PRELIM External Regulation-involves various

LESSON 1 institutions dictating what is proper and

normal based on one’s identity.
Women in the Philippines
Internal Regulation/Internalized Social
Constitution Article II Section 13- women Control- a person polices himself or herself
are vital aspect of nation- building and the according to society’s standards and norms.
inclusion in societal structure and processes
Gender stereotypes- develop when some
are key toward equality and development
institutions reinforce a biased perception of
Philippines ranked 7th in the world for a certain gender’s role.
gender equality according to World
Economic Forum Types:

Discrimination today; Sex Stereotypes- generalized view of traits

that should be possessed by men and
Women- women's primary task is child-care, women, specifically physical and emotional
reproductive sphere and household. roles.
Pay-Gap- women earn less than men even if Sexual Stereotypes- assumptions regarding
they have the same qualifications and same a person’s sexuality that reinforce dominant
responsibilities. views.
Glass-Ceiling-certain attitudes and beliefs Heteronormativity-assumption that all
about women's ability limit the position the persons are only attracted to the sex
can attain. Mostly likely women will be left opposites theirs.
to do mental jobs as compared to men of the
same qualification (discrimination ) Sex role Stereotypes- roles that ,em amd
women are assigned to based on their sex
Women are perceived as weaker sex and what they must possess to fulfill theses
LESSON 2 roles.
Sex- category of living beings related to Compounded Stereotype- assumptions
their reproductive functions(male/female) about a specific group belonging to a gender
vice versa(lady guard, oldmen, young
Femininity- behavior that associates with women)
female not actually tied to woman’s sex
SOGIE- Sexual Orientation and Gender
Masculinity- behavior that associates with Identity and Expression
male not actually tied to men’s sex
Sexual Orientation- covers three
Effeminate Man- man with higher level of dimensions of human sexuality. Involves
progesterone and estrogen. who is one is attracted to and how one
Maculinate woman- women with higher identifies him/herself in relation to this
levels of testosterone. attraction which includes both romantic and
sexual feelings.
Gender- socially learned behavior usually
associated with one’s sex. Based on how -Sexual attraction, behavior, and fantasies
people see themselves and on their tendency -Emotional and social preference; self
to act along either masculine or feminine. identification
TYPES OF GENDER ROLES -Heterosexual and Homosexual lifestyle
SOCIALIZATION;
Gender Identity- refers to one’s personal RECEIVED KNOWLEDGE-listening to
experience of gender or social relations. the voice of others. Developed by
Gender Expression- determines how one absorbing knowledge. Women who learn
through receiving knowledge listen to
expresses his/her sexuality through the
actions or manner of presenting oneself. friends and authorities and understand
what is being said enough for them to repeat
LGBTQIA- an initialism movement. words. They are able to do the right thing by
Queer- people who are not yet sure following rules of authority figures, but the
lack the ability to comprehend paradoxes(if
Intersex two or more authority figures have
Asexual- people who are not sexual feelings contradictory information, she cannot
distinguish which is correct)
Gender Equality- the recognition of the
state that all human beings are free to enjoy SUBJECTIVE KNOWLEDGE- the inner
conditions and fulfill their human potential voice and quest for self- women learn to
to contribute to the state and society. trust their “inner voice and infallible gut”.
Women who learn through this are those
LESSON 3 who have awakened to the previous abuses
Culture- system of symbols that allow they have suffered. They realized that
people to give meaning to experience. following rules will not make them happy.
(malleable and adaptable-culture can They depend on themselves and their
change) experience to attain truth.
Microaggression-hostile, derogatory, or PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE- voice of
negative racial slights and insults that can reason and separate and connected
cause potentially harmful or unpleasant knowing-women who learn through process,
psychological impacts on the target and they learn well from formal systems of
person/group. knowledge, enough for them to excel. They
learn to defend their beliefs and rationalize
LESSON 4
their thoughts, and they focus on the method
Women’s way of Knowing more and less on the problem.
-role of caregiving CONSTRUCTED KNOWLEDGE-
-girls learn by copying their women; boys integrating the voices- women need the
learn through disassociation ability to reflect on and accept themselves.
Women must learn to value their own
-women learn through empathy; men learn methods of knowing and their own
through separation constructed knowledge. They must turn
WOMEN AND SILENCE-silence inward.
indicates an absence of thought or reflection. LESSON 5
Women who lived in silence are often
disconnected from their families and Gender-fair Language- primary symbol for
communities due to their lack for communication and for how humans
constructive thought. Women who learn understand and participate in the world.
through silence lack the ability to understand Language- defines women and men
abstract thought. They do not enjoy differently as seen in common adjectives
introspection. associated with these genders.
Sexist Language- unequal gender relations -Gender Parity has been achieved in primary
through sex-role stereotypes, education in the Philippines.
microagressions and sexual harassment - In places with gender disparity, women are
Invisibilization of Women- rooted in the in high risk of discrimination.
assumptions that men are dominant and the -inequality increases at higher levels of
norm of fullness of humanity, and women do education, through there is an increase in
not exist. female participation in tertiary levels
-generic use of masculine pronouns/ use of -women are still underrepresented in STEM
masculine general
Women and Health
-assumption that certain functions or jobs
are performed by men instead of both -pregnancy is still the main health concern
gender. for women (15-29 yrs. old) and it is
aggravated with HIV/AIDS
Trivialization of Women
-Women’s life expectancy on average is
-bringing attention to the gender of a person longer than that of men.
if only if that person is a women
Violence against Women(VAW)
-perception that women are immature.
-one in three of women has experience some
-objectification or likening to objects of form of vaw in her life; one of five has
women experienced attempted or actual rape; half
Identities and Naming Things- naming these victims are made of girls 16 and
things give them power. bellow.
LESSON 6 - 30% of women’s first sexual encounter
Beijing Platform for Action was forced or non-consensual.
(BPFA)-provided 12 different sectors where -cultural-specific violences like bride
women are generally oppressed. burning, child abuses, and female genital
Women and the economy: Women and mutilation are still practiced in some parts of
Work the world

