Experiment No.

2
FLUX, FIELD SYSTEM, FLUX LEVEL AND INDUCED EMF
OF AN ELECTRICAL MACHINE

Name: John Lloyd H. Macalalag Date performed: October 6,2020

Course: BSME – 3GN Date submitted: October 13,2020

ENGR. Conrado E. Quinalayo

Rating Instructor
I. OBJECTIVES
This experiment shows the behaviour of the flux level, field system
and induced electromotive force of an electrical machine.
Specifically, it aims to achieve the following objectives:
1. Determine the pattern of the magnetic field.
2. Determine the direction and strength of magnetic field.
3. Verify Len’zs as a result of Law of Electromagnetic induction.

II. INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION

Rotating electrical machines are widely used for the purpose of
converting energy from one form to another. The two most frequently used
types of such machines are generator and motors. In the first of these, the
generator, mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy. Two other
types of rotating machines, not used so often as generators and mostly
motors, are rotary converters and frequency converters.
When the electric generator is in operation, it is driven (rotated) by a
mechanical machine called a prime mover. The latter may be a steam
turbine, a gasoline engine, an electric motor or even a hand-operated crank.
Generator action can take place when and only when, there is relative
motion between conducting wires (usually copper ) and magnetic lines of
force.
It was found that when a conductor moves at a constant speed across
a uniformly dense magnetic field, that is a field in which the flux density in
lines of force per square inch is not constant, the generated voltage will be
an average value determined but the total number of lines of force that are
out and the length of time it takes to do so.
The direction of the generated voltage in a conductor, or more
correctly in a coil of wire, as it rotated to cut the lines of force produced by
the electromagnets in a generator, will depend upon two factors only: (1)
the direction of the flux, which of course, determine by the magnet polarity,
and (2) the direction of motion of the conductors or coils. Two analysis will
be given, either of which may be used to predict the direction of the
generated voltage.
Consider Figure 2.1a, which represents an elementary two-pole
generator with a single-turn coil, shown in section. The student should
imagine the machine lying with its shaft axis perpendicular to the plane of
the paper, with the plane of the paper cutting the poles and with the
armature core and the two conductors forming the sides of the coil so that
that outline of these shape as indicated. Noted that the sides of this coil are
diametrically opposite so that while one side is under a note pole, the other
is on a south pole. With the coil turned into position b in a clockwise
direction, the elastic line of force is distorted to cut- of – shaped, so that the
left conductor is shown with the flux line partially wrapped around I a
clockwise direction.
When an electric motor is in operation, it is supplied with electrical
energy and develops torque, that is, a tendency to produce rotation. And if
the rotating element of the motor is free to turn, it will do so and thereby
cause mechanical rotation of itself ad its application.
All rotating electric generators consist essentially of two important
parts (1) an even set of electromagnets or permanent magnets and (2) the
laminated steel core containing current-carrying copper wires, the latter
being called the armature winding. In the DC generator, the armature
winding is mechanically rotated through the stationary magnetic fields
created by the electromagnets or permanent magnets and their
accompanying magnetic fields are rotated with respect to the stationary
armature winding. In the DC motor, current is sent into the armature
winding, the latter being placed inside a set of radically supported magnet
poles.
It was previously stated that an electric generator is a machine that
converts mechanical energy. That implies, of course, that mechanical motion
is imparted to one part of a machine that is made to move with respect to
another. In the electric generator, this is done by replacing a large number
of properly connected copper wires on a cylindrical, laminated steel core
and mechanically rotating this structure inside a stationary set of magnets is
called the field. If it is assumed the magnetic lines of force leave.
 Sketch illustrating how rubber-band analysis, may determine the
direction of the generated voltage in a coil.
Now then, if the familiar “right hand rule” (i.e. Grasp the conductor
with the right hand so that the thumb points in the direction of the current,
the encircling fingers will then indicate the direction of the current, the
encircling fingers will then indicate the direction of the lines of force around
the wire) of current direction in a conductor and the resulting direction of
the flux around the conductor is applied here, it will be conclude that the
direction of the generated voltage in the right conductor will be into the
paper (shown in the circle with a cross) and the direction of generated
voltage in the left conductor will be toward to the observer (shown with a
dot inside the circle). Since the directions in the two sides of the coil as to
aid one another in sending current in continuous path, it should be clear
why the coil span must be the distance between poles of opposite polarity,
that is adjacent poles.
The procedure of determining the direction of the generated voltage
in a coil of wire depends upon properties the cylindrical-shaped pole care
faces and pass across the air space (called the air gap) and then into the
rotating armature core, it is clear that the moving copper conductors cut the
lines of force as they are rotated mechanically. This flux-cutting action on
the part of the copper conductors is responsible for the generated voltage in
the latter.
Briefly summarized, the foregoing principle of generator action
repulses (1) the presence of magnetic lines of force and (2) motion of
conductors cutting the flux, before (3) voltage is generated.
Faraday’s law if the conductors are mounted on a constant speed
rotating armature, no voltage will be generated in some of them while they
are moving parallel to the flux lines or passing through a region where there
is no flux. On he other hand, other conductors will be moving
perpendicularly with respect to the flux lines or passing through a region so
that the maximum cutting action will result, in shaft such cases, the voltage
will also be a maximum. It should be clear, then, that the magnet magnitude
of the generated voltage is directly proportional to the rate at which a
conductor cuts magnetic lines of force. This law called Faraday’s law and the
Ohm’s law are generally regarded as the two most important laws in the
realm of electrical science. Faraday’s law implies simply that higher voltage
may be generated by moving conductors more rapidly across lines of flux by
increasing the number of flux lines across which the conductors move, or by
increasing the normal speed of the conductors and flux across which they
move.
Arbitrary assigned to the fictitious lines of force namely that the end
are somehow fastened to the people faces and that they stretch like rubber
bands. A much more satisfactory method, based on sound electrical
principles, will now be given. When lines of force, namely that the ends are
somehow fastened to the pole faces and they stretch like rubber bands.
When the lines of force pass a coil of wire and the latter is moved.
Len’z law states the direction of the voltage in the coil is such that tends to
produce a current flow opposing a change of flux through the coil. Referring
to Fig. 2.2a assume two poles that create a magnetic field from right (north)
to the left (south) through a coil of wire mnpq in a vertical plane. In this
position, maximum flux passes through the coil. If the coil is now rotated in
clockwise direction so that it occupies the oblique position shown in Fig.
2.2b, less flux will pass through it. By Len’z law, therefore, the voltage
generated in this coil will tend to establish a current whose direction will
oppose a reduction of flux through it. This tendency can only mean that
current will attempt to flow in the coil from m to n to p to q, so that, by the
right-hand rule flux, will be created by the coil from right to left. As the coil
continues to move the position represented by Fig. 2.2c, the opposition to
flux change through it. Thus it is seen that for clockwise rotation, the side of
the coil under the south pole will always have a voltage direction away form
the observer. This corresponds exactly with the “stretching rubber bands”
analysis.

