ENGLISH GRAMMAR

English

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శ ర ఈ

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9059157400
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ఖమ ం
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For All Learners
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Content
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1. Types of sentences

2. Punctuation
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3. Parts of speech
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4. Verbs

5. Tenses

6. If conditional clauses

7. Transformation of sentences

a) Active voice and passive voice

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 b) Direct and Indirect speech

c) Degrees of comprehension

d) Use of conjunctions

e) Simple complex and compound sentences

f) Use of Relative clauses

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8. Correction of sentences

9. General comprehension passages

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10. Letter writing

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CHAPTER I ra
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TYPES OF SENTENCES
INTRODUCTION
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English: - English is the language of the people of England.

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Grammar: - It is an art of putting the right words in the right place.

Letters: - There are 26 letters in English language.
These are divided in to three groups.
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They are
1. Vowels: - A, E, I, O, U are called Vowels.
2. Consonants: - B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, X,
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Z are called consonants.

3. Semi vowels: - W, Y are called Semi Vowels.
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Word: - A word is a group of letters which gives complete meaning.

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Eg:- a book, a river, a flower

Sentences:- A sentence is a group of words, which give complete meaning.
Eg:-1. She sings a song.
2.I am teaching English grammar.
TYPES OF SENTENCES
There are four types of sentences in English language.
They are

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 1. Assertive Sentence.
2. Interrogative Sentence.
3. Imperative Sentence.
4. Exclamatory Sentence.
1) Assertive Sentence:-
These Sentences are general statements. They end with full stop.
They contain subject, verb, object in order. Assertive Sentence is known as
“Declarative” or Affirmative Sentence.

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Note: - A sentence begins with noun or pronoun, ends with full stop is called
Assertive Sentence.

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Eg:- 1.Sita Sings a Song.

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2. Raju eats a banana.
3. They are my friends.
4. She is a doctor.
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2) Interrogative: Sentence:-
These sentences are questions. They end with question mark.
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These are divided into two groups:-

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1. General questions (leading questions)

2. Interrogative Sentences
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1. General questions: - These questions get ‘yes’ or ‘No’ answers .They

start with the following helping verbs.
HELPING VERBS
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Be forms:-am, is, are, was, were,

Do forms:-do, does, did,
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Have forms:- have, has, had,

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Model Auxiliaries:-shall, should, can, could,

will, would, may, might,
must,
Eg:-
1. Am I
right?
2. Is your father at home?
3. Are you going to College?

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 4. Was he absent yesterday?
5. Were you in Tirumala last Saturday?
6. Do you come with me?
7. Does she get up early?
8. Did Raju attend the class yesterday?
9. Have you finished your home work?
10. Has she two daughters?
11. Had they gone to Hyderabad?

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12. Shall I bring you a cup of Coffee?
13. Should you take rest?

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14. Can you play Cricket?
15. Could you please give me your pen?
16. Will you come to my house tomorrow?

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17. Would you please give the news paper?
18. May I help you?
19. Might he have come here?
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2. Interrogative questions:-These questions seek lengthy answers. They
start with the following interrogative question
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words (wh. Words)

who whose whom what
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which where when why how

Eg:-
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1. Who is your father?

2. What are you doing?
3. Where are you going?
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4. When is your birthday?

5. Why are you late today?
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6. Which is your native place?

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7. Who do you like the best in your family?

8. Whose book is this?
9. How are you?
3) Imperative Sentence:-
These sentences are requests, orders, commands, advice, suggestions,
Instructions are called imperative sentence.
Every sentence begins with first form of verb and ends with full stop.

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 E.g.:-
1. Please give me your pen.
2. Take this file.
3. Open the door.
4. Bring me a glass of water.
5. Close the Windows.
6. Stay here.
7. Take Medicines.

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8. Attend the examination without fail.
4) Exclamatory Sentence: - These sentences give our feelings about any

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incident, These sentences start with “what, How”
and end with exclamatory mark ( !).
Eg:-

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1. What a Surprise!
2. How notice it is!
3. What a stupid you are!
4. What a beautiful bird it is!
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5. Oh! He is dead
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A. Punctuation

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Punctuation means the right use of the stops in a sentence. The main
punctuation marks are

1. Full stop (.)

2. Comma (,)

3. Exclamation (!)

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 4. Question mark (?)

5. Quotation mark or inverted commas (“ ”)

Full stop: The full stop is used at the end of assertive sentences and imperative
senctences.
Examples:
1. He is my friend.

2. We are learning English grammar.

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3. Ashoka was a great king.

4. Balu is a good dancer.

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5. Sita is not a good singer.

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6. Open the door.

7. Post this letter.

8. Take medicines regularly.

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Comma: Comma indicates a short pause in speech it is used to separate one or
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more items in a series.
Examples:
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1. Gopi, Sarala, Sony, Murali and Vamsi have scored good marks.
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2. There are Bananas, Mangoes, grapes, oranges, and apples in the fruit market.

 To separate the reported clause from the reporting clause.

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i) He said “ I will go to Tirupathi tomorrow”

ii) “I will,” he said “go to Tirupathi tomorrow.”

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 To separate the subordinate clause that begins the sentence.

i) If you play well, you can win the match.

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ii) When Hema saw a snake, she ran away.

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iii) Unless you leave early, you can’t catch the train.

Exclamation marks: An exclamation sentence and an interjection are always

followed by an exclamation mark. Generally an exclamatory sentence begins with
what or how is followed by an adjective or an adverb.
Examples:
1. Alas! he is dead

2. Hurrah! We won the match.

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 3. What a simple man he is!

4. How nice it is!

Quotation mark or Inverted commas: Quotation marks are also known as inverted
commas. When we write the exact words said by someone we keep those words
with in the quotation marks. And the quotation marks are used in 3 types.

Type1: look at the following examples.

1. She said, “ I am busy now”

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2. He said, “where are you going”

3. Rani said to Raju, “Are you married?”

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Type2: Study the following sentences.
1. “I am busy now” said he.

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2. “Where are you going?” said she.

3. “Please lend me your notes”, he said.

