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Statistics and Probability

Quarter 3 – Module 3
Normal Distribution
 Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 3: Normal Distribution

First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Brazille C. Ganzon PhD

Liza E. Malanog
Editor: Marlon S. Jala PhD
Management Team: Bianito A. Dagatan EdD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent

Casiana P. Caberte PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Felix C. Galacio Jr. PhD

EPS, Mathematics

Josephine D. Eronico PhD

EPS, LRMDS

Printed in the Philippines by Schools Division of Bohol

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Tel Nos. (038) 412 – 4938; (038) 411-2544; (038) 501 – 7550
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Learning Competencies: Illustrates a normal random variable and its
characteristics. (M11/12SP-IIIc-1)
Identifies regions under the normal curve corresponding to
different standard normal values. (M11/12SP-IIIc-3)
Converts a normal random variable to a standard normal
variable and vice versa. (M11/12SP-IIIc-4)
Computes probabilities and percentiles using the standard
normal table. (M11/12SP-IIIc-d-1)

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

 illustrate a normal random variable and its characteristics;
 identify regions under the normal curve corresponding to different standard
normal values;
 convert a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice
versa; and
 compute probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal table.

Lesson 1: Normal Probability Distribution

What is it…

Normal Probability Distribution is a probability distribution of a continuous

random variables. It shows graphical representations of random variables obtained
through measurement like the height and weight of the students, the percentile ranks
of the A&E (Accreditation and Equivalency) Test result of the ALS students or any data
with the values of interval scale of real numbers. It is also used to describe the
characteristics of populations and making inferences.

This
graphical

representation is popularly known as a normal curve. Normal curve is described clearly

by the following properties

Properties of Normal Curve

1. The distribution curve is bell-shaped.
2. The curve is symmetrical about its center.
3. The mean, the median and the mode coincide at the center.
4. The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation of the
distribution.
5. The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely along the horizontal axis, always
approaching the axis but never touching it. That is, the curve is asymptotic to the
base line.
6. The area under the curve is 1. Thus it represents the probability or proportion
or the percentage associated with specific sets of measurement values.
When the normal probability distribution has a mean µ = 0 and standard
deviation ơ = 1, it is called as standard normal distribution.
EMPIRICAL RULE

The above diagram shows the representation of 68% - 95% - 99.7% rule. The
68% -95% - 99.7% rule is better known as empirical rule. This rule states that the
data in the distribution lies within the 1, 2, and 3 of the standard deviation of the
mean. Specifically, the above diagram tells the estimation of the following percentage:
 68% of data lies within the 1 standard deviation of the mean.
 95% of data lies within the 2 standard deviation of the mean.
 99.7% of data lies within the 3 standard deviation of the mean.

Example:
The score of the Senior High School students in their Statistics and Probability
quarterly examination are normally distributed with a mean of 35 and standard
deviation of 5.

Answer the following questions:

a. What percent will fall within the score 30 to 40?
b. What scores fall within 95% of the distribution?

Solution:
Draw a standard normal curve and plot the mean at the center. Then, add three times
the given standard deviation to the right of the mean and subtract 3 times to the left.
The illustration is provided below:

Answer:
a. The scores 30 to 40 falls within the first standard deviation of the mean.
Therefore, it is approximately 68% of the distribution
b. Since 95% lies within the 2 standard deviation of the mean, then the
corresponding scores of this distribution are from 25 up to 45
 What’s More…
A. Directions: True or False. In the answer sheet, write the word TRUE if the statement
is correct and FALSE, if the statement is incorrect.

_______1. The total area of the normal curve is 1.

_______2. The normal probability distribution has a mean µ = 1 and standard

deviation ơ = 0.
_______3. The normal curve is like a bell-shaped.
_______4. The curve of a normal distribution extends indefinitely at the tails but
does not touch the horizontal axis.
_______5. About its mean 0, the normal curve is not symmetrical to the center.

B. Read the following problems carefully. Use empirical rule to answer each question.
1. IQ scores of the ALS students in the Division of Bohol are normally
distributed with a mean of 110 and a standard deviation of 10. What percent
of the distribution falls within the IQ scores of 100 to 130?
2. A normal distribution of data with the mean of 78 and standard deviation of
9. What percentage of the data would measure 87?

