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RECREATING ACTIVITIESTHE EFFECTIVENESS

OF CODE SWITCHING AS A DIVERSION TO ELIMINATE
VICESCOMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY IN TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS
AMONG GRADE 9 CLUSTER 2 STUDENTS OF MNHS – TUNASAN ANNEX
11 AND GRADE 12 IN MUNTINLUPA COSMOPOLITAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2019 -
2020 - 2021

A Research
Presented to the research adviserspanelists of
Muntinlupa National HighCosmopolitan School Tunasan Annex
Tunasan, Muntinlupa City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Grade 10 Junior High School11-
HUMSS
Year 2019-2020 - 2021

JOHN PAUL DE TORRES

ROSEMARIE ACOSTA
TRISHA MAE ANTONJANIOLA
MICAH ANICA ABILA
JOANNA ARCIAGA
REYFUNCHELLE DE VERA
TYRON ANGELES

March 2020
JULIANA MAE VIZARRA
DAVEEN HANNAH ERGUIZA
JHISHLYN AUSTRIA
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Febuary 6 2021

CERTIFICATION

This thesis titled “Recreating activities as a diversion to eliminate

vices THE EFFECTIVENESS
OF CODE SWITCHING AS A COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY IN
TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS AMONG GRADE 11 AND
GRADE 12 IN MUNTINLUPA COSMOPOLITAN SCHOOL”, prepared and
submitted by Group 31 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Grade 10 Junior11 – HUMSS Senior High School has been examined and
recommended for Oral Examination. .

EMIJIDIO C. GEPILA JR., MATELA

MR. MICHAELANGELO LABASTIDA
Adviser

EDELYN H. DAGÑALAN DESSERIE T. MAYNES

JOHN PAUL DE TORRES ROSEMARIE ACOSTA
Member Member

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

APPROVAL

Approved by the PANEL OF EXAMINERS on Oral Examination on (date of

oral defense) with the grade of _____.

LIGAYA ESPINO, MAELT

Chair

DESSERIE T. MAYNES EDELYN H. DAGÑALAN

TRISHA MAE JANIOLA JULIANA MAE VIZARRA

 Member
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Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree

Bachelor of Secondary Education - English.

JENNIFOR L. AGUILAR Ed. D.

Chairperson

MA. JUNITHESMER D. ROSALES, D.E.M

DAVEEN HANNAH ERGUIZA JHISHLYN AUSTRIA
Member Member

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MS. ANNELYN N. BALMONTE,MM

Dean

Date of Passing Comprehensive Examination: _____________________

CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY
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This is to certify that the research work presented in this thesis titled
RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
”THE EFFECTIVENESS
OF CODE SWITCHING AS A DIVERSION TO ELIMINATE
VICESCOMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY IN TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS
AMONG GRADE 9 CLUSTER 2 STUDENTS OF MNHS –TUNASAN ANNEX11
AND GRADE 12 IN MUNTINLUPA COSMOPOLITAN SCHOOL S.Y. 2019 -2020 –
2021”

for the Grade 10 Junior High School11 – HUMSS embodies the result of

original and scholarly work carried out by the undersigned. This thesis does not

contain words or ideas taken from published sources or written works that have

been accepted as basis for the award of a degree from any higher education

institution, except where proper referencing and acknowledgment were made.

JOHN PAUL DE TORRES

ROSEMARIE ACOSTA
TRISHA MAE JANIOLA
JULIANA MAE VIZARRA
DAVEEN HANNAH R. RAMIREZERGUIZA
DANICA ANNA C. ROCHA

JHISHLYN AUSTRIA

Researchers
March 2020

Febuary 6, 2021
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ACKNOWLEGDEMENTS

The researchers would like to extend their profound gratitude to the people

who helped in the completion of this study.

First, to their thesis adviser, Prof. Emejidio C. Gepila Jr. of the College of

Education,------------- whose great efforts are incomparable when assisting the

researchers throughout the study.His adjustments, pieces of advice in studies and

in life are beyond measure and are beneficial to the researchers as students and

as good individuals.

