Tutorial 2

MA201-Differential Equations
 dy x3 + y 3 1 + ( y 3 x3 )
xy + ( y 2 + 1) log x = 0 dy
= 2 =
dx dx x y + xy 2
( y x) + ( y 2 x 2 )
xydy + ( y 2 + 1) log xdx = 0
y dy dt
y log x Put = t, =t+x
dy + dx = 0 x dx dx
( y + 1)
2
x
1 dt 1 + t 3
log(1 + y 2 ) + (log x) 2 = c t+x =
2 dx t + t 2
dt 1 + t 3 1− t
x = − t =
dx t + t 2 t
ydx − xdy t dx
= dx − dy dt =
y (1 + ( x y ) )
2 2
1− t x
d (x y ) dt −
dt
=−
dx
= d ( x − y)
(1 + ( x y ) )2
1− t x
t − log | 1 − t |= − log x + c
−
1
= x− y+c y x− y
1 + ( x y) − log = − log x + c
x x
 ( x 4 y 4 + x 2 y 2 + xy ) ydx + ( x 4 y 4 − x 2 y 2 + xy ) xdy = 0
[ y + x( x + y ) ]dx + [ y ( x + y ) − x]dy = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2

M = ( x 4 y 4 + x 2 y 2 + xy ) y N = ( x 4 y 4 − x 2 y 2 + xy) x
( ydx − xdy) + ( xdx + ydy)( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 = 0
Mx − Ny = 2 x 3 y 3  0 I.F = 1 2 x 3 y 3
ydx − xdy 1 1  1 1 
+ ( x 2 + y 2 )( xdx + ydy ) = 0 1 1
M 1 =  xy + + 2 2  y N1 =  xy − + 2 2  x
x +y
2 2
2 xy x y  2 xy x y 
  x  1  1 
d  tan −1    + ( x 2 + y 2 )(2 xdx + 2 ydy ) = 0 M 1 y =  xy − 2 2  = N1x
 y  2  2x y 

x2 y2
−1  x  ( x2 + y 2 )2 1
tan   + =c Solution: + log x − − log y = c
2 xy
  y 4

3
 x dx
I.F = e = x3
y3 x2 1
M = y+ + N= ( x + xy 2 ) x3 y 3 x5 1 4
3 2 4 M 1 = yx + 3
+ N1 = x (1 + y 2 )
M y = 1+ y 2
1 3 2 4
Nx = (1 + y 2 )
4 (
M 1 y = x 3 1 + y 2 = N1 x )
M y − Nx 3
= = f ( x) Solution: 3 yx 4 + x 4 y 3 + x 6 = c
N x
 M = 2 xy 4 e y + 2 xy 3 + y N = x2 y 4e y − x 2 y 2 − 3x
4
Nx − M y 4 −  1 dx
=− = f ( y) I.F = e y
=
M y y4
2
x 1 x 3x
M 1 = 2 xe + 2 + 3
y N1 = x 2 e y − 2 − 4
y y y y
x 3
M 1 y = 2 xe y − 2 2 − 4 = N1x
y y
2
x x
Solution: x 2 e y + + 3 =c
y y

Since, Ø is an integrating factor, there exists a function f such that df = Mdx + Ndy = 0
Claim, ØG(f) is an integrating factor
G ( f ) Mdx + G ( f ) Ndy = G ( f )(Mdx + Ndy ) = G ( f )df
Hence, ØG(f) is an integrating factor.
 M N k
M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy = 0 = + N Not exact
y x x
If xᵏ is an integrating factor, x k M ( x, y )dx + x k N ( x, y )dy = 0 must be exact.

( x k M ) k M k N k −1 ( x k N )
=x =x + kx N =
y y x x

M ( x, y)dx + N ( x, y)dy = 0
If f(x,y) is an integrating factor, f ( x, y ) M ( x, y )dx + f ( x, y ) N ( x, y )dy = 0 be exact.
 ( fM )  ( fN ) M f N f f f  M N 
=  f +M = f +N M −N + f  −  = 0
y x y y x x y x  y x 
M = ex N = e x cot y + 2 y csc y
M = 3xy − y 2 N = x( x − y ) = x 2 − xy
Nx − M y
= cot y = f ( y ) M y − Nx 1
M = = f ( x)
N x
I.F = e 
cot ydy
= sin y 
1
dx
I.F = e x
=x
M 1 y = e cos y = N1x
x
M 1 y = 3x 2 − 2 xy = N1x
Solution: e x sin y + y 2 = c Solution: 2 x3 y − x 2 y 2 = c
 1 1
M = 2y + N = 3y + x + M y − Nx = 1 Not exact
( x + y)2 ( x + y)2
M y − Nx 1
= = f ( x + y) 1
 x+ y d ( x+ y )
N −M x+ y I.F = e = x+ y
1 1
M 1 = 2 xy + 2 y 2 + N1 = 4 xy + 3 y 2 + x 2 +
( x + y) ( x + y)
1
M1y = 2x + 4 y − = N1 x
( x + y) 2