-work is often understood as a form of Women and Armed Conflict

livelihood. -Rape and sexual violence are seen as war
-women have specific labor issues related to tactics to instill fear among communities
their gender. (e.g. Boko Haram, ISIS).
-fewer women are represented in the labor - Women in armed conflict areas are prone
force than men (women are expected to stay to harassment or are made to enter forced
at home and take care of their children) domestic servitude, and most cases remain
-there is a presence of a pay gap, also unreported due to the fear of stigma attached
women have an average of two more hours to it.
of work than men per day due to their - Chapter 4 of Philippines’ Magna Carta
productive work at home. for Women: “all women shall be protected
Women and Education from all forms of violence as provided for in
existing laws.”
Women in Power and Politics Women and the Environment
-Globally, women compose only 22% of all -Women are more susceptible to have less
parliaments/congresses. access to clean water and sanitation and
access to energy, also women have more
- 143 out of 195 countries have risk of exposure to natural disasters.
constitutional provisions to ensure gender
equality. - Poor women are forced to walk for 20
minutes to one hour to get water and/or
-Women in the Philippines still constitute firewood for their families (ex.
less than half of the elected. Sub-Saharan Africa), most times, multiple
Institutional Mechanisms and the Human times a day.
Rights of Women Women and Disasters
-The Magna Carta for Women is -Women are more vulnerable to the
considered to be the “comprehensive bill of effects of disasters, and it is increased by
rights for Filipino women.” This is a major the effects of the resulting poverty
mechanism that enforces gender equality in incidence and migration.
the country, and it has three tracks:
Women in Indigenous Communities
-Issuance of administrative memorandum
circulars for all Three Branches of the - Women members of Indigenous Peoples
Government. (IPs) have little to no access to
government services like health,
- Issuance of guidelines to enhance the education, and housing, due to their
capacity of agencies in gender planning. location outside of cities. This forces them
- Legislative review to amend to go to the cities in search of better
discriminatory provisions. conditions, where they are exploited.

Discrimination Against Girl-Children Filipino Women in Other Sectors

-Girl-children are more susceptible to -Women living in ARMM (now BARMM)

harmful practices like female infanticide are affected by the decades-long armed
(killing of baby girls) and sex-selective conflict.
abortion. LESSON 7
- Since a lot of culture value baby boys than Women, Development, and the World
girls, people in poorer countries tend to
give more food to boys, leaving girls at Growth and Development
risk of malnutrition.
-Development is assessed in terms of gross
-Female circumcisions are still prevalent in national product (GNP – includes earnings
some cultures. from foreign investments) and gross
domestic product (GDP – wealth produced
-Teenage pregnancies are still prevalent from local investments and activities).
due to lack of access to sex education, These measure the economic activity based
family planning seminars, and on how much people in a country are
contraceptives. producing in terms of income-generating
products and services. One can argue that
more economic activity equates to greater manpower for industries, often having to
earnings of the people in the country, raising take on the double burden of
their general well-being. child-rearing and income generation
because economic development demands
-The quest for constant growth is that their husbands be paid insufficient
problematic for some reasons, including that wages.
the constant desire for growth drains our
natural resources: (i) severe water crisis Gender and Development
caused by global warming, (ii) loss of
thousands of species of flora and fauna, -Western economic values compel women to
(iii) forests are disappearing rapidly every decide between success in the economic
year, (iv) “peak oil” – a state in which all system and the cultivation of family and
the easily accessible oil has been community life.
consumed and that the only available - Well-being based on consumption, income
petroleum supply come from sources that growth, and the push for more wealth is
are very difficult to access. never questioned, while well-being founded
on relationships, community, and fulfillment
-Global Warming is caused by CO2 and
is set aside.
other greenhouse gases emitted by human
modes of transportation and - An individual is obliged to acquire a
energy-intensive production systems certain level of income to feel his/her
(Intergovernmental Panel for Climate value in a community, and to keep up
Change, 2014). with accumulation, growth, and
consumption at levels that can support
Women and the Dominant Economic his/her society.
System
- A competitive market may translate to less
-The pursuit for development is destructive time with his/her children, it takes away
to the world yet people insist in pursuing time from the family and community, and it
despite the vast ecological destruction it has pushes one to adopt values of individualism
caused. and aggressiveness that do not encourage or
- A greater proportion of the vulnerable allow deep relationships.
people are women. - Women are said to value dialogue and
- The dominant system (Western liberal accommodation because of the
capitalism) needs to be reexamined recognition of the pluralism in the society,
because of its potential for harm. and they tend to see personhood as
“relational,” instead of “autonomous” or
- The Western ideal has a history of “individualistic.”
wealth accumulation that required the
colonization of non-European people and Agriculture and the Values of
land. Development