Lesson 2: Understanding z – scores

What is it…
The Table of areas under the Normal Curve is also known as the z-Table.
The z-score is a measure of relative standing.

Using the z-table, one can determine specific regions under the normal
curve. For example, 50 % of the region under the curve is below the mean and 50% is
above the mean. Specific regions can be determined in terms of their usefulness in a
situation. Since the z-table provides the proportion of the area (or probability or
percentage) between any two specific values under the curve, regions under the curve
can be described in terms of area.

Steps on how to Find the Area that Corresponds to Z –Value

1. Draw/sketch a normal curve and locate the given z-value on the normal
curve
2. Shade the region of the curve according to the condition of z-value
whether it is below, above or between.
3. Use the table of the area under the normal curve to find the
corresponding area
4. Choose the appropriate operation based on step 2 and 3
4.1. When the z-value is to the left or any related terms (e.g. below, less
than) just write the value we obtained in step 3
4.2. When the z-value is to the right or any related terms (e.g. above,
greater than), subtract 1 by the obtained value in step 3
4.3. When the shaded region is in between of the two z-value, subtract
the biggest by smallest value obtained in step 3

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 5. Label the shaded region.
Example 1: Find the area that corresponds below z=−1.35

Solution:
Step 1. Draw/sketch a normal curve
and locate the given z-value.

Step 2: Shade the region of the

curve according to the condition of
z-value whether it is below, above
or between.

Step 3. Use the table of the area under the normal curve to find the
corresponding area

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 The intersection between -1.3 and 0.05 is 0.0885

Step 4. Choose the appropriate operation

based on step 2 and 3
4.1 When the z-value is to the left or
any related terms (e.g. below,
less than) just write the value we
obtained in step 3

Since the shaded region of the curve is to the left of the z= -1.35 and the
intersection between -1.3 and 0.05 is 0.0885. Therefore, the area of the
shaded region is 0.0885

Step 5. Label the shaded region.

Example 2: Find the area to the right of z=−1.35

Step 1:

Step 2:

Step 3. The intersection between -1.3 and 0.05 is 0.0885

Step 4. Since the shaded region is to the right of z-value, we will subtract
0.0885 to 1. The difference is 0.9915

Step 5

Example 3: Find the area between z = -1.30 and z = 2

Step 1:

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 Step 2:

Step 3. The value that corresponds to z=1.3 is 0.0968 and z=2 is 0.9772

Step 4. Since the shaded region is within the two z-value, subtract
0.9772 by 0.0968. The difference is 0.8804
Step 5. The area between z=1.3 and z=2 is 0.8804

The z-score

The areas under the normal curve are given in terms of z-values or scores.
Either the z-score locates X within a sample or within a population.

The formula for calculating z is:

where:
X −μ X = given measurement
z= (z-score for population data)
σ μ = population mean
σ = population standard deviation

X − X́ X́ = sample mean
z= (z-score for sample data)
S = sample standard deviation
s

What is the importance of the z-scores? Raw scores may be composed of large
values, but large values cannot be accommodated at the base line of the normal curve.
So, they have to be transformed into scores for convenience without sacrificing
meanings associated with the raw scores.

The z-values are matched with specific areas under the normal curve in a
normal distribution table. Therefore, if we wish to find the percentage associated with
X, we must find its matched z-value using the z-formula. The z-value leads to the area
under the curve found in the normal curve in the normal curve table, which is a
probability, and that probability gives the desired percentage for X.

Example 1:

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 Given the mean μ = 50 and the standard deviation, σ = 4 of a population of
Reading scores. Find the z-value that corresponds to a score X = 58.

Solution:
Given: μ = 50
σ =4
X = 58
X −μ
z=
σ
58−50
z=
4
8
z=
4
z=2
Thus, the z-value that corresponds to the raw score 58 is 2 in a population
distribution. It is above the mean. So we can say that, with respect to the mean, the
score 58 is above average.