Also, to the experts who helped in the validation of the research instruments,

Dr. Cesar H. Garcia, Prof. Sherry Ann M. Medrano, Prof. Danilova A. Lorenzo

and Ms. Ngeteg. Without their passionate participation and input, the data

gathering procedure would not have been completed.

To the Ramon Magsaysay Cubao High School Principal, Dr. Luis P.

Tagayum, Grade 9 English Teacher, Ms. Negeteg, Grade 9 students and English

teachers for providing the assistance and information we need in the survey and

discussions conducted and completed in the school.

To the Muntinlupa Cosmopolitan School Principal, MS. ANNELYN N.

BALMONTE,MM and Research Teacher Mr. Michaelangelo Labastida.

 Lastly, this research is a product of hard work, dedication and
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commitment as the researchers owe a lot to their parents who never stop to

provide them with the love and support they need in accomplishing their tasks.

ABSTRACT

Title : Recreating Activities as a Diversion to Eliminate Vices

Among Grade 9 Cluster 2 Students of MNHS – Tunasan
Annex S.Y. 2019 - 2020THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
CODE SWITCHING AS A COMMUNICATIVE
STRATEGY IN TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS
AMONG GRADE 11 AND GRADE 12 IN MUNTINLUPA
COSMOPOLITAN SCHOOL

Researchers : JOHN PAUL DE TORRES

ROSEMARIE ACOSTA
 TRISHA MAE JANIOLA
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JULIANA MAE VIZARRA

DAVEEN HANNAH ERGUIZA

JHISHLYN AUSTRIA

Year : 2019 - 2020 - 2021

Adviser : Ms. Danica Anna Rocha Mr. Michaelangelo Labastida

The Problem

This study aims to eliminate vices promote code-switching in teaching and

learning process among Grade 9 cluster 2.

Research Methodology10 – 12

To identify the proficiency of the students in the eight (8) parts of speech

the researchers utilized pre-test, during and post-test strategy. The study is a

quantitative research. As defined by Burns and Grove (1994) quantitative research

is a formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data are utilized to

obtain information. Frequency and percentage counts were utilized
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in the analysisof Muntinlupa Cosmopolitan School.

Findings

All in all, after the study was conducted the researchers found out that the

majority of the participants excelled in the following parts of speech with the help of

the English Grammar app: Nouns, Pronouns, Adjectives, Conjunctions and

Prepositions.

Conclusions

The use of the smartphone inside the classroom can create new

environment both for the learners and the teachers whereas the learners will be

seen as 21st century learners. According to Oxford (1990), it is important to

emphasize that individual students’ style and strategies can work together with or

conflict with a given instructional methodology.

Recommendations

The researchers recommended to the developer of the English Grammar

app to consider the length of the content for each of the lectures. Moreover, since

students has different learning styles the researchers suggest to ZAYAN InfoTech

India (P) Ltd. the developer of the app to consider collaborative learning by

creating the opportunity and activities to the learners by connecting through

Bluetooth, Hotspot, Infrared and any other form of connection.

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Key Concepts:Mobile-Assisted Language Learning, m-learning, e-learning

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE .........................................................................i
CERTIFICATION AND APPROVAL SHEET ........................ ii
CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY ..................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................... iv
ABSTRACT............................................................................ vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................viii
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................. x
LIST OF FIGRUES ................................................................ xi

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction ...................................................... 1
Background of the Study.................................... 4
Theoretical Groundings......................................6
Conceptual Framework ..................................... 8
Statement of the Problem ..................................12
Scope and Limitations of the Study ...................13
Significance of the Study ...................................14
Definition of Terms ............................................16

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign Literature.............................................20
Local Literature ...........................................26
Foreign Studies................................................30
Local Studies....................................................40

Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature and

Studies..............................................................47

Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

 Research Design ...............................................48
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Technique...........................................................49
Instrumentation ..................................................49
Data-Gathering Procedure ................................50
Statistical Treatment of Data..............................60

Chapter 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Proficiency level of the

participants for pre-test............................................................ 63

Proficiency level of the

participants after reading the
contents of the App............................................. 74

Proficiency level of the

participants for post-test..................................... 87

Chapter 5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings ........................................ 101

Conclusions ....................................................... 105
Recommendations ............................................. 108

References............................................................................109
Appendices............................................................................. 121

Appendix 1: Research Instruments..........................................122

Appendix 2: Letters..................................................................135
Appendix 3: Document/Table...................................................149
Appendix 4: Curriculum Vitae ..................................................` 167
Appendix 5: Certificate of Editing
and Validation...........................................................................188
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LIST OF TABLES

Number Title Page

1 Scale of the scores in the pre-test 61

and post-test for the eight (8)
Parts of Speech

2 Scale in Percentage of the scores 62

in the pre-test and post-test for the
eight (8) Parts of Speech

3 Score in pre-test of the 63

Participants in the aspect of Nouns

4 Score in pre-test of the 65

Participants in the aspect of Pronouns

5 Score in pre-test of the 66

Participants in the aspect of Verbs

6 Score in pre-test of the 68

Participants in the aspect of Adverbs

7 Score in pre-test of the 69

Participants in the aspect of Adjectives

8 Score in pre-test of the 70

Participants in the aspect of Conjunctions

9 Score in pre-test of the 72

Participants in the aspect of Prepositions

10 Score in pre-test of the 73

Participants in the aspect of Articles
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LIST OF FIGURES

Number Title Page

1 Integration of Mobile-Assisted 9
Language Learning to
traditional classrooms

2 Screenshot of the Smartphone 51

Application ‘English Grammar’

3 Screenshot of Exercises in the 52

English Grammar App

4 Screenshot of lesson for Nouns 53

in the English Grammar App

5 Screenshot of the lesson for Pronouns 53

in the English Grammar App

6 Screenshot of lesson for Adjectives 54

in the English Grammar App

7 Screenshot of lesson for Verbs 55

in the English Grammar App

8 Screenshot of lesson for Adverbs 56

in the English Grammar App

9
10
11
12 Screenshot of lesson for Prepositions 57
in the English Grammar App
13 Screenshot of lesson for
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in the English Grammar App

14 Screenshot of lesson for Articles 59

in the English Grammar App
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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYOBJECTIVE
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
CONSEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
DEFINITION OF TERMS

INTRODUCTION

This research is generally defined as compulsive use of code-switching. Code-

switching allow users to openly share their feelings, values and thoughts. Although,
using of Code-Switching can satisfy a communication needs, those who use them at
higher rates are shown to have higher levels of fulfilling daily responsibilities, or
pursuing judging them at first sight.

This study focus on the Effectiveness of Code-switching as a Communicative

Strategy in Teaching and Learning Process Among Grade 10 and 12 Students of
Muntinlupa Cosmopolitan School, S. Y. 2020 - 2021;

Code-switching, process of shifting from one linguistic code (a language or

dialect) to another, depending on the social context or conversational setting. As we
all know some of the students are still having a difficulty of talking or answering
questions in their online classes because of their incapable of expressing their
opinions through one language or dialect. And that gives us the idea to conduct this
study, we wanted to learn about how they are dealing with this problem especially in
our situation right now.