-Women have suffered from the violence: (i) -Food is controlled by a few large
women were made to fill the gap for corporations that value profit over
cheaper labor, (ii) women were generally ecology.
paid less, and (iii) women are also
expected to produce and raise the future
- In order to mass produce, they need advances women liberalization by realizing
farmers who will grow large amounts of the capacity of women to become agents of
chicken, pigs, and cows in pins. change in a holistic perspective that is based
on women’s culture, system of values and
-The system of monoculture means that understanding, as well as economic
many species of plant life will eventually structures and social systems.
get wiped out as they are no longer
cultivated by farmers, or their habitats Pro-Women Perspectives on Development
are being destroyed to plant the
commercial varieties of plants. Shiva- an economic system that is geared
toward growth and accumulation is
How Women Feed the World anti-women and anti-environment.
-Women are known as keepers of -Destructive development- The cycle of
biodiversity as the preservation of plant intervention, transformation, and processing
species is directly tied to how the locals for accumulation and consumption.
utilize their understanding of which species
are suited to a given environment without -Subsistence economies are assumed to be
resorting to planting methods that imposes underdeveloped because “they do not
the use of artificial chemicals and processes. participate overwhelmingly in the market
economy, and do not consume commodities
-Women plant more nutritious food than produced for and distributed through the
those produced by multinational market even though they might be satisfying
corporations, as claimed by FAO and UN. those needs through self-provisioning
mechanisms.”
- Rural women can sustain life better than
big businesses – a proof that one need not - Women need to participate in development
rely on destructive, mass production-based that is more than just an expansion of the
development to feed the world. existing economic system. Development
should not simply men the Westernization
Women in Relation to Development of the world.
- Development is based on aggressive LESSON 8
masculine values, and women themselves
act together in enriching, or correcting, Gender Interests and Needs
this narrow view of development.
-Development plans and policies often view
- Women empowerment and women as one homogenous group, this
capacity-building are keys to realizing assumes that the needs of all women are
self-development and achieving the the same.
well-being of women.
Gender Interests – interests that are
- The exclusion of women in developed by men or women by “virtue of
decision-making and governance their social positioning through gender
structures is a major hindrance against attributes.” Gender interests are assumed
the participation of women. by many to be the same for all those
belonging to the same sex.(divided into two
-the Women, Culture, and Development practical and strategic)
(WCD) approach to development is a new
model for empowering women. This
Gender Needs - are “means by which their -Convention on the Elimination of all
concerns may be satisfied.” Forms of Discrimination Against Women
(CEDAW) of 1979 – also known as the
Types of Gender Needs: “International Bill of Rights of Women.”
-Practical – concerned with women’s Affirms the reproductive rights of women
immediate needs for survival – nutrition, and targets culture and tradition as
living conditions, healthcare, and influential forces shaping gender roles and
employment. family relations. It also seeks to identify the
different places where women may
-Strategic – the needs women identify experience discrimination and suggest
because of their subordinate position to policy strategies to overcome such
men in their society. problem.