Figure 2.2
Sketch Illustrating the Method for Determining the direction of the
Generated Voltage by Len’z Law
 The armature of a generator contains a large number of coils of wire,
all connected together in such a manner as to contribute to the desired
terminal voltage. Each one of these coils will actually generate an alternating
voltage as it is rotated to the laminated slotted steel core inside the several
north and south poles. Clockwise rotation is assumed again, the direction of
the voltage will be from m to n to p to q when conductor mn is under a
north pole and pq is under a south pole (see Fig. 2.2) then when conductor
moves under a south poles, the direction of its voltage will also reverse, so
that the current will tend to flow from p to q. thus it is seen that, for one
half of a revolution (in a two-pole generation), the voltage is directed
around the loop form m to n to p to q, for the second half of a revolution the
voltage is directed around the loop from m to n to p to q, therefore if the
ends of the coil were connected to a resistor of some sort, say a lamp, the
current would flow through the latter in one direction from the time
required for the next week of revolution.
When an electric generator is in operation, it is driven mechanically
and develops a voltage, which it can send a current through a load
resistance. When an operating of an electric motor develops a torque, it
produces mechanical rotation. Thus, the electric motor converts electric
energy into mechanical energy. Briefly, the foregoing principle of motor
action requires (1) the presence of magnetic lines of force and (2) current
through conductors lying in the magnetic field before (3) force, and
therefore torque is produced.
III. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS
Assembly 1
1 – L9 coil
1 – Field pole
6 – volt dc supply
Field plotting compass
Assembly 2
1 – Base unit with shaft removed
2 – Lg coils
2 – Field poles
Field plotting compass
12V dc supply
Assembly 3
1 – Squirrel core motor
Multi – range meter
Assembly 4
1 - Base unit
2 - Field pole
4 - Armature poles 0-240V or 0-12V
1 - Armature hub 0-5 Amp-ac ammeter
1 - Variable transformer 0-300Vac voltmeter
Assembly 5
1- field pole
1- L4 coil
1 - L5 coil
6V dc supply
 multi range meter
0-20V ac supply
flu
Sketch illustrating how motor is produced interaction of the magnetic
fields created by the main pole.
IV. PROCEDURES

Assembly 1
1. Stand the coil vertically in front of the compass with the red band
on its right hand side and connect the dc supply to the coil ,
taking the positive terminal to the lead next to the red band.
2. Switch on and note what happens to the compass needle.
3. Determine the pattern of its magnetic field by following lines of
lines of flux through and outside the coil.
4. Switch off the dc supply and observe what happens to the
compass needle.