4. What a brilliant idea!” she exclaimed.

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Type3: Study the following sentences.
1. “I am pleased!” the king said”, to be here this evening”.
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2. “Are you here?” the stranger asked to attend a congress.”

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Examination model:
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1. “Are we going out to night?” he asked.”

2. “Can I help you?” asked, the young man”.

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3. “You should have save the document” said, the manager

Examination model:
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Punctuate the following and rewrite the sentence in the space provided for it.
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TASK – 1
1. he said you can believe what I say
A:- ......................................................................................................
2. is it said the other you are here to attend a congress
A:- ......................................................................................................
3. what’s the reason for his behavior
A:- ......................................................................................................

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4. were you waiting for me schwamm asked quite startled
A:- ......................................................................................................
5. will you keep quiet the teacher said
A:- ......................................................................................................
6. children the stranger said mean nothing to me
A:- ......................................................................................................
7. The other said you are taking the Kurzbach train are you
A:- ......................................................................................................

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8. What is the reason for his behaviour said he
A:- ......................................................................................................

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9. Can I speak to the manager asked the customer
A:- ......................................................................................................
10. You are speaking to the manager replied the man at the counter

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A:- ......................................................................................................
11. Am I thought I was speaking to the accountant

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A:- ......................................................................................................
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TASK – 2
1. when i stopped by to see him after the race he said you know we won
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A:- ......................................................................................................
2. Anything that writes blank she said
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A:- ....................................................................................................
3. alas what shall I do now cried the traveller
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A:- ......................................................................................................
4. ohe where are you ohe Munshi Singha called Nanak
A:- ......................................................................................................
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5. Here take the milk where is your servant today

A:- ......................................................................................................
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6. What food to the hungry what pillow to the sleepy Basanto said
A:- ......................................................................................................
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7. He said it is a rupee a seer how many annas worth do you want

A:- ......................................................................................................
8. look ar the sun soraring have you ever seen a day going said she
A:- ......................................................................................................
9. what difference do halt and march make to a beggar said Hiro with a dumb
humility
A:- ......................................................................................................
10 Can I buy a pen she asked the shopkeeper
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 A:- ......................................................................................................
11. What colour would you like he asked
A:- ......................................................................................................
12. charles she said we don’t have any charles in the kindergarten
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
13. what happended to charles my husband asked
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
14. that’s fine I said heartily didn’t charles want to do exercises.

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Ans: __________________________________________________________________
15. Mummy can I buy Batman T-shirt said the boy
Ans: __________________________________________________________________

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16. Mother said why do you want to buy someone else’s T-shirt
Ans: __________________________________________________________________

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17. Oh no I am buying a new one said the boy
Ans: __________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER-2 ra
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2.PARTS OF SPEECH
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There are eight parts of speech in English language.

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They are:-
1. Noun
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2. Pronoun
3. Verb
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
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6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
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1. Noun: - A Noun is word, used to indicate the names of persons, places,

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and things.
Eg:- 1.Raju is a clever student.
2. Bangolore is beautiful City.
3. The book is on the table.

Types of Nouns: - They are 5 types of Nouns

They are
1. Proper noun
2. Common noun
3. Collective noun
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 4. Material noun
5. Abstract noun

1. Proper noun: - Proper noun denotes particular names of persons, Places and
things.
Eg:- 1.Hari is a good dancer.
2. Delhi is a big city.
3. Rajampet is my native place.
4. John goes to church every Sunday.

2. Common noun :- A Common noun denotes commonly used the names of

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persons, places and things
Eg:- man, woman, girl, boy, tree, flower, bird, animals, book, student, teacher,
city, village.

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3. Collective noun :- Collective noun denotes a group of persons animals and

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things
Eg:- People, Mob, gang, crowd, army, team, Police, herd, Cattle, flock, fleet,
bunch, bundle

4. ra
Material noun:- Material noun denotes the names of materially used to make
things.
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Eg:- Gold, plastic, silver, iron, steel, wood, cotton, rice, wheat, oil, water, clay.

5. Abstract noun: - An abstract noun is usually, the names of quality, action, or

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state.
Quality: - Kindness, happiness, greatness.
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Action: - Laughter, anger, movement.

State: - Truth, youth, childhood.
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Note:- Abstract oun taken out .

Common nouns ,adjectives, verbs ,nouns .
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2. PRONOUN
2. Pronoun: - Pronoun is word which is used instead of a noun.
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Ex:- Sita - She

Ramu - He
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Book - It
Students - They

Kind of Pronouns: - There are mainly nine kinds of pronouns.

They are:-
1. Personal Pronouns.
2. Reflexive or Emphatic.
3. Possessive Pronouns.
4. Demonstrative Pronouns.

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 5. Interrogative Pronouns.
6. Relative pronouns.
7. Indefinite pronouns.
8. Distributive pronouns.
9. Reciprocal pronouns.

1. Personal pronoun: - Personal pronouns which are related to persons are

called personal pronouns. These are three types.
They are:-
1. First person
2. Second Person

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3. Third Person

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LIST OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS:-

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Person Number Subjective Objective Possessive Possessive Reflexive
Pronoun pronoun Adjective pronoun pronoun
Pr. – 1 pr. – 2 Pr.3 Pr.4 Pr.5
I

II
Singular I
Plural we
Singular you
me
us
you
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our
your
mine
ours
yours
myself
ourselves
yourself
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Plural you you your yours yourselves
III Singular he him his his himself
she her her ours herself
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it it its its itself

Plural they them their theirs themselves
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2. Reflexive/Emphatic Pronoun:- myself , ourselves, yourself, yourselves,

himself, herself, itself, themselves are called
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reflexive or Emphatic Pronouns.

Eg: - 1.I will do it myself.
2. She hurt herself.
3. You can explain it yourself.
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4. They admit themselves.

Note:- Myself, our selves, your selves, himself, herself, itself, themselves
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Reflexive Pronoun.
Emphatic pronoun:-
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Eg:-
1. I myself will do it
2. I myself heart
3. You yourself can explain it
4. They themselves admit
Note:- Pronoun myself, our selves emphatic pronoun .
3. Possessive Pronoun: - mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs are called
possessive pronouns.