Example 2:
The heights of teachers in Sta. Catalina National High School are normally
distributed with a mean of 150 cm and standard deviation of 15 cm. The height of Sir
Victor has a z-score of 3.25. What is the actual height of Sir Victor?

Solutions:
In this example, z-score is given while the normal random variable is unknown.
To solve for the normal random variable x, multiply the z-score (z) by the standard
deviation σ , then add the mean μ. Therefore;
x = zσ + μ
= 3.25(15 cm) + 150 cm
= 48.75 cm + 150 cm
= 198.75 cm

What’s More…
A. Find the area that corresponds to each of the following z values. Sketch and label
each curve.

1. to the right of z = 2.18

2. below z= -1.40
3. above z= 0.57
4. between z = -2.34 and z = 1.57

B. Solve the following problems. Show your solution.

1. Given X = 20, X́ = 26 and s = 4. Compute the corresponding z-score.

2. The time it takes for a cell to divide is normally distributed with an average of 60
minutes and standard deviation of 5 minutes. How long will it take for a given cell
to divide if its mitosis has a z-score of -1.35?

Lesson 3: Identifying Regions of Areas Under the Normal

Curve

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 What is it…
A normal distribution curve can be used as a probability distribution curve for
normally distributed variables. The area under the standard normal distribution curve
can also be thought of as a probability. That is, if it were possible to select any z value
at random, the probability of choosing one, say, at the left of 1.45 would be the same
as the area under the curve at the left of 1.45. In this case, the area is 0.9265.
Therefore, the probability of randomly selecting a z value at the left of 1.45 is 0.9265
or 92.65%. The problems involving probabilities and percentiles are solved in the same
manner as finding the areas under a normal curve.
In finding probabilities, the following notations will be used;

a) P(Z < z) – Probability at the left of z.

b) P(Z > z) = 1 – P(Z < z) – Probability at the right of z
c) P(a < z < b) – Probability of z that is in between two other z values a and
b.
d) P(X< x) – Probability at the left of a normal random variable x
e) P(X > x) – Probability at the right of a normal random variable x
f) P(a < X < b) – Probability of a normal random variable X that is in
between two other normal random variables a and b.
Example 1. Find the probabilities for each of the following;
a) P(Z < 1.32)
b) P(Z < -1.05)
Solutions:

(a) The probability P(Z ¿ 1.32)

means to find the area under the
normal curve at the left of z =
1.32. From the table, find the
intersection of the row 1.3 and
the column 0.02. Thus, the
probability is 0.9066 or
90.66%.

(b) The probability P (Z ¿ -1.05) is

the same as the area under the
normal curve at the left of z =
-1.05. From the table, the area is
0.1469. Thus, the probability is
0.1469 or 14.69%.

For any set of measurements, a percentile (or a centile) is a point in the

distribution such that a given number of cases is below it. A percentile is a measure
of relative standing. It is a descriptive measure of the relationship of a measurement to
the rest of the data.
For example, in a test of Algebra, you got a score of 82 and you want to know
how you fared in comparison with your classmates. If your teacher tells you that you
scored at the 90th percentile, it means that 90% of the scores were lower than yours
and 10% were higher. If the relative frequency histogram were used to show the
scores, the 90th percentile would be located at a point such that 90% of the total area
under the relative frequency histogram lies below the 90 th percentile and 10% lies
above.

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 There are three important things to remember when we are given probabilities
and we want to know their corresponding z-scores.

 First, a probability value corresponds to an area under the normal curve

 Second, in the Table of Areas under the Normal Curve, the numbers in the
extreme left and across the top are z-scores, which are the distances along the
horizontal scale. The numbers in the body of table are areas or probabilities.
 Third, the z-scores to the left of the mean are negative values.

Example 2: Find the 89th percentile of a normal curve.