This studied by linguists to examine when people do it, such as under what
circumstances do bilingual speakers switch from one to another, and it is studied by
sociologists to determine why people do it.
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OBJECTIVE:

To Today”s young generation might be more sexually active or more

inclined to experiment with drugs,alcoholand cigarettes. Vices (the so-
called deadly sins) that are corruptive of the self and possession of which thus
prevents an agent from leading a flourishing life. Traditional versue theory by
arguing that absence of such vices is at any rate a necessary condition for leading a
good life. Tobacco use is a global epidemic among young people when adolescents
smoke, the poisoning cause by cigarettes will be worsened. The gastric and
intestinal periscalsis will strengthen and the blood ciruculation will be accelerated.
Dramatic increases in the proportion and intensity of smoking intensity of smoking
occurs after the age of 18, because of the legal age,liberated and categoriza
themselves as adult. Smoking behavior among young smoker’s was also distinct
from older smoker:young adults will more likely to be occational smokers and
reported daily consumption. The overwhelming majority as adult smokers began
smoking before 18, and many were addicted before they even finished high school.
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1. determine the correlation between code-switching and in

teaching and learning process.
2. To help students improve their skills in speaking other language other than native
language.
3. To help students to feel more comfortable throughout different societies in their lives,
and they use it to stay to connected to all of these parties at once.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

SOP 1: Among the grade 9 cluster 2 students of MNHS Tunasan

Annex, what is the rate (quantity) of the students who probably have vices?
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SOP 3: According to gender, how many percent approve the process of

Eliminating vices through recreational activities?

This study aims to answer the following:

1. What are the effects that code-switching might create and what can be done to make
it a useful tool for teaching and learning?

2. Will code switching has been a help when it comes to helping learners to
meaningfully understand the subject matter content?

3. How does code switching affect the linguistic aspects of language varieties
among Grade 10 and Grade 12 Students in Teaching and Learning Process at
Muntinlupa Cosmopolitan School?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The output of the study will hopefully add knowledge to

the following:
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this studyPwill
xx
The students — help them thoughts and its
message easily. It serves as a motivation to for them to deliver their
words without fearing that they might be misunderstood. This will help
them in improving their overall academic performance, as well.

School
The teachers — as role models and advisers to the students, this study
will help them explain precisely what they intended to explain to
students.

The administrators: — as managers of learning institutions, they

will be able to strictly imposed and assemble polices to out mischief and
delinquency of the students that greatly affect on their academic performance.
The teacher: as role models and advisers to the students they should be
dignified and reputable. Hence, they should strictly forbid vices such as cigarette
smoking and drinking liquors by constantly reminding student and lecturing them
implementations that will benefit students and teachers to understand
each other. For the students to have the courage to speak their thoughts
in class and outside the school freely and for the teachers to explain the
negative affects of these vices. These maybe incorporated in their daily lessons
more particularly and social sciences subjects and values education with precise.

The next researchers — it can serve as their guide and basis to their
research. They can also get informations that will serve as their related
local studies.
Students as the main focus of the study, they will be able to apprehend
the ramifications of cigarette smoking and drinking liquors towards studied. Thus,
they can avoid or quick these vices.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This study was conductedyielded original findings that contribute to

know the advantageempirical database of Code-Switching on Teaching and
disadvantage of recreational activities as divertion to eliminate vices among grade 9
cluster 2 students of MNHS TUNASAN ANNEXLearning Process.
Our goal in this study is to know and measure how many of the
students and teacher agree or disagree with the implemention of the recreational
activities as divertion to eliminate vices among grade 9 cluster 2 of
MNHS TUNASAN ANNEX.in MCS are having aHdifficulty
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question in online classes using only one language or dialect among grade 10-12
students of
MUNTINLUPA COSMOPOLITAN SCHOOL.The respondents of the
study is grade 9 cluster 210-12 students of MNHS TUNASAN ANNEXMUNTINLUPA
COSMOPOLITAN SCHOOL in the fourthsecond semester of the school year 2019-
2020-2021.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES(noun)- Is an activity of leisure, leisure being

discretionary time. The need to do something for recreational is an essensial
element of human biology and psychology

DIVERSION(noun)- An activity that diverts the mind from tedious or serious

concerns; a recreation or pastime.

ELIMINATE(verb)- To remove or take away someone or something.

VICE(noun)- An immoral or evil habit or practice.

CIGARETTE(noun)- Athin cylinder of finely cut tobacco rolled in paper for smoking.