4. Demonstrative Pronoun:- Pronouns which are used to show the objectives, are

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 called demonstrative pronouns.
Eg:- This, These, that, those
1. This is a book.
2. These are my books.
3. That is my bag.
4. Those are mangoes.

5. Interrogative Pronouns: - Interrogative Pronouns refer to asking questions. Whose,

what, which, when, where, why, How.
Eg:-

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1. What are you doing?
2. Which is your native place?
3. Where are you going?

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4. When is your birth day?
5. Why are you late?

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6. Relative Pronoun:-A relative pronoun “relates” or refer to noun, which has gone
before Who, What, Whose, which, what, that whom etc.
Eg:- 1. Raju is my friend who tells me stories.

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2. This is the bag which I bought yesterday.
3. This is the man, whom you sent to me.
4. This is the house that my father built.
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Note:- Who, whose, whom refer to human beings and persons
what, which, that refer to things.
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7. Indefinite pronouns:-Pronouns which do not refer to any particular person or

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thing are called Indefinite pronouns

Eg: - Someone, anyone, everyone, noone, something, anything, everything, nothing,

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somebody, anybody, everybody, nobody

8. Distributive Pronoun:-
Each, either, neither are called distributive pronouns.
Eg:- 1.Each of the boys is qualified
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2. Neither of students is true

3.Either of the two must have it.
9. Reciprocal Pronoun:- Each other, one another are called reciprocal
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pronouns.
Note: - Each other, one another denote a mutual or reciprocal relationship, each
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other is usually used to refer to, two persons or things.

One other is used to refer to more than two persons or things.
Eg:-
1. The two girls help each other
2. All the members of the staff quarreled with one other.
3. VERB

Verb: - The word verb comes from the Latin word: “Verbatum” which means an
action. Verb denotes the work done.

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 They are mainly two kinds of verbs.
They are:-
1. Auxiliary Verbs
2. Main Verbs
Eg:-
1. I am a teacher(state)
2. I have two children (Possessive)
3. I teach English grammar ( action)

4. ADJECTIVE
Adjective:- Adjective is a word to add Something to the meaning of noun.

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Eg:-
1. It is a black board

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2. She is a good girl
3. Ashoka was a great man

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Kinds of Adjectives: There are mainly nine kinds of Adjectives.
They are:-
1. Adjective of quality.
2. Adjective of quantity.
3. Adjective of number.
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4. Demonstrative adjective.
5. Emphasizing adjective.
6. Possessive adjective.
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7. Interrogative adjectives.
8. Distributive adjective.
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9. Exclamatory adjective.
1. Adjective of quality: - These words describe the quality of the nouns. To
which they refer.
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Note:- what kind of

Eg:-
1. This is a beautiful flower.
2. He is an honest man.
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3. Rani is a good girl.

2. Adjective of quantity:- These words describe the quantity of the nouns, To

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which they refer.

Note:- Some, much, little, enough, all, few.)
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Eg:- 1.I have Some money in my pocket

2. There is a little water in the tank

4. Adjectives of number: - These words give the number of nouns to which they
refer .

These are two types namely

1. Cardinal numbers,

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 2. Ordinal numbers.
Eg:-
1. There are sixty students in the class.
2. She got first rank in civil services.

4. Possessive adjective:- These words indicates the person or thing, to whom the
nouns refer to here having position my, our, your, his, her, its, their.
Eg:-

1. This is my book.
2. That is his house.

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5. Interrogative adjectives:- These words indicate a question while describing the
noun to which they refer interrogative adjectives .

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Eg:- 1.What class are you studying?

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6. Emphasizing Adjectives:- possessive adjective is emphasizing of a emphazing
adjective అ౦దురు.
Eg:-He saw the accident with his own eyes.

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7. Distributive adjectives:-each, either, neither, every are called distributive adjectives.
They indicate one thing or person taken separately out
of a whole group or clause.
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Eg:- 1.Every man must do his duty.
2. I have neither a pen.
8. Demonstrative adjectives:- these adjectives point out the nouns refered to these,
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that, those.
Eg:-1. This book is mine.
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2. These books are yours.

3. That house is my uncle’s.
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5. ADVERB
4. Adverb: - Adverb is a word used to qualify a verb and adjective and
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another adverb.
Eg:-
1. Raju reads well .
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2. Ice is very cold.

3. The old man walks very slowly .
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Kinds of Adverbs:-
1. Adverbs of time
2. Adverbs of place
3. Adverbs of number
4. Adverbs of manner
5. Adverbs of degree or quantity
6. Adverbs of Affirmation / Negation
7. Adverbs of reason

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 8. Interrogative adverbs

1. Adverbs of Time: - These answers the question “when” .

Now, today, yesterday, tomorrow, soon, before,
late, after, early, all ready, after, then. .
Eg:-
1. He will come any time now.
2. I will tell you about it tomorrow.
3. They have already finished the homework.

2. Adverbs of place:- These answers, the question “ where” .

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Here, there, everywhere, anywhere, somewhere, nowhere, behind, forward,
inside, outside, in, out come, in , get out, far, near.

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Eg:-
1. Please sit here.

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2. I have looked everywhere.
3. Come forward.
3. Adverbs of number: - These answers, the question “How often”

Eg:-
1. I have you told you about it twice
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(Once, twice, thrice, firstly, secondly, lastly, finally)
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2. He often makes mistakes
3. I go to temple once a week
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4. Adverbs of manner: - These answers, the question “How”

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(well, slowly, quickly, sadly, loudly, foolishly )

Eg:-
1. My friend speaks fluently
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2. She walks slowly

5. Adverbs of degree are quantity:- These answers the questions “ How much” ,
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How long ( almost, always, sometimes, quite, enough, too, very)

Eg:-
1. This girl is too late
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2. The sea is very ferocious

3. you are quite wrong
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6. Adverbs of Affirmation / Negation: - These answers word of negation yes or

no.
Affirmation: - surely, certainly, suddenly, readily
Negation : No, not, not at all

Eg:-
1. She is certainly right
2. He is not willing to do the work
3. No I can’t speak English fluently
7.Adverbs of Reasons :- These are the answers the question “ why” .

