WATER RESOURCES

ENGINEERING
MW – 11:00 AM – 12:30 PM
MW – 3:00 PM – 4:30 PM
 COURSE DESCRIPTION
• This course deals with the principles and
analysis of water resources systems such as
multi-purpose reservoir, water supply
distribution system and storm water
drainage; irrigation system and agricultural
drainage system; special topics include river,
flood control, drought mitigation and water
resource planning management.
 GRADING SYSTEM
DESCRIPTION PERCENTAGE
CLASS STANDING 50 %
• REQUIREMENTS
• QUIZZES
• ASSIGNMENTS

MAJOR EXAMINATION 50%

• MIDTERM EXAM
• FINAL EXAM

TOTAL 100%
 REFERENCES
• Mays, Larry W. 2004. Water Resources Engineering,
2015 Edition. USA
• Wurbs, Ralph A.; Wesley, James P. 2001. Water
Resources Engineering. USA.
• Chin, David A. 1999. Water Resources Engineering.
Prentice Hall.
• Wurbs, Ralph A. 1994. Computer Models for Water
Resources Planning and Management. USA.
• Linsley, Ray K. ; Franzini, Joseph B.; Freyberg, David
L.; Tchobanoglous, David L. 1992. Water Resources
Engineering, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill.
 COURSE OUTLINE

1. Definitions and Classifications of Applications

2. Watershed Management and Engineering Interventions

3. Field Exercise/Case Studies

DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS
OF APPLICATIONS

1. Water Resources and Engineering.

2. Control of Water.
3. Use of Water.
4. Water Quality Analysis and Management.
5. Philippine Water Resources Regions.
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND
ENGINEERING INTERVENTIONS
1. Role of Hydrology and Hydraulics in WRE.
2. Engineering Hydrology.
3. Aspects in hydraulics--Important Hydraulic Structures
(selected),
4. Water Supply and Distribution System,
5. Groundwater Development,
6. Sewerage Systems,
7. Drainage Structures,
8. River Structures/Coastal Defense,
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND
ENGINEERING INTERVENTIONS
9. Lahar & Flood Control.
10. Watershed Planning and Management--
Definitions/Purpose/Use,
11. Siting of Major Facilities,
12. Role of Geographical Information Systems in Watershed
Planning/Management.
FIELD EXERCISE/CASE STUDIES:

1. Case Study on Water Supply and Distribution

2. Uses of GIS in WRE
3. Laguna Lake and Manila Bay Interaction
4. Tools Development /Software/ Approaches-Mini Library
5. Water Infrastructure needs assessment
6. Presentation of the Work
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
• What is Water Resources Engineering?
– is the study and management of equipment, facilities and
techniques that are used to manage and preserve life’s
most plentiful resource.

– is the profession that is responsible for the planning,

development and management of water resources. From
estimating the amount of water available to designing the
physical and non-physical infrastructure needed to meet
the water needs of society and the environment.
 WATER RESOURCES
• What are Water Resources?
– are sources of – usually fresh – water that are useful, or
potentially useful, to society; for instance,
• for agricultural use
• for industrial use,
• for household use, or
• for recreational use
– Example?
• Groundwater
• Rivers/Lakes
• Reservoirs
 WATER RESOURCES
• Water in our planet is available in the atmosphere, the
oceans, on land and within the soil and fractured rock of the
earth’s crust.
• The world’s supply of fresh water is quite small compared to
the enormous volumes of salt water in the oceans.
Fortunately, the freshwater supply is renewed by the
hydrologic cycle.
• The earth’s total water content in the hydrologic cycle is not
equally distributed (Figure 2).
• The oceans are the largest reservoirs of water, but since it is
saline it is not readily usable for requirements of human
survival. The freshwater content is just a fraction of the total
water available (Figure 3).
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

YES?
Need a more Click
informative me
diagram?
Y/N

NO?
Click me
TOTAL GLOBAL WATER CONTENT
The earth’s
total water
content in the
hydrologic
cycle is not
equally
distributed
GLOBAL FRESH WATER DISTRIBUTION

Again, the
fresh water
distribution is
highly uneven,
with most of
the water
locked in
frozen polar ice
caps.
GLOBAL FRESH WATER DISTRIBUTION
 WATER RESOURCES
WHAT WE KNOW … NEW FACTS
• Fresh water is only 2.5% of • The supply of pure water is
Earth’s total water content. gradually decreasing in the
– Glacier is 74% world.
– Groundwater 25.6% • The rate of increase in
– Rest is 0.4% world population exceeds
• Fresh water is a renewable the rate at which the water
resource. supply is increasing that is
why there is an acute
shortage of water in many
parts of the world
 CONTROL OF WATER
• Water is controlled and regulated to serve a wide variety of
purposes.
– Flood mitigation
– Storm drainage
– Sewerage, and
– Highway culvert design
• These are applications of water resources engineering to the
control of water so that it will not cause excessive damage to
property, inconvenience to the public , or loss of life.
 USE OF WATER
• Water is utilized for beneficial purposes.
– Municipal Water Supply
– Irrigation
– Hydroelectric-power development, and
– Navigation improvements
 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
• Water Quality Management has become an important
phase of water-resources engineering.
• Pollution threatens the utility of water for municipal and
irrigation uses and seriously despoils the aesthetic value of
rivers, hence pollution control or Water Quality
Management
WATER POLLUTION
 ROLE OF A WATER RESOURCES
ENGINEER
• Water resources engineers are concerned with the problems
associated with the use and control of water.