SMOKING(verb)- Inhale and exhale the smoke of tobacco or a drug.

EPIDEMIC(noun)- A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a

community at a particular time.
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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the literature and studies reviewed which are
relevant to the present study. Through the support of collected related literature and
studies, it provided baseline information and give further details that helped the
researcher’s study of the banishment of vices.

FOREIGN LITERATURE

Cigarette smoking is the largest preventable risk factor for morbidity and mortality in
developed countries. Dramatic changes in the prevalence of cigarette smoking in the
second half of this century in the United States (i.e., a reduction among men and an
increase among women) have reduced current smoking levels to approximately one
quarter of the adult population and have reduced differences in smoking prevalence
and smoking-attributable diseases between the sexes. Current smoking in the
United States is positively associated with younger age, lower income, reduced
educational achievement, and disadvantaged neighborhood environment. Daily
smokers smoke cigarettes to maintain nicotine levels in the brain, primarily to avoid
the negative effects of nicotine withdrawal, but also to modulate mood. Regular
smokers exhibit higher and lower levels of stress and arousal, respectively, than
nonsmokers, as well as higher impulsivity and neuroticism trait values. Nicotine
dependence is the single most common psychiatric diagnosis in the United States,
and substance abuse, major depression, and anxiety disorders are the most
prevalent psychiatric comorbid conditions associated with nicotine dependence.
Studies in twins have implicated genetic factors that explain most of the variability in
vulnerability to smoking and in persistence of the smoking phenotype. Future
research into the causes of smoking must take into account these associated
demographics, social factors, comorbid psychiatric conditions, and genetic factors to
understand this complex human behavior. (Cigarette Smoking )
Andrew W. Bergen, Neil Caporaso
JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 91, Issue 16, 18 August
1999, Pages 1365–1375, 1999, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/91.16.1365
Published: 18 August (1999)

Cigarette smoking, hereafter referred to as “smoking,” is the largest single risk

factor for premature death in developed countries. Approximately one fifth of the
deaths in the United States are attributable to smoking, and 28% of the smoking-
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attributable deaths involve lung cancer, 37% involve vascular disease, and 26%
involve other respiratory diseases. More than 400 000 deaths per year and 30% of
all cancers in the United States are attributable to smoking. Lung cancer is the
largest single cause of cancer-associated mortality and is the most common cause
of smoking-related mortality in the United States. The attributable risk from smoking
for oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal cancers is substantial, although less than that
for lung cancer ( 5 , 6 ). The attributable risk from both smoking and alcohol
consumption accounts for the majority of both oral and pharyngeal cancers and of
esophageal cancer ( 7 ). Morbidity and mortality attributable to smoking would
decline in the future if reductions in smoking prevalence were to be observed.
However, despite dramatic declines in adult male smoking prevalence in the United
States observed from the 1960s through the 1990s , the decline in current adult
smoking prevalence slowed by about 1990 ( 9 ), and recent surveys of current
smoking in youth, defined as cigarette use on at least one of the last 30 days
preceding the survey, show a statistically significant increase (from 27.5% in 1991 to
36.4% in 1997) ( 10 ). The prevalence of current smoking among adults in the United
States, defined as smoking daily or smoking on some days, is now about 23% in
women and 27% in men and is statistically significantly higher in those less than 65
years of age; in those with 9-11 years of education; in those below the poverty
threshold; in whites, blacks, and American Indians/Alaskan Natives; and in military
veterans ( 9,12-15 ). Projected demographic and smoking prevalence trends
suggest that the absolute number of current smokers in the United States, about 47
million individuals in 1995, will continue to increase, especially in those below the
poverty threshold, in those with less than 13 years of education, and in those greater
than or equal to 65 years of age ( 9,15-18 ).
Smoking prevalence in men worldwide is higher than it is in the United States, while
smoking prevalence among women worldwide is usually less than the prevalence in
men, although it has equaled or exceeded that in men in some northern European
countries ( 19 , 20 ). While annual per capita cigarette consumption has dropped in
developed countries from a high of more than 3000 in the 1970s to about 2600 in
1990, it is increasing in developing countries (260% increase in China between 1970
and 1990), so that worldwide annual per capita cigarette consumption has not
changed substantially over the last 25 years ( 20 ). Because of the delayed health
effects of smoking, morbidity and mortality in developing countries attributable to
smoking have not yet surpassed those in developed countries but are likely to do so
in the next century ( 20 , 21 ).
The study of biomarkers in smoking-attributable cancer has concentrated on
measures of exposure (i.e., cotinine, NNAL-Gluc 1 ), dose (i.e., carcinogen-
macromolecular adducts, such as 4-amino biphenyl hemoglobin adducts),
micronutrients (i.e., β-carotene), and genetic factors that may modify these factors or
their effects ( 22 ). The investigation of such biomarkers is predicated on the
assumption that an enhanced understanding of metabolic mechanisms will help to
identify susceptible groups or individuals and direct future research or prevention
efforts. Another group of risk factors for lung cancer and other smoking-related
cancers are those that are associated with smoking, its initiation, and its persistence.
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We will review factors associated with current and persistent smoking that have
been studied by use of pharmacologic, epidemiologic, behavior genetic, psychologic,
and psychiatric perspectives. The identification of those factors consistently and
statistically significantly associated with smoking will provide biologic and social
variables with which to investigate mechanisms that contribute to the persistence of
this behavioral phenotype. Improved understanding of these mechanisms may
enable improved cancer prevention and control efforts.
Smoking-Attributable Cancer Mortality in 1991: Is Lung Cancer Now the Leading
Cause of Death Among Smokers in the United States?
Donald R. Shopland, Harmon J. Eyre, Terry F. Peachacek
JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 83, Issue 16, 21 August
1991, Pages 1142–1148, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/83.16.1142
Published: 21 August 1991