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 (So, therefore, Hence, because of)
Eg:-
1. when does he come?
2. How can you reach the top?
3. where do you live?

6. PREPOSITION

Preposition: - Pre means before

Position means state

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A preposition is a word, which is placed before a noun or pronoun and it shows
relation between the noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence.
List of important prepositions:-

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By, at, in, of, on, to, up, for, off, out, from, with, in to, down, over, up on, about,

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before, behind, along, between among, across, beside, out, upon, since, under, into etc.
Eg:-
1. The book is on the table,
2. Someone is knocking at the door
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3. I have been living in Rajampet since 1989
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7. CONJUNCTION
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Conjunction :- A conjunction is word which joins two words or two sentences

Eg:-
1. Rama and Lakshmana were brothers
2. Vimala or Kamala make at the rank in TET
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3. If you work hard you can get a rank in TET.

List of important conjunctions:-
If, unless, though, all though, even though, as, since, because, as soon as when,
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while, but, yet, or, otherwise, so, and, therefore, not only, but also, as well as, both and,
either or, Neither nor.
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8. INTERJECTION
Interjection: - An interjection is a word which expresses sudden feeling of mind.
Ex:- oh! he is dead.
Alas! The old man was passed away last night.
Hurrah! We have won the match.

Exercises
Name the part of speech of each of the underlined words.
1. He is extremely sensitive and reacts to the slightest irritation.

[Type text]
 Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________

2. Delhi is the capital of India.

Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
3. Where there is a will, there is a way.
Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
4. The earth trembled slightly and the beds vibrated.
Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
5. He doesn’t want to play or talk to anyone.

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Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
6. I probably have the strangest reason imaginable.

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Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
7. What is the reason for his behaviour?

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Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
8. He could not afford to spend another night in town.

9.
Ans : a. __________
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b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
I have a small son and it’s for his sake I came here.
Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
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10. The old gave me a strange look and walked away hurriedly.
Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
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11. Read this work book carefully as it is vey useful.

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Ans :a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________

12. Muslims fast during Ramzan. He missed the fast train. She speaks fast.
His fast lasted a week.
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Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________

13. All this played real havoc on our imagination, as nothing had ever done before.
Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
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14. Anna was large and heavily built, with very black bright eyes and a lot of wiry black.
Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
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15. Then she married the boy who led the cats.
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Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________

16. We lived in a constant quiver of thrill upon thrill.
Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
17. They became companions of the long nights of excitement.
Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
18. Sick with terror, I found I could scarcely breathe.
Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
19. I first saw Anna, the new nanny of the children.

[Type text]
 Ans : a. __________ b. __________ c. ___________ d. ____________
20. I gave the child a chocolate. She took it and smilled sweetly.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21. He had returned to the hospital because he had a malignant tumour of the bone.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
22. I have been living in Hyderabad for ten years.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
23. The man took the last draw of his cigarette, then he dropped it on the path.

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Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24. She let a gentle smile come over her face.

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Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
25. This vow means that we cannot work for the rich.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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26. There is a kind of austere severity about the white saree.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
27.
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Mother works on with her accounts and answers her letters.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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28. Pull the rope and a bell will ring on the other side.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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29. There are usually a few jeeps, a van or a mobile clinic.

Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Task – 2
1. What we saw then was the end of the case.
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Ans : a. ----------------- b. --------------- c. ----------- d. ----------

2. The fatal instinct tells a man when he is watche.d
Ans : a. ----------------- b. --------------- c. ----------- d. ----------
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3. Inspite of her recent illness, she continued to work hard.

Ans : a. ----------------- b. --------------- c. ----------- d. ----------
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4. The counsel for the crown brought the story gently out.
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Ans : a. ----------------- b. --------------- c. ----------- d. ----------

5. And do you see the man here in court?
Ans : a. ----------------- b. --------------- c. ----------- d. ----------
6. Now think very carefully, Mrs. Salmon.
Ans : a. ----------------- b. --------------- c. ----------- d. ----------
7. Can you still swear that the man you saw was the thief?
Ans : a. ----------------- b. --------------- c. ----------- d. ----------

[Type text]
 Task – 3
1. I am glad Rex never saw a trained police dog jump.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Swimming was his favourite recreation.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. The customer waited eggerly for her turn.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. She smelled his sweet baby smell and love suffused her.

ar
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. One day when I was asleep my cousin Mouras came into my room.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

m
6. She let a gentle smile come over her face.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

m
7. Nevertheless, there was a nobility about him.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8.
ra
The two dogs eventually worked their way to the traks.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
g
9. Rex killed cats, that is true, but quickly and neatly.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. Although the two dogs landed ten feet away, Rex still held on.
h

Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
lis

Task - 4
1. The hind threw anxious glances about her as she began suddenly to urge
ng

the fawn along.

Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. A vacancy exists in the co-operative store for an experienced cashier.
E

Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. The Counsel for the Crown brought the story out gently.
P

Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. An anguish of mortal danger seized the chital hind.
G

Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. There was a distant sound now like the crackle of flame.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. The hind sprang sharply to her fawn and nudged him to his feet.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. She stooped anxiously to her fawn, then up again to look and listen.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[Type text]
1. Hatred of evil is itself a kind of bondage to evil.
Ans :(a) …………… (b) …………. (c) ………. (d)………….

2. Where did you meet my friend ?

Ans :(a) …………… (b) ………….. (c) ……….. (d) …………

3. There are several factors that contribute to wisdom.

ar
Ans :(a) …………… (b) …………… (c) ……… (d) ………….

4. If you can do this, you will have instilled some fragment of wisdom.

m
Ans :(a) ……………. (b) …………… (c)……….. (d) ………….

m
5. Sherlock Holmes had an unusual power of detaching his mind at will.
Ans :(a) …………….. (b) ……………. (c) ……….. (d) ………….

6. ra
He was very angry and had an old boot in his hands.
g
Ans : (a) …………….. (b) …………… (c) ………… (d) ………...
h

1. My cousin Mourad raced the horse across the field of dry grass.
lis

A:- (a) ................ (b) ................ (c) ................ (d) ................