-Strategic needs relate to gender division -The Philippine Government, in response

of labor, power and control, and may to CEDAW, has enacted the Magna Carta
include issues like legal rights, domestic for Women to serve as the Government’s
violence, equal wages and women’s commitment.
control over their bodies.
- CEDAW Definition of Discrimination –
LESSON 9 any distinction, exclusion or restriction
made on the basis of sex which has the
Laws, Policies, and Programs for effect or purpose of impairing or
Philippine Women nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or
exercise by women, irrespective of their
Human Rights Approach – the way the
marital status, on a basis of equality of men
world is structured places some groups
and women, of human rights and
(especially women) at a disadvantage, said
fundamental freedoms in the political,
groups have particular rights that are
economic, social, cultural, civil, or any other
specific to their needs, including sexual and
field.
reproductive health care, protection against
gender-based violence, and right to -Beijing Platform for Action of 1994
non-discrimination in education and the (BPfA) – emphasizes that women share
workplace. common concerns that can be addressed
only by working together and in
- This is essential as it increases awareness
partnership with men towards common
about women’s plight and particular needs.
goal of [gender] equality for all around the
Laws and Treaties Passed to Address world. Aims for the complete participation
Demands for Women’s Rights Protection: of women in all spheres of life through the
shared responsibilities of men and women
-Universal Declaration of Human Rights at home, in the workplace, and in the
of 1948 (UDHR) – a “common standard of public sector.
achievement for all peoples and all
nations.” Provides all people (regardless of - Feminization of Poverty – the
race, sex, gender, nationality, skin color, phenomenon in which the majority of the
etc.) the same basic human rights, and has world’s poor are women.
universal application to all human beings.
2000 Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) – a collection of eight goals that
focus on major issues of the as socio-cultural, economic, political, and
underprivileged people. Focused on legal issues. This is the Philippines’
reducing poverty, hunger, disease, and implementing vehicle for BPfA.
gender inequality, as well as ensuring
access to water and sanitation by 2015. -2010 Harmonized Gender and
Development Guidelines
-Goal 2 – achieve universal primary
education - Women’s Empowerment, Development,
and Gender Equality (EDGE) Plan
-Goal 3 – promote gender equality and 2013-2016 – promotes the integration of a
empower women gender lens into all aspects of planning.
- Goal 4 – improve maternal health LESSON 10
2015 Sustainable Development Goals Concept of Women’s Oppression
(SDGs) – addresses the causes of poverty
and inequality in the world today. Serves as How did it happen that half of the world’s
the continuation of the MDG. population is systematically discriminated
against?
- SDG 5 – achieve gender equality and
empower all women and girls Women:

- Gender-specific targets of the SDG include - Bears children and mostly raise their
“end of all forms of discrimination children from infancy and up to their early
against all women and girls everywhere.” years.

Laws and Policies for Women in the - A source of cultural and emotional
Philippines education of children.

- Article II, Section 13 of the 1987 - Primary task of taking care of the family
Constitution – recognizes the vital role of (universal caregiving).
women in nation-building. - First healer due to their extensive
- RA 7192 – Women in Development and knowledge of herbs.
Nation Building Act. Tasked the National - At some point in all ancient cultures,
Commission on the Role of Women women were hailed as mediators to the
(NCRW), now the Philippine Commission gods.
of Women (PCW) to provide assistance in
ensuring the formulation and nationwide Rosalind Miles – a famous feminist writer,
implementation of gender-responsive journalist, and historian who has
government policies, programs, and researched the hidden role of women
projects. throughout history. Compiled theories to
discuss the origin of women’s oppression.
- Executive Order 348 – created the
Philippine Development Plan 1989-1992 Theory 1: Goddess Worship to God
Worship
-Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive
Development – a 30-year perspective plan - From ancient civilizations that worshipped
from 1995-2025 covering the following the earth goddess to the male suppression of
domains: the individual, the family, as well this goddess.
-Women-centric cults existed prior to the - Women are perceived to be feeble-minded,
phallocentric cults, a slow and violent of lesser value to man, and ultimately
process. women had the potential to cause the
downfall of great men.
- According to Miles, women were less
valued, and their status were threatened Theory 3: A Shift of Production
with the expansion of phallus worship
around 1500 BC. - The shift of production from
hunter-gathering to agriculture has
-The first gods for early civilization were contributed to the oppression of women.
women as they were celebrated and How? Reproduction became an important
venerated for her fertility (dating to as far task in society as it needed for workers.
back as 5000 years ago). Women had to be watched, protected and
controlled.
- Goddess-Based Social Organization –
the worship of mother goddesses lasted for - Sexuality had to be overseen so the
as long as people experienced the community could be assured that the
development of life as a mystery and a gift. children they will produce will be loyal to
Men realized that they too played part in the community.
fertility eventually, societies concluded that
the source of life was the penis, not the - A shift from food production to laborer
womb. production has oppressed women as a result.

