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Chapter # 1 What Is Statistics ?

Statistics is the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data. It involves collecting data, processing it, analyzing it and drawing conclusions. Parameters are values calculated from entire populations while statistics are values from samples. Descriptive statistics describe data through techniques like data collection, presentation and analysis. Inferential statistics draw inferences about populations from samples using techniques like sampling, estimating parameters and checking estimate reliability. Key concepts in statistics include variables that can be discrete or continuous, qualitative or quantitative as well as constants.

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Memi Khan
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28 views

Chapter # 1 What Is Statistics ?

Statistics is the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data. It involves collecting data, processing it, analyzing it and drawing conclusions. Parameters are values calculated from entire populations while statistics are values from samples. Descriptive statistics describe data through techniques like data collection, presentation and analysis. Inferential statistics draw inferences about populations from samples using techniques like sampling, estimating parameters and checking estimate reliability. Key concepts in statistics include variables that can be discrete or continuous, qualitative or quantitative as well as constants.

Uploaded by

Memi Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter # 1 What is Statistics ?

STATISTICS (Definition)

Plural Sense Singular Sense Plural of the word Statistic


Aggregate of the facts expressed in To collect data, to process, to analyze “STATISTIC” means a numerical
numerical form e.g. and to draw inferences (decision) quantity calculated from the sample
I. Marks of the XI students e.g., collecting the marks of 50 data. e.g., Collecting the marks of 50
II. Heights of the students students of XI year. Representing the students of XI year and then
data in specified form. Computing calculating the average of these
e.g., an average of the 50 observation marks.This average is called Statistic.
and interpreting the result

POPULATION & SAMPLE

Population is the collection of objects or items according to characteristic of interest.(Just like a universal
set inset theory)

Sample is a part of the population. It should be a representative of population. More than one sample can
be selected from the same population.

PARAMETER & STATISTICS

The numerical quantity computed from the population is called parameter.

The numerical quantity computed from the sample is called statistic.

e.g., the mean (average) computed from the population is called parameter while the mean (average)
computed from the sample is called statistic.
KINDS OF STATISTICS

Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics


I. Data Collection Techniques I. Techniques of drawing samples
II. Data Presentation techniques II. Techniques of estimating the
III. Data Analysis Techniques parameters.
III. Techniques of checking the reliability of
these estimates

BASIC CONCEPTS OF STATISTICS


I. Variable and Constant
Variable: Any observed characteristic that changes from preson to person, place to place or
time to time is called variable eg., height of individuals, No. of students in different colleges of
Islamabad.
Constant: Any observed characteristic that remains constant even though change is placed in
person, place or time e.g., Per Capita Income of Pakistan in 2019, Sum of the angles of Sectors of
a circle.
II. Discrete and Continuous Variable.

Discrete Variable: A variable is said to be discrete if it can assume finite or countably infinite no
of values e.g., no. of children in a family, No. of students in our college in different classes.

Continuous Variable: A variable is said to be continuous if it can assume any value within a
given range e.g., speed of cars moving on highway, height of individuals.

III Qualitative and Quantitative Variables

Qualitative Variable : A variable is said to be qualitative in nature if it attains non-


numerical values e.g highest qualification of your family members, eye colour of the
individuals.
Quantitative Variable : A variable is said to be quantitative in nature if it attains
numerical values e.g heights of individuals, no of courses offered by the university.

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