2. He sat under a peach tree.
A:- (a) ................ (b) ................ (c) ................ (d) ................
ng

3. He was trying to repair the hurt wing of a bird.

A:- (a) ................ (b) ................ (c) ................ (d) ................
4. I stared first at my cousin and then at the horse.
E

A:- (a) ................ (b) ................ (c) ................ (d) ................

5. I got down and my cousin Mourad kicked his heels into the horse.
P

A:- (a) ................ (b) ................ (c) ................ (d) ................

He walked the horse quietly to the barn of a deserted vineyard.
G

6.
A:- (a) ................ (b) ................ (c) ................ (d) ................
7. My cousin Mourad was sitting on a beautiful white horse.
A:- (a) ................ (b) ................ (c) ................ (d) ...............
8. I had always been longing to ride.
A:- (a) ................ (b) ................ (c) ................ (d)................
9. It was the loveliest thing I had ever seen.
A:- (a) ................ (b) ................ (c) ................ (d)................ 10.

[Type text]
he walked the horse quietly to the barn of a deserted vineyard.
A:- (a) ................ (b) ................ (c) ................ (d)................
11. I went home and ate a hearty breakfast.
A:- (a) ................ (b) ................ (c) ................ (d)................

ar
m
Articles

m
There are two articles in English.
They are
ra
1. Indefinite articles: - ‘A’ and ‘An’ are called Indefinite articles
g
2. Definite Articles: - ‘The’ is called definite article

USE OF ARTICLE ‘A’:-

h

Rules:-
lis

1. ‘A’ is used before a singular common noun beginning with consonantal

sound.
ng

Eg:- a boy, a flower, a box, a man

a book a pen a car a table
2. Some words start with a vowel letter (A, E, I, O, U) but having a consonantal
E

sound then indefinite articles “a” is used before them.

Eg:- a University a European
a unite a uniform
P

a universal a useful animal

G

3. ‘A’ is used before a singular common noun, beginning with a vowel letter
which has ‘w’ sound.
Eg:-a one rupee note
a one eyed beggar

4. ‘A’ is used before the collective nouns

Eg:- a group of people
a bunch of flower
[Type text]
 a bundle of papers
a bunch of keys
5. ‘A’ is used before the quantities
Eg:- a few, a lot of, a little, a dozen
6. To make a common noun of a proper noun:-
Eg: - This is a Shakespeare of India

ar
m
EXERCISES:-
Fill in the blanks with suitable articles:-
1. India is a great country.

m
2. Rani is a nurse in the hospital.
3. Gita has a long hair.
4. Raju wrote a letter to me.
5. Mr. Frank is a European. ra
6. I have found a one rupee coin in the basket.
g
7. He is a university professor.
8. John is a handsome boy.
9. English is a difficult language.
h

10.What a beautiful painting.

lis

USE OF ARTICLE ‘AN’:-

Rules:-
ng

1. ‘An’ is used before a singular common noun beginning with vowel sound.
Eg:- an apple, an intelligent, an orphan, an elephant, an umbrella, an orange,
an incident
E

2. ‘An’ is used before a singular common noun beginning with consonants but
having vowel sound.
P

Eg:- an hour an honest man an heir an honorable teacher

G

3. An is used before abbreviations which begin with F, I, R, M, N, L, S, H, X are

pronounced an individual letters.
Eg:- an FIR, an MLA, an SBI, an ISI,an NCC
an HP gas an RMP an LLB an X-ray
EXERCISES:-
1. Kalyani is an intelligent girl.
2. we will leave after an hour.
[Type text]
 3. Chinni is an MA English.
4. The girl is an orphan .
5. He married an American lady.
6. Kalyan is an extraordinary man.
7. Man is a social animal.
8. Jaya is an innocent girl.
9. Pavan is an MLA.

ar
10.I met with an accident.
USE OF ARTICLE ‘THE’:-

m
Rules:-
1. ’The’ is used before the names directions:-

m
Eg:- The east , The west, The North, The South
2. ‘The’ is used before the names of rivers:-
Eg:- The Thapathi, The Ganga, The Yamuna, The Godhavari

Eg:- The Indian Ocean, ra

3. ‘The’ is used before the names of Oceans:-
The Atlantic Ocean
g
The red sea The Pacific
4. ‘The’ is used before superlative adjectives:-
Eg:- The tallest, The highest
h

The greatest The shortest

5. ‘The’ is used before unique in the universe.
lis

Eg:- The Sun, The Sky, The Star, The moon, The earth
6. ‘The’ is used before the names of Mountains:-
Eg:- The Himalayas, The Aravalis, The Vindhya
ng

7. ‘The’ is used before adjectival nouns.

Eg:- The poor, The deaf, the rich, the dumb
8. ‘The’ is used before instruments(musical instruments):-
E

Eg:- The veena, The drum, the violin, The flute, The thabala,
9. ‘The’ is used before religious. .
Eg:- The Hindu, The Muslim, The Christian
P

10. ‘The’ is used before ordinal numbers:-

Eg:- The first,the third, the second, the fourth
G

11. ‘The’ is used before the names of news papers:-

Eg:- The Hindu, The Vaartha, The Eenadu
12. ‘The’ is used before Sacred books (holy books).
Eg:- The Ramayana, The Bible, The Bhagavathgeetha, The Quran
13. ‘The’ is used before the names of political parties
Eg:- The congress, The YSR Congress, The BJP
14. ‘The’ is used before the names of Organizations.
Eg:- The UNO, The UNICEF,The UNESCO, The W.H.O
15. ‘The’ is used before the names of trains.
[Type text]
 Eg:- The Shathabdhi, The Kanyakumari Express,
The Rayalaseema Express,
16. ‘The’ is used before the names of plural numbers:-
Eg:- The news papers, The Players, The students, The books
17. ‘The’ is used before a historical construction.
Eg:- The Charminar, The Red fort, The Thajmahal,
The gate way of India.
18. ‘The’ is used before national festivals.
Eg;- The Ghandhi Jayanthi, The Independence Day,
The Children’s Day, The Republic Day

ar
19. ‘The’ is used before a head of the Institutions :-
Eg:- The Head Master, The Principal, The Manager, The Post Master
20. ‘The’ is used before repetition of a common noun:-

m
Eg:- I saw a boy in the park, the boy was crying, we met a stranger at the
seashore The stranger was an American

m
21. ‘The’ is used before a Particular place, thing or person.
Eg:- I saw this book in the Library last Sunday.

ra
22. The’ is used before the secondary purpose of a place.
Eg:- I went to Hospital to consult the Doctor. (Primary)
I went to the Hospital to see my sick friend. (Secondary)
g
I go to college. (Primary)
My father goes to the College.
h

23. ‘The’ is used in comparative construction before the both adjectives.

lis

Eg:- The more your work the more you gain.