Assembly 2
1. Fit the L9 coils to the field poles and attach them to the frame ring
int he 3 o’clock and 9 o’clock positions.
2. Make the coil connections shown in figure and switch on the dc
supply.
3. Place the rotor between the pole and again switch the supply on
and off. Observe the meter needle deflection.
Assembly 3
1. Make the connections shown in the diagram below and set the
meter to the DC range.
2. With the rotor removed from the assembly , switch the dc supply
on and off. Observe the meter needle at each operation.
3. Use a plotting compass to identify the poles and observe how the
poles behave.

Assembly 4
1. Remove the dc supply and connect a low voltage ac source to the
L5 coil terminal.
2. Set the unit multi-range meter which is connected to the L4 coil, to
the 25V ac range switch on the ac supply and raise the apply voltage
to 10V.
3. Measure the voltage across the L4 terminal.
4. Remove the field pole from the coil and again, measure the
voltage across the L4 terminal. Compare the results with that of
procedure 3.
5. Make the connection as shown. Set the variables transformer to
zero output and switch on the ac supply.
6. Raise the current applied to the L5 coils steps , measuring
excitation current and output voltage at each step. Plot the results.
Assembly 5
1. Fit the L4 and L5 coils over the field pole and connect the dc
supply to the L5 coil, positive to the red terminal, negative to the
back.
2. Connect the multi-range meter to the L4 terminals, positive to the
red terminal and set in to the 100MA dc range nearest.
3. Switch on and off the dc supply and observe the directions of
current flow in the two coils.
V. DRAWINGS / ILLUSTRATIONS
ASSEMBLY 1
ASSEMBLY 2
ASSEMBLY 3
ASSEMBLY 4
ASSEMBLY 5
VI. ANALYSIS / DISCUSSION / OBSERVATION
The experiment aims to determine the pattern of magnetic field , to
determine the direction and strength of magnetic field and to verify Lenz’s as a
result of Law of Electromagnetic Induction. The experiment demonstrate the
behavior of the flux level, field system and induced electromotive force of an
electrical machine.
The first assembly consists of 15V dc supply, one field pole and field
plotting compass. We are asked to determine the pattern of the magnetic field
by following the lines of flux through and outside the coil. Switching on the dc
supply, the compass needle immediately pointed toward the center of the coil.
Moving the compass upward and downward, the needle still points toward the
center of the coil. The same scenario happens when the compass is placed
outside the coil. This means that the attraction is located at the center. To
check if the coil is effective, test it using the continuity function in the
multimeter.
The second assembly consists of 15V dc supply, two field poles, outer
field poles and field plotting compass. We are asked to observe the meter
needle deflection. Switching on the dc supply, the meter needle deflected
toward the center of the coils. The one end (red part) of the needle is pointed
downwardly straight to the center of one coil. The attraction is greater or
stronger on one coil where the needle is pointing downwardly straight.
The third assembly consists of 15V dc supply, two field pole, outer field
pole rotor, field plotting compass and voltmeter. We are asked to observe the
meter needle at each operation. With rotor being placed at the center, the gap
gets smaller, the deflection in the multi-meter is greater compared when the
rotor is removed. The deflection is abrupt indicating transferred voltage. For
the induced voltage from a coil to coil to be continuous, place a rotor.
The fourth assembly consists of variable AC transformer, two fields
poles, outer field pole, AC ammeter, AC voltmeter. For 10V ac supply , the
measured current is 0.441 A and the measured voltage is 0.333 V. for the 25V
ac supply , the measures current is 1.280 A and the measured voltage is 0.800
V.
The fifth assembly consists if 6V dc supply, one field pole and voltmeter.
We are asked to observe the direction of the d=current flow in the two coils. It
is observed that the direct current supplied created a change in flux in the first
coil which created a current induced voltage in the flux coil. This indicates
opposite direction in current change of two coils which explains and support
the concepts of the Lenz’s law.

VII. CONCLUSION
The experiment successfully aims to achieve its objectives - to determine
the pattern of magnetic field, to determine the direction and strength of
magnetic field and verify Lenz’s as a result of Law of Electromagnetic Induction.
This experiment shows that the direction is as given by the right hand
rule. With the supply positive connected to the terminal next to the red band.
Switch on and note that the north pole of the compass needle is deflected
toward the center of the coil. By the following the lines of flux through and
outside the coil the pattern of its magnetic field can be determined. When
both field poles and their coils are fitted to the frame ring the electrical
connections to them are made so that the flux will leave one pole face and
center at the other. For this reason one coil has the start terminal positive with
respect to the finish (red) terminal while in the other coil the finish (red)
terminal with respect to the start terminal positive.
If the complete flux path is through magnetic filed steel or another
electromagnetic material, the excitation ampere - turns used will produce a
very considerable increase in flux through the magnetic circuit due to the
lower reluctance of magnetic materials as compared with air. If a flux-meter is
available it can be used to measure the flux levels in the magnetic circuit at
different values of excitation and to find the effect of placing the rotor
between poles.