Newton-Raphson Power Flow

By
Prof. E. Matlotse
 Newton-Raphson Power Flow
• This method is useful when dealing with large
power systems
• Owing to its quadratic convergence, this
approach is mathematical superior compared to
the Gauss-Seidel method and it’s less prone to
divergence with ill-conditioned problems.
• Since in power flow problem real power and
voltage magnitude are specified for voltage-
controlled buses, the power flow equation is
formulated in polar form.
 Newton-Raphson Power Flow
• Referring, once again, to the figure below

• Current entering bus i is given by

n n
I i  Vi  yij   yij V j j  i
j 0 j 1
• This equation can be rewritten in terms of the
bus admittance matrix as
 Newton-Raphson Power Flow
n
I i   Yij V j (1)
j 1
Expressing (1) in polar
n
form, yields
I i   Yij V j  ij   j (2)
j 1
Complex power at bus i is
Pi  jQi  Vi* I i (3)
Substituting from (2) for I i in (3)

n
Pi  jQi  Vi    i  Yij V j ij   j (4)
j 1
 Newton-Raphson Power Flow
• Separating real and imaginary parts, we have
n
Pi   Vi V j Yij cos(ij   i   j ) (5)
j 1

n
Qi   Vi V j Yij sin(ij   i   j )
(6)
j 1
• Equations (5) and (6) make-up a set of non-
linear algebraic equations in terms of the
independent variables, voltage magnitude in
pu and phase angle in radians.
 Newton-Raphson Power Flow
• There are two equations for each load bus,
given by (5) and (6), and one equation for
each voltage-controlled bus provided by (5).
• Expanding (5) and (6) in Tailor’s series about
the initial estimate, yields the following set of
linear equations:
Newton-Raphson Power Flow
 Newton-Raphson Power Flow
• For the above, bus 1 is assumed to be the slack
bus.
• Jacobian matrix provides linearized relationship
between small changes in voltage angle
 i(k )and voltage magnitude  Vi(k ) with the small
changes in real and reactive power Pi (k )
and Qi(k ).
• In short form, the above mathematical
formulation can be written as
 Newton-Raphson Power Flow
 P   J 1 J 2    
Q    J  
J 4   V 
(7)
   3

The diagonal and the off-diagonal elements of

J 1 are
Pi
  Vi V j Yij sin(ij   i   j ) (8)
 i j i

Pi
  Vi V j Yij sin(ij   i   j ) ji (9)
 j
 Newton-Raphson Power Flow
• The diagonal and the off-diagonal elements of
J 2 are
Pi
 2 Vi Yii cos ii  V j Yij cos(ij   i   j ) (10)
V i j i

Pi
 Vi Yij cos(ij   i   j ) j i (11)
Vj
 Newton-Raphson Power Flow
• The diagonal and the off-diagonal elements of
J 3 are

Qi
  Vi V j Yij cos(ij   i   j ) (12)
 i j i

Qi
  Vi V j Yij cos(ij   i   j ) ji (13)
 j
 Newton-Raphson Power Flow
• The diagonal and the off-diagonal elements of
J 4 are
Qi
 2 Vi Yii sin ii   V j Yij sin(ij   i   j ) (14)
V i j i

Qi
  Vi Yij sin(ij   i   j ) ji (15)
Vj
 Newton-Raphson Power Flow
• Terms Pi(k ) and Qi(k )are the difference between
the scheduled and calculated values, referred
to as power residuals and are
Pi( k )  Pi sch  Pi ( k ) (16)

Qi( k )  Qisch  Qi( k ) (17)

 Newton-Raphson Power Flow
• New estimates for bus voltages are

 i( k 1)   i( k )   i( k ) (18)

Vi ( k 1)  Vi ( k )   Vi ( k ) (19)
 Newton-Raphson Power Flow
• The following steps outline the procedure for
Newton-Raphson power flow solution:
1. For load buses, voltage magnitudes and
phase angles are set equal to the slack bus
values of 1.0 and 0⁰, respectively. For
voltage-controlled buses, phase angles are
set equal to the slack bus angle of 0⁰.
(k )
2. For load buses, Pi (k )
and i are calculated
Q
and Pi(k ) and Qi(k ) are also calculated
 Newton-Raphson Power Flow
3. For voltage-controlled buses, Pi and Pi
(k ) (k )
are
calculated.
4. Elements of the Jacobian matrix are calculated.
5. Linear simultaneous equation (7) is solved directly
by ordered triangular factorization and Gaussian
elimination.
6. New voltage magnitudes and phase angles are
computed
7. Process is repeated until residuals Pi and Qi(k )
(k )

are less than the specified accuracy, i.e.