- People started believing that males bore LESSON 11

the creative power in which the seed of men The Western Women’s Movement
developed inside the female, who served as
a receptive vessel of life. As male power • Exposed the structural inequality faced by
grew, inequality also increased. women in particular era.
- Women became seen not as active partners Feminism – a way of looking at the world
but only as passive incubators. through a woman’s perspective. The
patriarchal nature of society has driven
Theory 2: Eve and the Other feminism to concern itself with issues in
- Western Religion influenced a negative relation to women oppression, with an end
perception of women. goal of liberating women through gender
equality.
-The Story of Eve – since she is of Adam’s
flesh (rib), she is his equal. First Wave: Women and Civil Rights

-The story shows how a woman had - Called for women’s equal rights with men,
deprived all of humankind the abundance focusing on right to vote.
that the Garden of Eden had to offer. - Originated during the French Revolution
Ultimately, a woman’s folly brought – Parisian women marched to the Paris City
suffering to men. Hall in 1789 to demand right to a cheaper
- According to Miles, the links fall to the bread.
goddess cult to the rise of discriminatory -The theoretical roots is Liberal Feminism.
treatment against women. Women became articulated of their equality
with men. This is inspired to political Radical Feminism – sought to ensure
thought of Kant, Mill, and Rousseau. woman’s differences from man were
recognized and celebrated. Came about as
A. Women and the Anti-Slavery a reaction to the lack of attention given to
Movement sex and sexuality in the women’s struggle.
-The idea that a woman is the property of Third Wave
her husband may explain the strong
connection between women’s liberation -Shifted focus to include the needs of
movement and the anti-slavery in the West. women from developing countries in light of
the effect of globalization and neoliberalist
- Women had no political voice, and during economic policies.
the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention,
women delegates were even made to listen - Call for a feminism that embraced the
behind curtains. plurality of women’s experience.
- Attendees like Lucretia Mott and - Deemed to be more inclusive, as voices
Elizabeth Cady Stanton say this as a from post-colony and post-socialist
similarity of women’s situation with that of countries were involved in the movement.
slaves.
LESSON 12
B. Women’s Right to Vote
Women in the Philippines
- Participants in the first wave of women’s
emancipation movement fought for the right Pre-colonial Philippines
to vote, equal opportunity for employment • There was no discrimination between
and commerce, and the right to education. sons and daughters, and parents took
• Seneca Falls Convention – the first pride of their children. All children are
women’s rights convention in New York equal in terms of inheritance.
City in 1848. Produced the Declaration of • All children are educated equally and
Sentiments, and eventually led to what each took an active role in society when
would be known as the suffrage (suffragette) they grew up.
movement.
• Marriages were arranged and a dowry was
Second Wave paid by the groom to the wife’s family. The
-Rooted in the movements of liberation in woman kept her name, and if she was
the 1960s and 1970s and the heightened particularly meritorious, the husband took
feminist consciousness. her name. Spouses are viewed as equal
partners in marriage.
-Socialist Feminism – believe that women
are opposed in all aspects of their lives, • Divorce was available, and both had equal
not only in the economic aspect. Women’s rights to property and children.
subjugation is rooted in the concept of -Sexual inhibitions regarding virginity in
having a monogamous family and marriage was not universally valued, sex
monogamous women are confined in their education was prescribed duty of mothers to
homes and are discouraging to participate daughters (Code of Kalantiaw).
in productive labor.
-Women were free to exercise their • From the 1900 to 1920s, most women’s
decisions concerning reproduction, with groups furthered the presence of women in
abortion an option. the public sphere by focusing on charity
work and social services.
-Women played an important role in the
economic • Decision-making at top levels in all these
movements had largely been done by men.
-Babaylan – individuals who hold special
knowledge or can converse with spirits. Three Insights (American Period to
Supposedly chosen by the spirits and Martial Law):
given special powers to engage the unseen
1. Movements were begun and dominated
beings of nature. A culture bearer,
by men
priestess, and myth keeper, healing not only
one’s body and soul but also one’s 2. The women’s involvement in these
relationship with the spirits and nature. movements gave them liberties and roles
that were traditionally denied to them.
Hispanic Period
3. The goals and objectiveness of these
• Spanish clergy saw early Filipinas as too movements were valid for and important to
sensuous and free with their behavior, but a smaller or great section of Filipino women.
were appreciated for being intelligent,
strong-willed, and practical. The Birth of Militant Groups with a
Feminist Agenda
• Friars admonished women to remain pure.
• Revolutionary groups that emerged in
• Women were taught to avoid sin by the 1960s and 1970s were associated with
keeping chaste, not being vain, dressing the communist and socialist movements.
modestly, keeping busy at home, and being
self-sacrificing. The Nationalist and Militant Movements
• Spaniards created a woman who was only • Believed that the only way to achieve
active at home and withdrawn from the equality in the society was to liberate the
public sphere. nation from the exploitation of the elite and
the United States.
• Filipinas were reduced to an instrument for
propagating the colonial system and Militant Groups:
producing the next generation that would
ensure its survival. 1. MAKIBAKA – Malayang Kilisan ng
Bagong Kababaihan. A group of student
• Maria Clara – the embodiment of a activists who showed that the root of