The faster you run the quicker you reach.
The higher the colder.
ng

OMISSION OF ARTICLES
Rules:-
1. Any article cannot be used before the names of person.
E

Eg:- X Raju, X Githa X Sita, X Jaya

P

2. Any article cannot be used before the names of Country.

Eg:- X India, X Japan, X Sri Lanka, X America
G

3. Any article cannot be used before the names of games.

Eg:- X Cricket, X Tennis, X foot ball, X chess
4. Any article cannot be used before the names of Disease.
Eg:- X Cancer, X Maleria, X Fever,
5. Any article cannot be used before the names of metal.
Eg:- X cotton, X Gold,
[Type text]
 6. Any article cannot be used before the names of language. .
Eg:- X English, X Sanskrit , X Telugu, X Hindi
7. Any article cannot be used before the names of a meal.
Eg:- X lunch, X Supper , X dinner, X break fast
8. Any article cannot be used before the names of a day or month.
Eg:- X March, X Sunday ,
9. Any article cannot be used before abstract nouns

ar
Eg:- X honest, X Child hood, X Knowledge, X love
1. Fill in the blanks with suitable Article:-

m
1. He was the first man to arrive.
2. The Nile is the river
3. My grandmother reads the Bible regularly

m
4. The Sun rise in the east
5. The Hindu is a popular news paper

ra
6. Mr. Rama is the most experienced in our college.
7. The Himalayas are to the North of India
8. The Pacific is an ocean
g
9. She is playing the Thabala
10. The earth revolves round the Sun
11. Vijayavada is on the Krishna
h
lis

EXERCISES
7. Fill in the blanks with suitable articles a, an, or the :-
ng

1) ______ Ganga is a holy water.

2) He is ________ honorable man.
3) I met him _____ year ago.
E

4) Hindi is ____ easy language.

P

5) Mr. Brown is _____ European.

6) _____ Sun rises in the east.
G

7) He is _____ honest man

8) Will you come back in ____ hour?
9) ____ gold is a precious metal.
10) She is ____Australian lady.
11) Don’t go without _____ umbrella. It is raining.
12) India is ____ great country
[Type text]
 13) He is ______ university student.
14) John is ______ handsome boy.
15) I found _____ one rupee note.
16) Abdul kalam is _____ extraordinary man.
17) _____ Nile is a long river.
18) Vijayawada is on _____ Krishna river.
19) I saw _____ snake in the river.

ar
20) Let us form ____ union.
21) My mother reads _____ Ramayana every day.

m
22) When I was coming to the college, I saw ___ accident.
23) I saw _______ orphan in the ashram.

m
24) It is ________ interesting story.
25) Robert Forts is _______ American.
26) ______earth revolves around the sun. ra
g
27) You are _____ student.
28) Honest men speak _____ truth.
h

29) His father is ______ M.P.

lis

30) She got ______ first prize in English subject.

31) May is ______ hottest month of the year.
ng

32) ______ Mahabharatha is a great epic.

33) Kalidas is _____ Shakespeare of India.
E

34) The rich should help ______ poor.

35) Bangalore is _______ beautiful city.
P

36) A dollar is _____ unit of currency.

G

37) He reads ________ Bible every day.

38) Frank is ______ African.
39) The Ramayana is _______ epic.
40) Gold is ______ precious metal.
41) Bindu is _______ intelligent girl.
42) _______ cow is a useful animal.

[Type text]
 43) ______ Pacific is the deepest ocean.
44) Ksishna went to _______ rescue of Arjuna.
45) He has________ ulcer on his leg.
46) Sheela is ______ M.L.A.
47) Latin is _____ classical language.
48) He is _______ heir to the throne.
49) ______ Himalayas are to the north of India.

ar
m
m
ra
g
h
lis
ng
E
P
G

[Type text]
key
1. the 14. a 27. the 40. an

2. an 15. a 28. a 41. a

3. a 16. a 29. the 42. an

4. an 17. an 30. an 43. the

ar
5. a 18. the 31. the 44. the

m
6. the 19. the 32. the 45. the

7. the 20. a 33. the 46. an

m
8. an 21. a 34. the 47. an

9. an 22. the
ra
35. the 48. a
g
10. x 23. an 36. a 49. an

11. an 24. an 37. a 50. the

h

12. an 25. an 38. the

lis

13. a 26. an 39. an

ng
E
P
G

[Type text]
 PREPOSITION
Definition: - The Preposition is a word which is placed a noun or a pronoun and
it shows relation to some other words in a sentence.
Eg:- I am interested in painting
She is fond of music
He is applied for a Job

ar
Raju is good at English
Kinds of Prepositions: -

m
There are mainly three kinds of preposition
They are:-

m
1. Simple prepositions
2. Compound prepositions
3. phrase prepositions
ra
g
1. Simple Preposition: - In, at, on, by, for, from, of, off, up, with, to
2. Compound prepositions: - Before, between, among, behind, beside.
h

3. Phrase prepositions:- In spite of, owing to, in front of, instead of because of
lis

,on account of, In case of etc.

USES OF SIMPLE PREPOSITIONS
ng

1. Use of ON:-
1. ‘on’ is used with the names of week days and dates.
Eg: - My friend will come on Tuesday
E

My birth day is on 15th August

2. ‘On’ is used to show the position of something above something with
P

connect in resting position.