Solution: x 2 y + 2 xy 2 + ln( x + y ) + y 3 = c
 y '+2 y = e − x
It is a linear equation
2x
p( x) = 2, q( x) = e −x y '− y = 1 + x 2

1+ x2
I .F = e  p ( x ) dx
=e  2 dx
= e2 x
Solution: e 2 x y = e x + c − 2x
p( x) = , q ( x ) = 1 + x 2

1+ x2
2x
− 
I .F = e 
p ( x ) dx dx 1
=e 1+ x 2
=
y '+2 xy = 2 xe − x2 1+ x2
It is a linear equation
− x2 y
p( x) = 2 x, q( x) = 2 xe Solution: = x+c
1+ x 2

I .F = e  p ( x ) dx
=e  2 xdx
=e x2

Solution: e y = x2 + c
x2
 y + xy ' = y ' e 2 y
dy 2 y dy
(e − x ) = y x = xy + e x
dx dx
dx e 2 y − x dy ex
= −y=
dy y dx x
dx x e 2 y
+ = I .F = e  = e − x
− dx
dy y y
1
 y dy Solution: ye − x = log x + c
I .F = e =y

Solution: 2 xy = e 2 y + c
 y −4 y '+ y −3 cot x = sin x
y 2 y '− y 3 = x Put z = y −3 z ' = −3 y −4 y '
Put z = y3 z' = 3 y 2 y'
z '−3 z cot x = −3 sin x
z '−3 z = 3 x
I .F = e 
−3 cot xdx 1
=
I .F = e  = e −3 x
−3 dx
(sin x) 3
z
= 3 xe dx + c = − 
−3 x Solution: 2
Solution: ze 3x
3
3 (csc x ) dx
(sin x)
e −3 x y −3
y 3e −3 x = − xe −3 x − +c 3
= 3 cot x + c
3 (sin x)
 3 y '+ y = e y x 4 y −2 y '+ y −1 x −1 = x ln x
−4 −3 Put z = y −1 z ' = − y −2 y '
3 y y '+ y = e x
z
z '− = − x ln x
Put z = y −3 z ' = −3 y −4 y ' x
dx
z '− z = −e x − x 1
I .F = e =
−  dx x
I .F = e = e−x
−x
Solution: ze = − x + c
1
−3 − x
y e = −x + c = x − x ln x + c
xy

dx
−2 x
I .F = e = x −2
y −2 y '+2 y −1 x −1 = − x 2 cos x
−1 −2 Solution: zx −2 =  cos x + c
Put z=y z' = − y y'
z '− zx −1 = x 2 cos x y −1 x −2 = sin x + c
 2y f 2
Here f ( x, y ) = and =
x y x
Both f and fᵧ are continuous and bounded in ( x0 , y0 ), x0  0.
Hence a unique solution exist in the interval about x0 , x0  0.
If x0 = 0, nothing can be said from existence and uniqueness theorem.
The general solution of the problem is
y = cx 2 , for some constant c.
There exists no solution for x0 = 0, y0  0.
And there are infinitely many solution for x0 = 0, y0 = 0.

f
Here f ( x, y ) = xy and =x
y
Both f and fᵧ are continuous and bounded about the point (0,2).
Hence a unique solution exist in the interval about (0,2)
The general solution of the problem is
x2
y = ce , for some constant c.
2

Using initial condition, we get c = 2.

y '+2 y = 1 y '+2 y = 0
I.F = e  = e 2 x
2 dx
y ( x) = c1e −2 x
e2 x
ye =  e dx + c =
2x 2x
+c Since, y(x) is a continuous function,
2
it is continuous at x=1.
Given y (0) = 0
1 1
1 1 c1e − 2 = (1 − e − 2 )  c1 = (e 2 − 1)
0= +cc = − 2 2
2 2 1
1 y ( x) = (e 2 − 1)e − 2 x , x  1
y ( x) = (1 − e − 2 x ) 2
2 3 1
y  = (e 2 − 1)e −3
2 2