Filipina during the Spanish Era. A sweet, women’s problems lay in feudalism,
docile, obedient, self-sacrificing woman. capitalism, and colonialism.
• Logia de Adopcion – a 1890s masonic 2. PILIPINA – Kilusan ng Kababaihang
lodge of intellectual women with Pilipino. Focused on mainstreaming
anti-Spanish sentiments. women’s concerns in the transformation of
society.
American Period
3. KALAYAAN – Katipunan ng
Kababaihan Pasa sa Kalayaan. Worked
within the national liberation agenda to 6. Joi Barrios (Maria Josephine Barrios)
ensure that the women’s liberation issues – a popular poet, actress, scriptwriter, and
were not made secondary in the activist. Her works include To Be A Woman
movement. is to Live at A Time of War.
4. SAMAKA – Samahand Makabayan ng 7. Lorena Barros – one of the founders of
Kabataang Pilipina. A women’s group from MAKIBAKA.
the University of the Philippines.
8. Raisa Jajurie – advocate of Muslim
5. GABRIELA – General Assembly women’s rights. Founded Nisa Ul-Haqq fi
Binding Women for Reforms, Integrity, Bangsamoro (women for Justice in the
Equality, Leadership, and Action. A political Bangsamoro).
party focusing on women.
9. Roselle Ambubuyog – first
Ten Filipinas Who Advanced Modern visually-impaired Filipina summa cum
Feminism in the Country laude. She was granted full scholarship at
the Ateneo de Manila University for a
1. Leticia Ramos-Shahani – a former bachelor’s degree in Mathematics.
Senator, chairperson of National
Commission on the Role of Filipina Women, 10. Rosa Henson – a comfort woman. Her
country representative to the first autobiography Comfort Women: Slave of
Commission on the Status of Women, and Destiny was published in 1992. She joined
one of the women who spearheaded and Hukbalahap in the WW2.
solely drafter CEDAW.
LESSON 13
2. Patricia Benitez-Licuanan – a former
chairperson of CHED, National Commission Women and Education
on the Role of Filipina Women, Commission Gender and Education
on the Status of Women, Main Committee
Fourth World Conference of Women, and Education – a basic human right, according
co-founder of the Asia Pacific Women’s to the UDHR, essential for the progress of
Watch, the convener of the Asia-Pacific the society.
NGO Forum.
• 2nd Millennium Development Goal –
3. Teresita Quintos-Delez – a peace right to universal primary education hopes to
advocate, former chair and co-founder of eliminate gender disparity in primary and
Coalition for Peace, National Peace secondary education.
Conference.
• 4th Sustainable Development Goal –
4. Sister Mary John Mananzan, OSB – a aims to ensure inclusive and equal education
feminist activist, former GABRIELA for all and promote lifelong learning.
chairperson and former president of St.
Scholastica’s College. One of the top 100 Gender can influence an individual’s
Inspiring People in the World in 2011. experience with education (how a person
gets, what kind of quality of education a
5. Sister Christine Tan – first Filipina to person receives, etc.).
head the Philippine Province of the
Religious of the Good Shepherd. • In some countries, women are still fighting
for their right to education (example: the
story of Malala)
• Some struggle for the basic privilege to education should always receive the highest
take up a non-traditional course/program (a budgetary allocation.
course/program that is not usually associated
to a particular gender). 2. Philippine Development Plan for
Women (1989-1992)
• It should be noted that gender parity in
education does not mean gender equality. 3. Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive
This simply creates a more just and Development (1995-2025)
equitable society for all. 4. NEDA Handbook – Harmonized Gender
• Some benefits for women include better and Development for Project
economic opportunities, delayed marriage, Implementation, Monitoring, and Evaluation
reduced fertility, better sexual and (2010). Identifies other recommendations to
reproductive health and rights, and equality achieve a gender-fair system of education.
and empowerment. Designed to help monitor the
gender-responsiveness of academic
The Importance of Education: An programs.
International Perspective
Gender and Development Markers in
1. UDHR – Article 26 provides that Education
education is everyone’s fundamental right.
Primary education is a non-negotiable right Multispectral
that must be free for all. Higher, technical • Primary and Secondary – participation,
and professional education should be enrollment, and positive performance in
accessible and based on one’s own merits standardized tests are used as indicators.
and skills.
• Higher Education – performance of male
2. CEDAW – necessitates the elimination of and female students in licensing and board
discrimination against women, specifically exams, and enrollees, graduates and
the elimination of discriminatory laws, distribution of gender per academic degree
practices, and acts against women in or program.
educational institutions. • Employment in the Education Sector –
3. MDG and SDG – education is the only the number of teachers and administrators
formal institution (outside of the family) that per gender is evaluated for public, private
all individuals are required to pass through. and vocational institutions.
Education is the root of, or a powerful tool, Gender Issues in Education
for social transformation.
• Gender parity is present in the Philippines,
4. BPfA – prioritizes equal access to quality with girls even outperforming boys in terms
education, as education is viewed as key to of test scores and degree completion.
help people achieve their full potential.
• Beijing +20 NGO Report – the issues
Philippine Laws on gender-Responsive surrounding education have more to do with
and Gender-Fair Education discrimination caused by cultural beliefs and
1. 1987 Constitution – access to education gender biases.
is a fundamental right, regardless of status in • Thelma Kintanar – Gender Concerns on
life. The Constitution provides that Campus – An Information Kit for College
Administrators and Educators. It is Women in the Productive Sphere
necessary to analyze the quality of education
given to women. • “A women’s work is never done.”

