SCOPE
EXT.
TRIGGER

J18

J39 ASK DEMOD/

VOLTAGE
PSK DEMOD J41 J42 COMPARATOR
J44

J40
4
FIG : 6
5
 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)

EEE 310: Communication Laboratory

EXPERIMENT NO: 7
STUDY OF DIGITAL MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
(FSK)

Objectives:

FSK signal generation and demodulation.

Introduction:
In digital system, the analog intelligence (information) signal is sampled. The sampled
values are digitized and coded to format digitally. Binary ones (1’s) and zeroes (0’s) are
used to represent the intelligence. After coding digitally, the signal is transmitted. For a
close distance digital signals can be transmitted directly. But for a long distance, digital
signals must be made suitable for transmission. The technique by which this is done is
known as digital modulation.

As like analog modulation, there are three types of digital modulation processes—
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK): It is a modulation process in which the binary ones and
zeroes of the digital intelligence signal are represented by a high and low frequency
carrier.
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK): It is a modulation process in which the binary ones and
zeroes of the digital intelligence signal are represented by a high and low amplitude
carrier.
Phase Shift Keying (PSK): It is a modulation process in which the transition of binary
ones and zeros of the digital intelligence signal are represented by a phase difference of a
carrier.

ASK, FSK signals can be demodulated with either a synchronous or asynchronous

detector but PSK can only be demodulated synchronously.

Frequently modem (modulator-demodulator) is used at transmitter and receiver for

modulation purpose. FREQUENCY
COUNTEER
Equipment:
1) Digital modulation IA and IB trainers
2) Power supply (+15V dc, 250 mA)
3) Power supply (-15V dc, 150 mA) J18
4) Frequency counter. FSK MOD/
OSCILLATOR J19
5) Oscilloscope.

Procedure: Fig.1
(a) FSK generation and demodulation:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.1 and turn ON power to all equipment. Adjust
FREQ ADJ LO control on the FSK MOD/OSCILLATOR for a 128 kHz at J19. Open
the J18 input (remove the ground connection) and adjust FREQ ADJ HI control on
the FSK MOD/OSCILLATOR for a 192 kHz at J19.

32
2) Connect J3 to J4 as shown in Fig.2 and connect ch1 at J8. Now adjust FREQ ADJ
control on XMT CLOCK GEN to stabilize the signal displayed on oscilloscope (if
necessary).
Ch1
J3 J4 DATA
Fig.2 XMT CLOCK GEN GENERATOR
J8

3) Now connect J8 to J18 as shown in Fig.3 and observe the wave shape at J19 through
ch2.
4) Now observe the wave shapes at dual mode. What do the signals at J8 and J19
represents?
5) How many carrier cycles are used to represent binary zero?
f(binary 0 carrier)=…………..kHz.
How many carrier cycles are used to represent binary one?
f(binary 1 carrier)=…………..kHz.

Ch1
Ch2
XMT CLOCK GEN J3 J4 DATA J18 FSK MOD/
GENERATOR OSCILLATOR
J8 J19

Fig.3
Now connect the circuit as shown in Fig.4. Move ch2 from J19 to J44 and observe the
wave shape at ch2 and then at dual mode.

Ch1

J3 J4 DATA J18 FSK MOD/

XMT CLOCK GENERATOR OSCILLATOR
GEN J8 J19

Ch2
J35 J33
VOLTAGE J32 POST FSK DEMOD/
COMPARATOR DETECTION J31 CARRIER
J44 FILTER J38 J34
J42

Fig.4
Report:
1) Show all the waveshapes observed on the oscilloscope according to the procedure.
2) Answer all the questions asked in the procedure.
3) Discussion

33
Communication Laboratory

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)

Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)

EEE 310: Communication Laboratory

EXPERIMENT NO: 8
:
PHASE LOCKED LOOP IN FM GENERATION AND DETECTION

Objective:
A. Demonstrate how a phase-locked loop is used in frequency multiplication.
B. Demonstrate how a phase-locked loop is used in FM detection.

Equipment:
1) Power Source +15Vdc, 1A
2) Power Source -15Vdc Supply, 250mA
3) AF Generator
4) Dual-Trace Oscilloscope
5) Frequency Counter
6) Phase-Locked Loop Trainer

Procedure:

Objective A: Demonstration of how a phase-locked loop is used in frequency multiplication

1. a) Set the CTR FREQ ADJ on the VCO for 100kHz and balance the analog phase comparator.

b) Connect the circuit shown in figure 7-1. Set the FREQ ADJ on the frequency modulator for
50kHz with J1 grounded.

c) Set the divide-by-N counter for divide-by-2. Connect the oscilloscope to J11 and J12.
Observe what these two frequencies are on the oscilloscope.

d) Connect the oscilloscope to the VCO output (J27) and observe the frequency.

e) Set the AF generator for 400Hz at 0.1Vp-p. Disconnect J1 from the GND and connect it to the
output of the AF generator. Connect the oscilloscope to J11 and J12. Describe the signals at
the input of the phase comparator.

f) Remove the scope probe on J12 and connect it to the output of the VCO at J27. Increase the
amplitude of the AF generator to 0.5Vp-p. Describe what effect this has on the two signals.

J1 FREQUENCY J3 J11 ANALOG J13 J19H LOOP

MODULATOR PHASE FILTER
AF COMPARATOR
GENERATOR J12
GND
DIVIDE-BY J29 J27 J25
-N VCO
Communication Laboratory

Figure 7-1 MODULATED

Objective B: Demonstrate how a phase-locked loop is used in FM detection
OUTPUT

2. a) Adjust the FREQUENCY MODULATOR for 100kHz with J1 grounded. Adjust the VCO to
100kHz at J27. Connect the circuit shown in figure 7-2. Notice that the active filter is used in this
circuit. Set the AF generator FOR A 400Hz sine wave at 0.5Vp-p.

J11
AF J1 FREQUENCY J3 ANALOG J13 J19H J20
LOOP
GENERATOR MODULATOR PHASE
COMPARATOR FILTER
J12

J27 J25
VCO

Figure 7-2

b) Connect channel 1 of the oscilloscope to J1 (modulating signal input). Connect channel 2 to J14 on
the phase comparator. What dose the trace on channel 2 represent?

c) Compare the two traces. Are the two signals the same? Why?

d) Move the probe for channel 1 of the scope to J11 to observe the frequency modulated signal.
Increase and decrease the amplitude of the modulating signal by turning the AF LEVEL control on
the AF generator. When the amplitude of the modulating signal is increased, what is affected?

e) Reconnect channel 1 of the oscilloscope to J1. Continue to increase the amplitude of the modulating
signal. What happens to the demodulated output?

f) Connect channel 1 of the scope to J1 and adjust the AF LEVEL control for 0.2Vp-p. Disconnect the
active loop filter (J19H-J20) and connect the passive step filter by disconnecting J19H and J20, and
connecting J21 and J22. Are the modulating signal and the demodulated output similar?

g) Increase the amplitude and describe what happens.

h) Disconnect the passive step filter (J21-J22) and connect the low-pass filter by disconnecting J21 and
J22 and connecting J23 and J24. Vary the amplitude and describe what happens.