Finding from the new American Cancer Society prospective study of 1.2 million men
and women indicate that mortality risks among smokers have increased substantially
for most of the eight major cancer sites causally associated with cigarette smoking.
Lung cancer risk for male smokers doubled, while the risk for females increased
more than fourfold. On the basis of the new American Cancer Society relative risks,
we project that cigarette smoking alone will contribute to slightly more than 157 000
of the 514 000 total cancer deaths expected to occur in the United States in 1991.
Overall, smoking directly contributes to 21.5% of all cancer deaths in women but
45% of all cancer deaths in men. It would also appear that lung cancer has now
displaced cornary heart disease as the single leading cause of excess mortality
among smokers in the United States. [J Natl Cancer Inst 83:1142–1148, 1991]
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Racial Differences in Risk of Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer: Alcohol, Tobacco, and
Other Determinants
Gina L. Day, William J. Blot, Donald F. Austin, Leslie Bernstein, Raymond S.
Greenberg, Susan Preston-Martin, Janet B. Schoenberg, Deborah M. Winn, Joseph
K. McLaughlin, Joseph F. Fraumeni, Jr.
JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 85, Issue 6, 17 March 1993,
Pages 465–473, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/85.6.465
Published: 17 March 1993

In the United States, Blacks have increasingly higher rates of oral and pharyngeal
cancer (oral cancer) than Whites, but determinants of the racial disparity have not
been clear. Purpose : The purpose of this study was to explore reasons for the
higher incidence of oral cancer among Blacks than Whites. Methods : We used data
from a large, population-based case—control study of oral cancer risk factors
conducted in four areas of the United States. On the basis of interviews that
ascertained characteristics of 1065 oral cancer patients (871 Whites and 194
Blacks) and 1182 controls (979 Whites and 203 Blacks), we examined racial
differences in exposure prevalences and relative risks for a number of known
etiologic factors, including tobacco and alcohol consumption, diet, and
socioeconomic and other variables. To evaluate the extent to which the major risk
factors explained the excess risk of oral cancer among Blacks, population-
attributable risks were calculated. Results : Differences with respect to alcohol
consumption, especially among current smokers, emerged as the most important
explanatory variables. After adjusting for smoking, heavy drinking (⋛30 drinks/week)
resulted in a 17-fold increased risk among Blacks and a ninefold increase among
Whites. Among drinkers, Blacks tended to drink more than Whites. Also, a higher ( P
= .01) percentage of Blacks (37%) than Whites (28%) were current smokers,
although there were little or no racial differences in relative risks or patterns of use
for other smoking variables, including number of cigarettes smoked per day, years of
smoking, and age started smoking. From population-attributable risk calculations, we
estimated that differences in alcohol and tobacco use account for the bulk of the
higher incidence of oral cancer among Blacks in the United States and that, in the
absence of alcohol and tobacco, the rates of this cancer according to race (Black,
White) and gender would be nearly equal. With regard to other potential etiologic
factors, protective effects provided by higher dietary intake of fruits and vitamin C
were more pronounced for Whites, while Blacks more often tended to be in socio-
demographic and medical or dental health categories associated with increased risk.
Conclusions : These analyses provide evidence that various environmental or life-