Solution:
Steps Solution
1. Draw the appropriate normal curve

2. Express the given percentage as probability 89% is the same as .8900

3. Refer to the Table of Areas under the This area is not found in the table. It is
Normal Curve. Locate the area 0.8900 in the between the values of 0.8888 and
body of table. 0.8907
4. Find the z-score that corresponds to Find z by interpolation, as follows.
0.8900 on the leftmost column.
5. Find the z-value that corresponds to .8907 0.8907 ⟷ z = 1.23

Find the z-value that corresponds to .8888 0.8888 ⟷ z = 1.22

6. Find the average of the two z-values 1.23+1.22

z= =1.225
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7. Locate z = 1.225 under the curve in Step 1 The 95th percentile is z = 1.225.
and make a statement.
8. Draw a line through under the curve in
Step 1. Shade the region to the left of z =
1.225

Z = 1.225

Do this under the sketch of the curve

in Step 1.
9. Describe the shaded region The shaded region is 89% of the
distribution

What’s More…
A. Find the probabilities for each of the following:
(a) P(-0.75 ¿ Z ¿ 1.56)
(b) P(Z ¿ -0.88)

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 B. Solve the given problem and show your solution.

Find the upper 10% of the normal curve. Follow the aforementioned steps.

Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. Write your answer
in the answer sheet provided.
1. The total area under the standard normal curve is _________.
A. -1 B. 0 C. 0.5 D. 1
`
2. What is the shape of a Normal Probability Distributions?
A. bar B. bell C. circle D. line

3. Which part of a normal curve is extended indefinitely both directions along the
horizontal axis, approaching but never touching it?
A. center B. tail C. top D. spread

4. Which of the following rule states that almost all data fall within the 1, 2 and 3 of
standard deviation of mean when the population is normally distributed?
A. Empirical rule C. Lottery rule
B. Pascal’s triangle rule D. Sampling rule
5. If the average age of retirement for the population in the Philippines is 65 years and
with standard deviation of 5 years, what is the approximate age range in which 68% of
people retire?
A. 55 – 60 years B. 55 – 65 years C. 60 – 65 years D. 60 -70 years

6. What is the sum of the area that corresponds to the right of 0 and to the left of 0?
A. 0.5 B. 1 C. 1.5 D. 2

7. Where can we find the area of specific region under the curve?
A. Table of Areas of Geometric Figure C. Table of Contents
B. Table of Areas Under Normal Curve D. Periodic Table

8. What is the area between z = - 1.23 and z = 2?

A. 0.0865 B. 0.4772 C. 0.8679 D. 0.8779

9. Find the area of the shaded region of the given figure.

A. 0.0865 B. 0.3907 C. 0.4772 D. 0.8413

10. The area under a normal curve may also be expressed in terms of EXCEPT
A. probability B. profit C. proportion D. percentage

Reference

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Belecina, R. 2016. Statistics and Probability. Manila: Rex Book Store, Incorporated.

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 Answer Sheet

Name:
Grade & Section: Score:

Quarter 3 – Module 3
Lesson 1
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B.
1.
2.
Lesson 2
A.
1. 2.

3. 4.

B.
1.

2.

Lesson 3
A.
(a)

(b)

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B.
Steps Solution
1. Draw the appropriate normal curve

2. Express the given percentage as probability

3. Refer to the Table of Areas under the
Normal Curve. Locate the area 0.1000 in the
body of table.
4. Find the z-score that corresponds to
0.1000 on the leftmost column.
5. Find the z-value that corresponds to ______

Find the z-value that corresponds to ______

6. Find the average of the two z-values

7. Locate z = _______ under the curve in Step

1 and make a statement.
8. Draw a line through under the curve in
Step 1. Shade the region to the left of z =
________

9. Describe the shaded region

Assessment

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

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 Answer Key
Quarter 3 - Module 3

Lesson 1

What’s More

A.
1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. False
B.
1. 81.5%
2. 34%

Lesson 2

What’s More

A.

1. to the right of z = 2.18 2. below z = -1.40

3. above z = 0.57 4. between z = -2.34 and z = 1.57

Lesson 3 Assessment
What’s More 1. D 6. B
A. 2. B 7. B
(a) 0.7140 3. B 8. C
(b) 0.8106 4. A 9. D
5. D 10. B
B. z = 1.285

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Appendix
Table A. Cumulative Normal distribution (z-table)

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Table A. Cumulative Normal distribution (continued)