Different Issues Concerning Gender and • Women contribute to the economy in all
Education forms, from those who work in the
productive sphere, to those who support
1. Stereotyping as a Violation of Human workers in the reproductive sphere.
Rights
• Women still face the same issues – pay
• 2013 Report of High Commissioner of gap, poverty, and lack of decent work
Human Rights – declares gender opportunities.
stereotyping as a violation of one’s human
rights. It has a negative effect on women’s Right to Decent Work
education quality, access, and the field they • Magna Carta for Women – Section 22
will enter. (women shall have the right to decent
• Stereotypes are enforced by numerous work).
institutions like family, community, church, • Decent work entails support services that
school, and mass media. take into consideration their maternal
2. Issues in STEM functions, family obligations, and work.

• Philippine Beijing +20 NGO Report – The Multiple Burden of Women

the promotion of woman’s successes in • Women have both reproductive and
STEM is lacking. The textbooks overlooked productive work, called by feminists as
female researchers and achievements thus “double day” or “multiple burden.”
creating a gap between genders represented
in science books. This will not relate to the Women Friendly Workspaces
lived experiences of women, making it
harder for them to see themselves in this • A gender-responsive organization gives
field. importance to women’s true gender needs.

3. Sexual Violence in Education • Ignoring the needs of women with regard

to their unpaid reproductive work ignores
• Happens mostly against women. their true gender needs.
• This contributes to higher and earlier 1. New laws that recognize the rights of paid
drop-out rates, as well as lower academic and unpaid care workers.
achievement.
2. Pro-reproductive sector tax reforms.
• Anti-Sexual Harassment Law of 1995 –
defines sexual harassment as the demand of 3. Gender-responsive public financial
a sexual act or favor in an institution, management reforms.
wherein the person who demands the act is 4. Official statistical systems that are more
in moral ascendancy or influence over the sensitive to the care economy.
person being solicited.
The Nature of Women’s Paid Work
LESSON 14
Women and Work in the Philippines
• Women’s lack of choice in work may force 2. RA 10151 – An Act Allowing the
them to take dangerous jobs, assume jobs Employment of Night Workers. Lifted the
that ban under Article 130 and 131 of the Labor
Code on the employment of women at night
do not offer job security, or migrate due to their productive roles.
elsewhere for better work opportunities.
3. RA 10361 – Domestic Workers Act
• Women also find themselves in part-time (Kasambahay Law). Defines labor rights of
jobs to balance their reproductive needs. domestic household workers – a vast
• Women head 25% of households globally majority are females. Increased the
but are generally poorer due to wage minimum wage and provided regular
discrimination and other gender-specific employment and benefits.
forms of discrimination against women. LESSON 15
Sex-Role Stereotyping at Work Violence Against Women (VAW)
• Men are predominantly employed in Definition under the Magna Carta for
labor-intensive jobs. Women:
• Women are likely to take on jobs that are “Any act of gender-based violence that
related to their assumed traits – patience, results in, or is likely to result in, physical,
understanding, care. sexual, or psychological harm or suffering
The Sex Trade to women, including threat of such acts,
coercion, or arbitrary deprivation of
• Usually refers to the reproductive liberty, whether occurring in public or in
activity called coitus or sex in exchange private life.”
for pay.
• May be one of the first crimes committed
• Viewed as a dominantly female issue as against a person because of their gender.
most sex workers are female and most
buyers are males. • Rooted in the unequal relationships and
structuralized oppression against women.
• Recreational sex and sex outside of
marriage was only socially acceptable to Types of VAW:
men but not women – called as the double 1. Sexual Violence – the forcing of
standard sex. unwanted sexual acts upon a person
• Sex work is rooted in the double standard • Rape – forced or coerced penetration of
of sex – where men are free to have sexual the vulva or anus using a penis, other body
relations outside of marriage, women were parts, or an object. An unsuccessful rape is
not. The “querida” mentality. an attempted rape; if more than one person
Selected Laws to Address Problems of commits rape, it is gang rape; and if rape
Women and Work in the Philippines happens between a married couple, it is
marital rape.
1. RA 9501 – the Magna Carta for Micro,
Small, and Medium Enterprises. Creates • Incest – sexual acts done between family
policies to ensure women entrepreneurs are members or closely-related persons.
assisted.
• Sexual Harassment – a specific form of 3. Rape Victims Assistance Act of 1998
sexual violence that occurs outside one’s