style determinants of oral cancer may contribute to the higher oral cancer rates in
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Blacks than in Whites in the United States, but that patterns and risks associated
with alcohol consumption, particularly among current smokers, are the most
important contributors to the excess risk in Blacks. Implications : These findings
suggest that the key to prevention of oral and pharyngeal cancers among both
Blacks and Whites is reduced intake of alcoholic beverages and, because of strong
interactive effects, the cessation of smoking. [J Natl Cancer Inst 85:465–473, 1993]
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FOREIGN STUDIES

Adolescent tobacco smoking is a major health concern in Chile. Schools may be

able to influence adolescent behaviour regarding smoking; however, this topic has
received limited research attention in Latin-American countries. Moreover, the
prevalence of cigarette smoking varies between schools, and some of this variability
may be explained by school factors. This article examines the inter-school variability
in student smoking in a large sample of Chilean schools and identifies the school-
and student-level characteristics associated with cigarette smoking.

(Published online 2016 Jun 9. doi: 10.1186/s12887-016-0612-z

PMCID: PMC4901418
PMID: 27282769
Influence of school-related factors on smoking among Chilean adolescents: a cross-
sectional multilevel study
Jorge Gaete, Catalina Ortúzar, Pedro Zitko, Alan Montgomery, and Ricardo Araya)

According to the research conducted Taheri, Ghorbani, and Sagedhnia (2017),

Tobacco sonsumption is the second major cause of death and fourth most common
risk factor for diseases, worldwide. Epidemiologic studies have traced the use of
alcohol, tobacco, and illicit substances among medical students and physicians.

Acoording to research conducted by Kusma, Quarcoo, and Raupach (2016),

Diseasesassociated with smoking area foremost cause of premature death in the
world, both in developed and developing countries. Eliminating smoking can do
more to improve health and prolong life than any other measure in the field of
preventive medicine. Today’s medical students will pay a prominent role in future
efforts to prevent and control tobacco use.

According to the study entitled, IAMURE International Journal of Multidisciplinary

Research vol.10 no.1 by Florendo (2014), Cigarette smoking is always harmful since
it is one a primary reasons for human death, however, smoking can be prevent. In
the Philippines,there are dearth of studies conducted that deal with cigarettes
smoking and anxiety among collage student. The main purpose of the study is to
find out the cigarettes smoking behavior among collage students and it’s correlates
to anxiety. The researcher use of questioners, standardized test and interviews to
gather data. Likewise, descriptive correlational method, purposive sampling and
SPSS were utilized. Out of 1,866 freshman students surveyed in Isabela State
University Main Campus, Philippines, 286 were current smokers. Findings revealed
that most of the participants are in their adolescence stage, male dominated,
received minimal allowance, have parents with high educational attainment, and
their parents job’s require physical labor.Results showed that peer, familial, mast
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media, environmental factors respectively except for the teacher factor had
considerable impact on the smoking behavior of the participants. Finding indicated
that most of the smokers have a high level of an anxiety. Anxiety is significantly
related to the developmental stage when one started smoking and sticks he/she
consumed per day. An intervention program aimed at reducing anxiety and
cigarettes smoking among student need further research.