• They ensure that citizens are provided with a continuous

supply of clean, uncontaminated water for drinking, living,
and recreational purposes.

• Water resources engineers not only design water

management systems, but often oversee the construction
and maintenance of these systems as well.

• They demonstrate a genuine knowledge and interest of the

water industry and environmental issues.
PHILIPPINE WATER RESOURCES
REGIONS

12 WATER
RESOURCES
REGIONS
PHILIPPINE WATER RESOURCES
REGIONS

18 MAJOR
RIVER BASINS
IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 AREAS OF WATER RESOURCE
ENGINEERING
1. WATER RESOURCES SUSTAINABILITY

2. HYDRAULICS or ENGINEERING HYDRAULICS

3. HYDROLOG or ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY

4. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR WATER USE

5. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR WATER EXCESS

MANAGEMENT
 WATER RESOURCES SUSTAINABILITY
• Traditionally, sustainability explores the relationships among
economics, the environment, and social equity, using the
three-legged stool analogy that includes not only the
technical, but also the economic and social issues.

• The term “sustainable development” was defined in 1987

by the World Commission on Environment and Development
as “development that can meet the needs of the present
generation without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.
 WATER RESOURCES SUSTAINABILITY
• Some of the questions related to sustainable systems and
sustainable design are:
– What are the characteristics of sustainable systems?
– How does the design process encourage sustainability?
– What is sustainable water resources development?
– What are the components of sustainable development?
 WATER RESOURCES SUSTAINABILITY
• We live in a world where
– approximately 1.1 billion people lack safe drinking water,
– approximately 2.6 billion people lack adequate
sanitation, and
– between 2 and 5 million people die annually from water-
related diseases (Gleick, 2004).
• The United Nations Children’s Fund’s (UNICEF) report, “The
State of the World’s Children 2005: Childhood under Threat,”
– concluded that more than half the children in the
developing world are severely deprived of various
necessities essential to childhood.
 WATER RESOURCES SUSTAINABILITY
• For example, 500 million children have no access to
sanitation and 400 million children have no access to safe
water.

• One might ask ‘how sustainable is this’?

• The key to sustainability is the attention to the survival of

future generations. Also important is the global context
within which we must think and solve problems. The future
of water resources thinking must be within the context of
water resources sustainability
 WHAT IS WATER RESOURCES
SUSTAINABILITY?
• The Brundtland Commissions’s report, “Our Common
Future” (World Commission on Environment and
Development, WCED),
– defined sustainability as focusing on the needs of both
current and future generations.
• A development is sustainable if “it meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.”
 WHAT IS WATER RESOURCES
SUSTAINABILITY?
 It is the ability to use water in sufficient quantities and
quality from the local to the global scale to meet the needs
of humans and ecosystems for the present and the future to
sustain life, and to protect humans from the damages
brought about by natural and human-caused disasters that
affect sustaining life.
 WHAT IS WATER RESOURCES
SUSTAINABILITY?
Facets that must be considered in water resources
sustainability:
• Water resources sustainability includes the availability of
freshwater supplies throughout periods of climatic change,
extended droughts, population growth, and to leave the
needed supplies for the future generations.
• Water resources sustainability includes having the
infrastructure, to provide water supply for human
consumption and food security, and to provide protection
from water excess such as floods and other natural disasters.
 WHAT IS WATER RESOURCES
SUSTAINABILITY?
• Water resources sustainability includes having the
infrastructure for clean water and for treating water after it
has been used by humans before being returned to water
bodies.
• Water sustainability must have adequate institutions to
provide the management for both the water supply
management and water excess management.
• Water sustainability must be considered on a local, regional,
national, and international basis.
• To achieve water resources sustainability, the principles of
integrated water resources management (IWRM) must be
implemented.
 WHAT IS WATER RESOURCES
SUSTAINABILITY?
Urbanization is a reality of our changing world. From a water
resources perspective, urbanization causes many changes to
the hydrological cycle including radiation flux, amount of
precipitation, amount of evaporation, amount of infiltration,
increased runoff, etc. Changes brought about by urbanization
can be summarized briefly as follows:
– Transformation of undeveloped land into urban land.
– Increased energy release
– Increased demand on water supply.
Main components and main
pathways of urban water cycle.
 ENGINEERING HYDRAULICS
• Engineering Hydraulics is concerned broadly with civil
engineering problems in which the fluid flow or
management of fluids, primarily water, plays a role.