home, including manipulation, intimidation, 4. Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003
and blackmail. 5. Anti-Violence Against Women and their
2. Physical Violence – involves causing Children Act of 2004
physical or bodily harm against another LESSON 16
person.
Representation of Women in the Arts and
3. Psychological Violence – involves Media
causing harm to a victim through the use of
emotional manipulation, resulting in mental Women in Western Art: The Beginning of
suffering. Female Objectification
4. Economic Abuse/Violence – the -Women are constantly being made object of
deprivation of a woman’s financial one’s viewing pleasure. They are made the
independence. object of one’s desires or have learned to
scrutinize themselves using the standards of
5. Spiritual Violence – uses religion or other women.
spirituality to discredit, harm, or
disempower women. -The idea of women representation started
with women’s role in Western Art – women
Pornography – a representation through become the “muse” or subject of various art
publication, exhibition, cinematography, forms.
indecent shows, information technology, or
by whatever means of a person engaged in -The painting “The Judgment of Paris” by
real or simulated explicit sexual activities or Peter Paul Rubens presents a strong starting
any representation of the sexual parts of a point for the study of women in Western Art.
person for primarily sexual purposes.
The Male Gaze
Prostitution – any act, transaction, scheme,
or design involving the use of a person by -The idea of “looked-at-ness” was
another for sexual intercourse or lascivious discussed by Laura Mulvey’s essay Visual
conduct in exchange for money, profit, or Pleasure and Narrative Cinema.
any other consideration.
-Discusses the Freudian term called
Impacts of VAW Scopophilia, in which the act of looking
has become a form of pleasure (taking
• Influences how a woman participate in the other people as objects, subjecting them
public sphere. to controlling and curious gaze.)
• Can lead to unwanted pregnancies, Women in Advertising
miscarriages, STDs, and other sexually and
reproductive health issues. -The insight about the display of the female
nude is true not only for art, but for every
Laws on VAW medium where women are displayed.
1. Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995 -Women are often presented as sex objects
2. Anti-Rape Act of 1997 in advertisement, even for products that
have
nothing to do with their sexuality or their What Makes a Man a Man?
bodies.
• One can say that a man is strong, but the
Women and Sexualization degree of strength depends on age, biology,
and physical ability.
-Media has a way of defining the way a
person perceive reality and oneself. • No sissy stuff – masculinity is based on
the relentless repudiation of the feminine.
-Sexualization is understood to occur
inwomen when: • Be a big wheel – we measure masculinity
by the size of the pay check. Wealth, power,
-a person’s value comes only from his or her and status are all markers of masculinity.
sexual appeal or behavior, to
the exclusion of other characteristics; • Be a sturdy oak – what makes a man a
man is that he is reliable in times of crises.
-a person is held to a standard that equates
physical attractiveness with being sexy; • Give ‘em hell – exude an aura of daring
and aggression. Take risks, live life on the
- a person is sexually objectified – made into edge.
a thing for other’s sexual use, rather than
seen as a person with the capacity for • According to Vandello and Bosson, there
independent action and decision making; are various forms of masculinity, although at
a given time, only one masculinity
- sexuality is inappropriately imposed upon dominates the gender hierarchy above all
a person femininities and masculinities – the
hegemonic masculinity.
LESSON 17
Proving Masculinity
Masculinity
-Vandello and Bosson – manhood is hard to
Beginnings of Masculinity win.
• Carol Gilligan noted that women’s -Other men win manhood through physical
socialized roles as caregivers tasked them activities, sports, or even through public acts
with the responsibility of caring for young of homophobia.
children.
-Some men will also avoid or even ridicule
• Traditional models of a household have the tasks that challenge their manhood like
men working solely outside of their homes, doing activities normally done by women.
making them absent during a child’s early
years. This scenario leaves young boys with -Lad culture – a variety of masculinities
no male role model to learn from. and cultures in UK university communities.
• Boys learn masculinity from what they see -Raunch culture – related to lad culture.
on media and interactions in schools. The Has the potential and actual harm, from
lack of binge drinking to harassment.
empathy of men may be rooted in the fact -Hookup culture – dominant in the
that they are actually socialized to be unlike American culture. Sexual activity is
women who must have empathy to raise regarded as the transition marker from
children. boyhood to manhood.