Eg:- 1.The book is on the table
G

2. She sat on the chair

3. The cat is on the wall
౩.‘ On’ is used to show the direction of something.
Eg:- 1. a man sat on the left of Krishna.
2. The girl who sat on your right is clever.
2. Use of ‘IN’:-
[Type text]
 1. ‘IN’ is used before the names of months and years.
Eg:- 1.We got freedom in 1947.
2. Examination will be conducted in July.
3. Mangoes are during in summer season.

2. ‘In’ is used before the name of countries, big cities, and towns.
Eg:- 1.They are lived in Delhi.
2. My friend lives in Hyderabad.

ar
3. They have been living in Hyderabad since 2000.
4. I have been working here in Rajampet for 17 years.
3. ‘In’ is used before the times of the day.

m
Eg:- 1.He came here in the morning.
2. She saw me in the evening.

m
3. Use of “At”:-
1. At is used before small towns and Villages, streets.
Eg:- 1.Sita is living at Pullampet
2. My parents work at Utukur.
ra
g
2. At is used to express exact time.
Eg:- 1.The Principal comes to college at 7o clock daily.
2.The train leaves at the station at 8. p.m.
h

4. Use of with:-
lis

1. ‘With’ is used with things (instruments)

Eg:- 1.Raja killed his wife with a knife.
ng

2. The thief broke the door with a hammer’

3. She cut the vegetables with a knife.
4. They killed the snake with a stick.
E

5. Use of “By”:-
1. “By” is used in the passive voice.
P

Eg: pandavas were helped by Krishna.

G

2. “By” is used to show the mode of travel.

Eg:- by bus,
by car,
by train,
by Jeep

[Type text]
 3. ‘By’ is used to refer the future time.
Eg:- 1.We can get a TET certificate by next July
2. We will go to market by next Wednesday
4. The Principal comes to College by car

6. Use of ‘For’:-

ar
1. ‘For’ is used to indicate a period of time and purpose.
Eg:- 1. Hari has been waiting here for 2 hours.

m
2. My uncle has been living in Hyderabad for 10 years.
3. We applied for Job.

m
7. Use of ‘since’:-
1. “Since” indicates point of time used in present perfect and present perfect
continuous tense.
ra
g
Eg:- 1.I have been working as teacher of English Since 1990.
2. It has been raining Since 6o clock.
h

8. Use of ‘Between’:-
lis

1. ‘Between’ is used to indicate two persons or things and places.

Eg:- 1.Rani Sat between Uma and Suma
ng

2. The Office works between 10 am and 5 pm

3. The war took place between India and Pakisthan
Eg:-1.There is no comprehension between Rama and Lakshmana.
E

9. Use of among:-
P

1. ‘Among’ is usedwhen there are more than two persons or things.

G

Eg:- 1.The teacher sat among her students

2. The Principal distributed the Prizes among the students.
3.The four brothers shared the property among themselves.

10. Use of Beside:-

[Type text]
 1. Beside is used by the side of.
Eg:- 1.My house is beside the hospital.
2.I stood beside my wife in the photograph.

11. Use of Besides:-

1. Besides is used in the meaning of “in addition to”.
Eg:-1.I prepare Chapathi Besides Puri.

ar
2. I know Telugu besides English.
3. I take Coffee besides milk

m
4. She plays chess besides caroms.

m
12. Use of upon:-
1. ‘Upon’ is used to indicate movement of item.

ra
Eg:- 1.The tiger is jumped upon the deer.

13. Use of To:-

g
1. ‘To’ is used to indicate place, direction and after (before) the following
h

(words) adjectives junor, senior, superior, inferior, prefer.

Eg:- 1.They walked to the west
lis

2. Raju is Junior to Rani

3. I prefer Coffee to tea
ng

4. I go to college daily.
E

14. Use of Into:-

1. ‘Into’ is used to show the movement of something from one medium to
P

another.
G

Eg:- 1. She jumped into the well.

2. They went deep into the forest.
3. The cat ran into the kitchen.

[Type text]
EXERCISES
Fill in the blanks with the suitable prepositions:-
1. I am waiting _______ my friend.
2. He is suffering _______________ fever.
3. The old man died ________ cancer.

ar
4. He rubbed the black board _________ a duster.
5. He is not ashamed _________ his conduct.

m
6. We must go to our house_________7’o clock.
7. She is afraid _________ snake.

m
8. I prefer coffee ________ tea.
9. Rahul lives ____________ Agra.
10.He will go home __________ Sunday.
ra
g
11.What had been accused ________?
12.Arjuna is cousin _______ mine.
h

13.Raju goes to school __________ foot.

lis

14.The office is open __________ 10a.m and 5 p.m.

15.The boys quarreled _____________ themselves.
ng

16.I congratulated __________ his success.

17.They have been working here _______ 1989.
18.I am angry _________ you.
E

19.Sheela is interested __________ music.

P

20.She was born _________2009.

21.she is fond _________ music.
G

22.Listen ___________ the story.

23.Prakash knows English ___________ Telugu.
24.I don’t agree _________ your proposal.
25.He was accused _________ murder.
26.Raju is a man ____________ principles.
[Type text]
 27.Hyderabad is the capital __________ A.P.
28.The headmaster is looking _________ complaint.
29.He gave __________ smoking.
30.Don’t laugh __________ others.
31.The secret of success lies ________ hard work.
32.The tables are made ___________ wood.

ar
33.The school remains open __________ 12th June.
34.I am searching ____________ my lost book.

m
35.I reached the station __________ bus.
36.The baby fell ____________ river.

m
37.My house is __________ the temple.
38.Let us go ___________ walk.
39.Ravi is good _______ English.
ra
g
40.He lives _________ Balaji nagar.
41.He jumped ___________ the river.
h

42.The book is ____________ the table.

lis

43.I have been living here__________ 19 years.

44.Rama sat ___________ his friends.
ng

45.He killed the snake ___________ a stick.