• Solutions to this wide range of problems require an

understanding of the fundamental principles of fluid
mechanics in general and hydraulics in particular.
 ENGINEERING HYDRAULICS
FLUID MECHANICS HYDRAULICS
• A branch of science that • A branch of science and
deals with the behavior of technology concerned with
fluids (liquids or gases) at the conveyance of liquids
rest as well as in motion. (Dr through pipes and channels,
R.K. Bansal) especially as a source of
mechanical force or control.
 ENGINEERING HYDRAULICS
• Hydraulics is typically defined as the study of liquid (water)
flow in pipes and open channels, referred to as pipe flow and
open-channel flow, respectively.
• Pipe flow and open-channel flow are similar in many ways
but have one major difference.

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW PIPE FLOW

• ???????? • ????????
 ENGINEERING HYDRAULICS
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW PIPE FLOW
• A type of flow which is not • Is a type of liquid flow
completely enclosed by within a closed conduit.
solid boundaries. • No free surface
• Free surface • Does not exert direct
• Is subjected to atmospheric atmospheric pressure, but
pressure. does exert hydraulic
• Aka free surface flow or pressure on the conduit.
gravity flow. • Examples?
• Examples?
 ENGINEERING HYDRAULICS
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW PIPE FLOW

Not all flow within a closed conduit is considered pipe flow.

Storm sewers are closed conduits but usually maintain a free

surface and therefore are considered open-channel flow.

The exception to this is when a storm sewer operates at full

capacity, and then can become pipe flow.
Examples of Open Channel Flow
Examples of Pipe Flow
 HYDRAULICS
• Open-channel flow can occur in pipes. Analogies can be
made between pipe flow and groundwater flow in confined
aquifers. Also, groundwater flow in unconfined (water table)
conditions is analogous to open-channel flow.
• The major difference is the geometry of the flow paths in
groundwater flow as compared to pipe or open-channel
flow. Because of the many varied-flow paths that occur in
ground water flow, the macroscopic average of the liquid
(water) and medium properties is used.
ENGINEERING HYDRAULICS
 HYDROLOGY
• Hydrology is the science that treats the waters of the Earth,
their occurrence, circulation, and distribution, their chemical
and physical properties, and their reaction with the
environment, including the relation to living things. The
domain of hydrology embraces the full life history of water
on Earth.

• Details to be discussed later on.

ENGINEERING ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
FOR WATER USE
• WATER USE- refer to the use of water in a manner that
prevents its immediate reuse, such as through evaporation,
plant transpiration, contamination, or incorporation into a
finished product. From a hydrologic perspective, it is defined
as all water flows that are a result of human intervention
within the hydrologic cycle.
• Classification of uses of water:
– Water for energy production
– Water for irrigation
– Water supply/ withdrawals
– Water demand and price elasticity
– Drought management
– Analysis of surface water supply
ENGINEERING ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
FOR WATER EXCESS MANAGEMENT
• In controlling and managing water resources, there comes a
time when it is not only the shortage that is the problem, but
also the excess amount of water.
• Through hydrology, the following are the processes on which
the excess amount of water are managed:
1. Water distribution
2. Water for hydroelectric generation
3. Flood control
4. Storm water Control
 WATER DISTRIBUTION
• Water distribution network is to supply the system’s users
with the amount of water demanded and to supply this
water with adequate pressure under various loading
conditions. Water distribution systems have three major
components: pumping stations, distribution storage, and
distribution piping.
 WATER DISTRIBUTION
• Hierarchical relationship of system, components,
subcomponents, and sub-subcomponents for a water
distribution system.
 WATER FOR HYDROELECTRIC
GENERATION
• Hydroelectric power refers to the use of water for the
production of energy.
• The energy in falling water is used directly to turn turbines
that generate electricity, for example are dams.
• It is one of the most common energy production around the
world.
• It is also used in managing excess amount of water by letting
more water to flow.
• More water flowing means more energy that is produced.
 FLOOD CONTROL
• Floods are natural events that have always been an integral
part of the geologic history of earth.
• Flooding occurs along rivers, streams and lakes, in coastal
areas, on alluvial fans, in ground-failure areas such as
subsidence, in areas influenced by structural measures, and
in areas that flood due to surface runoff and locally
inadequate drainage.
• Human settlements and activities have always tended to use
floodplains.
• Their use has frequently interfered with the natural flood
plain processes, causing inconvenience and catastrophe to
humans.
ALLUVIAL FANS
 SUBSIDENCE
• Is the sudden sinking or gradual downward settling of the
grounds surfaces with little or no horizontal motion
 FLOOD CONTROL
• Flood plains - Is an area of land adjacent to a stream or river
which stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the
enclosing valley walls, and which experience flooding during
periods of high discharge

• Floodway – is a flood plain crossing for a road, built at or close to

the natural ground level.

• Floodway fringe is the area between the designated floodway

limit and the limit of the selected flood. The floodway limit is
defined so that encroachment limited to the floodway fringe will
not significantly increase flood elevation.
FLOOD CONTROL

Manggahan Floodway
 STORM WATER CONTROL
• Storm water management is the effort to reduce runoff of
rainwater or melted snow into streets, lawns and other sites
and improvement of water quality.
That all for now.
Thanks
THAT WOULD BE ALL.

THANK YOU!!