Newton-Raphson Power Flow

Pi ( k ) 
 (20)
Qi 
(k )

 Newton-Raphson Power Flow
• E.g.

The figure above shows the one-line diagram

of a simple 3-bus power system with
generators at buses 1 and 3. The magnitude of
voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 pu. Voltage
 Example
magnitude at bus 3 is fixed 1.04 pu with real
power generation of 200 MW. A load
consisting of 400 MW and 250 MVAr is taken
from bus 2. Line impedances are marked in
per unit on a 100 MVA base and the line
charging susceptances are neglected. Using
Newton-Raphson method, find the real power
at bus 1 and reactive powers at buses 1 and 3
after 3 iterations.
 Solution
1 (0.02  j 0.04) (0.02  j 0.04)
y12  
(0.02  j 0.04) (0.02  j 0.04) (0.02) 2  (0.04) 2

0.02  j 0.04
  10  j20 pu
0.002

1 (0.01  j 0.03) (0.01  j 0.03)

y13    10  j30 pu
(0.01  j 0.03) (0.01  j 0.03) 0 .001

1 (0.0125 j 0.025) (0.0125 j 0.025)

y 23    16  j32 pu
(0.0125 j 0.025) (0.0125 j 0.025) 0.00078125
 Solution
Constructing a Ybus matrix
 (20  j50) (10  j 20) (10  j 30)
Ybus  (10  j 20) (26  j 52) (16  j 32)
(10  j30) (16  j 32) (26  j 62) 

Converting Ybus matrix to polar form with

angles in radians yields

(53.85165  1.9029) (22.360682.0344) (31.622781.8925) 

Ybus   (22.360682.0344) (58.13777  1.1071) (35.777092.0344) 
 (31.622781.8925) (35.777092.0344) (67.23095  1.1737)
 Solution
Assumptions: V 2
( 0)
,
 1.0 pu  2(0)  0 and  3(0)  0

P2  V2 V1 Y21 cos( 21   2  1 )  V22 Y22 cos  22  V2 V3 Y23 cos( 23   2   3 )

 [(1)(1.05)(22.36069) cos(2.0344)]  [(1) 2 (58.13777) cos(1.1071)]  [(1)(1.05)(22.36069) cos(2.0344)]

 [23.47871cos(2.0344)]  [(58.13777 cos(1.1071)]  [37.20817 cos(2.0344)]

 [10.49908]  [26.00253]  [16.63854]  1.14 pu

 Solution

P3  V3 V1 Y31 cos(31   3  1 )  V3 V2 Y32 cos(32   3   2 )  V32 Y33 cos 33

 [(1.04)(1.05)(31.62278) cos(1.8925)]  [(1.04)(1)(35.77709) cos(2.0344)]  [(1.04) 2 (67.23095) cos(1.1737)]

 [10.91847]  [16.63854]  [28.12273]  0.5657

Q2   V2 V1 Y21 sin( 21   2  1 )  V22 Y22 sin  22  V2 V3 Y23 sin( 23   2   3 )

 [21.00046]  [51.99874]  [33.28073]  2.28

 Solution

P2( 0)  P2sch  P2( 0)  4  (1.14)  2.8600

P3( 0)
 P3sch
 P3( 0)
 2  (0.5616)  1.4384

Q3(0)  Q3sch  Q3(0)  2.5  (2.28)  0.2200

 Solution

P2
 V2 V1 Y21 sin( 21   2  1 )  V2 V3 Y23 sin( 23   2   3 )
 2
 [(1)(1.05)(22.36068) sin(2.0344)]  [(1)(1.04)(35.77709) sin(2.0344)]

 (21.00046)  (33.28073)  54.28000

P2
  V2 V3 Y23 sin( 23   2   3 )
 3
 (1)(1.04)(35.77709) sin(2.0344)  33.28000 pu
 Solution
P2
 V1 Y21 cos( 21   2  1 )  2 V2 Y22 cos  22  V3 Y23 cos( 23   2   3 )
 V2

 [(1.05)(22.36068) cos(2.0344)]  [2(1)(58.13777) cos(1.1071)]  [(1.04)(35.77709) cos(2.0344)]

 (10.49908)  (52.00507)  (16.63854)  24.86000 pu

P3
  V3 V2 Y32 sin(32   3   2 )
 2

 (1)(1.04)(35.77709) sin(2.0344)  33.28000 pu

 Solution

P3
 V3 V1 Y31 sin(31   3  1 )  V3 V2 Y32 sin(32   3   2 )
 3
 [(1.04)(1.05)(31.62278) sin(1.8925)]  [(1.04)(1)(35.77709) sin(2.0344)]

