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Lecture No. 10 - Case Study

This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics and its applications in engineering projects. It discusses topics like refrigerators, air conditioning, flight, pumps, hydraulic brakes, compressors and more. It also defines key terms like statics, dynamics, hydrodynamics, aerodynamics and compressible versus incompressible flow. The document highlights how fluid mechanics is used in areas like artificial hearts and spacecraft. It also discusses one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional flows and engineering software packages used for computational fluid dynamics analysis.

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ضياء بن احمد الكباري
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33 views17 pages

Lecture No. 10 - Case Study

This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics and its applications in engineering projects. It discusses topics like refrigerators, air conditioning, flight, pumps, hydraulic brakes, compressors and more. It also defines key terms like statics, dynamics, hydrodynamics, aerodynamics and compressible versus incompressible flow. The document highlights how fluid mechanics is used in areas like artificial hearts and spacecraft. It also discusses one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional flows and engineering software packages used for computational fluid dynamics analysis.

Uploaded by

ضياء بن احمد الكباري
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture No.

10

Applications of Fluid Mechanics in


Practical Life Engineering Projects
• 1. Refrigerators and Air Conditioners.
• 2. Air Flight.
• 3. Sailing.
• 4. Pump and Motor.
• 5. Hydraulic Brake System.
• 6. Air Compressor.

2
1–1 ■ INTRODUCTION
Mechanics: The oldest physical
science that deals with both stationary
and moving bodies under the influence
of forces.
Statics: The branch of mechanics that
deals with bodies at rest.
Dynamics: The branch that deals with
bodies in motion.
Fluid mechanics: The science that
deals with the behavior of fluids at rest
(fluid statics) or in motion (fluid
dynamics), and the interaction of fluids
with solids or other fluids at the
boundaries.
Fluid dynamics: Fluid mechanics is Fluid mechanics deals
also referred to as fluid dynamics by with liquids and gases in
considering fluids at rest as a special 3
case of motion with zero velocity. motion or at rest.
Hydrodynamics: The study of the motion of fluids
that can be approximated as incompressible (such as
liquids, especially water, and gases at low speeds).
Hydraulics: A subcategory of hydrodynamics, which
deals with liquid flows in pipes and open channels.
Gas dynamics: Deals with the flow of fluids that
undergo significant density changes, such as the flow
of gases through nozzles at high speeds.
Aerodynamics: Deals with the flow of gases
(especially air) over bodies such as aircraft, rockets,
and automobiles at high or low speeds.

4
Gas and vapor are often used as synonymous words.
Gas: The vapor phase of a substance is customarily called a gas when it
is above the critical temperature.
Vapor: Usually implies that the current phase is not far from a state of
condensation.

Macroscopic or classical approach:


Does not require a knowledge of the
behavior of individual molecules and
provides a direct and easy way to
analyze engineering problems.
Microscopic or statistical approach:
Based on the average behavior of
large groups of individual molecules.

On a microscopic scale, pressure


is determined by the interaction of
individual gas molecules.
However, we can measure the
pressure on a macroscopic scale
5
with a pressure gage.
Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics

Fluid dynamics is used extensively


in the design of artificial hearts.
Shown here is the Penn State
6
Electric Total Artificial Heart.
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8
Compressible versus Incompressible Flow
Incompressible flow: If the
density of flowing fluid remains
nearly constant throughout (e.g.,
liquid flow).
Compressible flow: If the density
of fluid changes during flow (e.g.,
high-speed gas flow)
When analyzing rockets, spacecraft,
and other systems that involve high-
speed gas flows, the flow speed is
often expressed by Mach number

Schlieren image of the spherical shock


wave produced by a bursting ballon
Ma = 1 Sonic flow at the Penn State Gas Dynamics Lab.
Ma < 1 Subsonic flow Several secondary shocks are seen in
Ma > 1 Supersonic flow the air surrounding the ballon.
Ma >> 1 Hypersonic flow
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One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows
• A flow field is best characterized by its
velocity distribution.
• A flow is said to be one-, two-, or three-
dimensional if the flow velocity varies in
one, two, or three dimensions, respectively.
• However, the variation of velocity in certain Flow over a car antenna is
directions can be small relative to the approximately two-dimensional
variation in other directions and can be except near the top and bottom of
ignored. the antenna.

The development of the velocity profile in a circular pipe. V = V(r, z) and thus the
flow is two-dimensional in the entrance region, and becomes one-dimensional
downstream when the velocity profile fully develops and remains unchanged in 10
the flow direction, V = V(r).
1–9 ■ ENGINEERING
SOFTWARE PACKAGES

All the computing power and the

engineering software packages available

today are just tools, and tools have

meaning only in the hands of masters.

11
ENGINEERING
SOFTWARE PACKAGES

CFD: Computational

Fluid Dynamics

12
BRAKE SYSTEMS

Energy Conversion Management


Energy Conversion

The brake system converts the kinetic


energy of vehicle motion into heat

14
Front/rear Hydraulic Split

Primary System

Front Axle
Rear Axle

Secondary System

15
Master Cylinders
A master cylinder is just a simple piston
inside a cylinder

Input Force

Output Pressure

16
Foundation Brake Sub-system

 Disc Brakes
 Linings

17

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