According to the study entitled, Smoking among school going adolescents in

selected secondary schools in Peninsular Malaysia findings from the Malaysian
Adolescent Health Risk Behaviour (MyaHRB) study by,Lim, K.H, Lim, H.L, Tee, EO,
(2017), Amultitude of studies have revealed that smoking is learned behavior during
adolescence and efforts to reduce the incidents of smoking has been identified as
long term measures to curb the smoking menace. The objective of these studies
was to determined the prevalence as well as the intra and interpersonal factors
associated with smoking among pper secondary school students in selected
school’s in Peninsular Malaysia.
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SYNTHESIS

Philippines has one of the highest cigarettes smoking rates in South East Asia, yet
few studies have been published on the smoking patterns and behavior of the
Filipinos. The purposed of the study is to identify environmental, demographic,
cognitive, lifestyle, and personal health factors associated with smoking cigarettes
among Filipinos in the Philippines.
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CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Code-Switching
Is the alternation between two codes (languages and or dialects,) between people
who share those particular codes.

Communicative Strategy
Strategy that learners use to overcome these problems in order to convey their
intended meaning.

Linguistics
Is the study of language – how it is put together and how it functions.

Dialect
A regional variety of language distinguished by features of vocabulary, grammar,
and pronounciation from other regional varieties.

Sociologist
An expert that studies how people act within societies and other groups.

Bilingual
Someone who speaks two languages fluently.

Solidarity
A feeling of unity between people who have the sam interests, goals etc.

This chapter outlines the methodology and procedures undertaken throughout the
course of the systematic investigation. It includes the process of the research and
sampling technique applied in conducting this study. It also contains the analysis
instrument and therefore the procedural gathering of information of the researchers.
The respondents concerned were delineated during this chapter. The applied math
treatment of information is also found on this section.

Research Design

The study will use descriptive research design that will attain to answer the
questions and the purpose of the study. As stated by Bernard (2012),
descriptive research used to “describe” a situation, subject, behavior, or
phenomenon. It is used to answer questions of who, what, when, where and
how associated with a particular research question or problem. Descriptive
studies are often described as studies that are concerned with
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finding out “what is”. Prior in completing this I
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method by conducting a survey or research investigation.

Furthermore, the type of research that will be using in this study is qualitative
research. Bryman (2007) stated that qualitative research is a research strategy
that indicates the relationship between the theory and research and usually
emphasizes on how theories were generated. Surveys were used by the
researchers for it can be conducted faster and cheaper compared to other
methods of primary data collections such as observation and experiments.

The survey form investigates the “what” or “how” of aa student based on his
or her intellectual approach. Besides this, the researchers will also examine
the phenomenon through observations in numerical representations,
percentage to express relative frequency and other data and through
statistical analysis. The design was focused in analyzing and interpreting the
data gathered through survey forms that can be ranked according to the
participant’s understanding and perspective. This allowed the researcher to
focus on important factors that are needed to be reported.

Population, Sample and Sampling Technique

With the simple random sampling, the researchers divide the population into
subset of individual chosen from a larger set. Simple random sampling was
applied wherein everyone is chosen randomly and entirely by chance such
that each individual as the same probability of being chosen at any stage
during the sampling process. (Yates, Moore and Starkness 2008)

Unlike any other sampling techniques,simple random sampling is best for the
study in enchancing the knowledge of students on subject verb agreement. In
the study respondents from grade 9 were chosen to be part of the population.
All students from the selected sample are within the scope of the research.
This eas achieved through deissementing survey from to the students who
volunteered to answer the printed handouts.
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