 (32.76052)  (33.28073)  66.04000 pu

P3
 V3 Y32 cos(32   3   2 )
 V2

 (1.04)(35.77709) cos(2.0344)  16.64000 pu

 Solution

Q2
 V2 V1 Y21 cos( 21   2  1 )  V2 V3 Y23 cos( 23   2   3 )
 2
 [(1)(1.05)(22.36068) cos(2.0344)]  [(1)(1.04)(35.77709) cos(2.0344)]

 (10.50195)  (16.63854)  27.14000 pu

Q2
  V2 V3 Y23 cos( 23   2   3 )
 3

 (1)(1.04)(35.77709) cos(2.0344)  16.64000 pu

 Solution
Q2
  V1 Y21 sin( 21   2  1 )  2 V2 Y22 sin  22  V3 Y23 sin( 23   2   3 )
 V2
 [(1.05)(22.36068) sin(2.0344)]  [2(1)(58.13777) sin(1.1071)]  [(1.04)(35.77709) sin(2.0344)]

 (21.00046)  (103.99747)  (33.28073)  49.72000 pu

 2.8600  54.28000  33.28000 24.86000    2 
( 0)

 1.4384     33.28000 66.04000  16.64000   ( 0) 

    3 
 0.2200  27.14000 16.64000 49.72000   V2( 0) 
 

  2( 0)   54.28000  33.28000 24.86000  1  2.8600

 
   3( 0)     33.28000 66.04000  16.64000  1.4384 
 V ( 0)   27.14000 16.64000 49.72000   0.2200
 2  
 Solution

  2( 0)   0.0231268 0.0134351  0.00706701  2.8600

 ( 0) 
   3    0.0136815 0.0219128 0.000492873   1.4384 
 V ( 0)  0.00804505 0.0160901   0.2200
 2  
0

  2( 0)   0.045263
   
   3( 0)    0.007718
 V ( 0)   0.026548
 2   

 2(1)  0  0.045263  0.045263 rad

 3(1)  0  0.007718  0.007718 rad

V2(1)  1  0.026548  0.97345 pu

 Solution
For the 2nd iteration, we use the new values
and follow the same procedure for achieving
the 1st iteration:
  2(1)    0.001795
 (1)  
   3     0.000985
 V (1)   0.001767
 2   

 2( 2)  0.045263  0.001795  0.04706 rad

 3( 2)  0.007718  0.000985  0.00870 rad

V2( 2)  0.97345  0.001767  0.971684 pu

 Solution
• For the 3rd iteration,
  2( 2)    0.000038 
 ( 2)  
   3    0.0000024
 V ( 2)   0.0000044
 2   

 2(3)  0.04706  0.000038  0.04706 rad

 3(3)  0.00870  0.0000024  0.008705 rad

V2(3)  0.971684  0.0000044  0.97168 pu

 Solution
Therefore,
V2  0.97168  0.04706 pu

V3  1.04  0.008705 pu

Q3   V3 V1 Y31 sin(31   3  1 )  V3 V2 Y32 sin(32   3   2 )  V32 Y33 sin 33

 [(1.04)(1.05)(31.62278) sin(1.8925  0.008705)]  [(1.04)(0.97168)(35.77709) sin(2.0344  0.008705  0.04706)]  [(1.04) 2 (67.23095) sin(1.1737)]

 (32.66373)  (32.93439)  (67.05873)  1.4606 pu

 Solution
P1  V12 Y11 cos 11  V1 V2 Y12 cos(12  1   2 )  V1 V3 Y13 cos(13  1   3 )
 [(1.05)2 (53.85165) cos(1.9029)]  [(1.05)(0.97168)(22.36068) cos(2.0344  0.04706)]  [(1.05)(1.04)(31.62278) cos(1.8925  0.008705)]

 (19.35702)  (9.23051)  (10.63287)  39.2204 pu

Q1   V12 Y11 sin 11  V1 V2 Y12 sin(12  1   2 )  V1 V3 Y13 sin(13  1   3 )

 [(1.05) 2 (53.85165) sin(1.9029)]  [(1.05)(0.97168)(22.36068) sin(2.0344  0.04706)]  [(1.05)(1.04)(31.62278) sin(1.8925  0.008705)]

 (56.12730)  (20.86305)  (32.85432)  3.20164 pu