46.I will come there ___________ 5 p.m.
47.They have been constructing the building _______ a long time.
E
P
G

[Type text]
 CHAPTER 3
3.VERBS
Verbs are two types in English language:
They are
1. Auxiliary verbs
2. Main verbs
1. Auxiliary Verbs: - They are 24 auxiliary Verbs in English language.
They are:-

ar
Helping Verbs
Be forms:-Am, is, are, was, were

m
Do forms:-do, does, did
Have forms:- have, has, had
Model Auxiliaries:-shall, should, can, could,

m
will, would, may, might,
must .

Subject Present verb

ra
TABLE 1
Be forms: - am, is, are, was, were, are called be forms
past verb past participate
g
I am was been
We are were been
h

You are were been

He is was been
lis

She is was been

It is was been
They are were been
ng

Ex:-
1. India is (be) a bog country.
2. There are (be) seven continents in the world.
TABLE 2
E

Have forms (Possession): - Have, Has, had, are, called have forms
Subject Present verb past verb past participate
P

I have had had

We have had had
G

You have had had

He has had had
She has had had
It has had had
They have had had
Ex:- I have (have) a scooter
She has (have) three saries
G P English grammar8
 We have (have) a class today
They had ( have) a lot of property last year
TABLE 3
Do forms: - do, did, does
Subject Present verb past verb past participate
I do did done
We do did done
You do did done

ar
He does did done
She does did done

m
It does did done
They do did done

m
Ex:- I do (do) my home work
She does (do) her duty
He did (do) his M.A at S.V.U in 2007

Model verbs
TABLE 4
ra
g
Subject Present verb Past verb
I Shall Should
h

We shall should
can could
lis

will would
All
may might
subjects
must had to
ng

2. Main Verbs:-
E

These are two types

1. strong verbs
P

2. weak verbs
G

1. Strong Verbs: - These are divided into three groups

1. Present verb (v1)
2. Past verb (v2)
3.Past participate (v3)
List of Irregular(strong) Verbs
Note: - Verbs of present tense form, past, past particle are different

S.l.no Present verb(v1) Past verb(v2) Past Participle (v3G) P English grammar9
1. am was been
2. is was been
3. are were been
4. awake awoke awoken
5. arise arose arisen
6. bear bore borne
7. beat beat beaten
8. become became become

ar
9. begin began begun
10. befall befell befallen

m
11. beget begot begotten
12. below blew blown
13. break broke broken

m
14. choose chose chosen
15. come came come
16.
17.
cleave
crow
clove
crew ra cloven
crown
g
18. dive dove dived
19. drink drank drunk
20. drive drove driven
h

21. eat ate eaten

lis

22. fall fell fallen

23. fly flew flown
24. freeze froze frozen
ng

25. forget forgot forgotten

26. forgive forgave forgiven
27. forsake forsook forsaken
E

28. get got gotten

29. give gave given
P

30. go went gone

31. grow grew grown
G

S.l.no Present verb(v1) Past verb(v2) Past Participle (v3)

32. know knew known
33. lie lay lain
34. overcome overcame overcame
35. overtake overtook overtaken
36. oversee oversaw overseen
37. ride rode ridden
G P English grammar10
38. rise rose risen
39. ring rang rung Note : Verbs
40. run ran run that have the
41. see saw seen same form
42. shake shook shaken in their past
43. shrink shrank shrunk tense and
44. sing sang sung past
45. sink sank sunk participle

ar
46. speak spoke spoken tense.
47. spin span spun

m
48. spring sprang sprung
49. steel stole stolen
50. strive strove striven

m
S.l.no Present verb(v1) Past verb(v2) Past Participle (v3)
51.
1. swear
abide swore
abode sworn
abode
52.
2. swing
have swang
had swung
had
53.
3.
54.
4.
take
has
tear
bend
took
had
tore
bent ra
taken
had
torn
bent
g
55.
5. throw
behold threw
beheld thrown
beheld
56.
6. wake
breed woke
bred waken
bred
57. wear wore worn
h

7. bring brought brought

58.
8. weave
bite wove
bit woven
bit
lis

59.
9. withdraw
bleed withdrew
bled withdrawn
bled
60.
10. wring
bing wrung
bound wrung
bound
61.
11. write
build wrote
built written
built
ng

12. burn burnt burnt

13. buy brought brought
14. catch caught caught
E

15. cling clung clung

16. creep crept crept
P

17. deal dealt dealt

18. dwell dwelt dwelt
G

19. dig dug dug

20. dream dreamt dreamt
21. feed fed fed
22. feel felt felt
23. fight fought fought
24. find found found

G P English grammar11
25. flee fled fled
26. fling flung flung
27. grind ground ground
28. hang hung hung
29. hear heard heard
30. hide hid hid
31. hold held held
32. keep kept kept

ar
33. kneel knelt knelt
34. lay laid laid

m
S.l.no Present verb(v1) Past verb(v2) Past Participle (v3)
35. learn learnt learntt
36. lead led led

m
37 light lit lit
38 lose lost lost
39
40
make
mean
made
meant ra
made
meant
g
41 misspell miss spelt miss spelt
42 misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood
43 rend rent rent
h

44 repay repaid repaid

lis

45 say said said

46 seek sought sought
47 sell sold sold
ng

48 send sent sent

49 shine shone shone
50 shoot shot shot
E

51 sit sat sat

52 sleep slept slept
P

53 slide slid slid

54 sling slung slung
G

55 smell smelt smelt

56 spend spent spent
57 spill spilt spilt
58 spit spat spat
59 stand stood stood
60 stick stuck stack
61 sting stung stung
G P English grammar12
62 strike struck struck
63 sweep swept swept
64 tell told told
65 teach taught taught
66 tell told told
67 think thought thought
68 understand understood understood
69 undertake undertook undertaken

ar
70 weep wept wept
71 win won won

m
72 will would would
73 withhold withheld withheld
74 withstand withstood withstood

m
Regular(weak) Verbs.
S.l.no Present verb(v1) Past verb(v2) Past Participle (v3)
1
2
ask
announce
asked
announced ra asked
announce
g
3 agree agree agreed
4 accept accepted accepted
5 admit admitted admitted
h

6 appear appeared appeared

lis

7 advise advised advised

8 arrange arranged arranged
9 aim aimed aimed
ng

10 appoint appointed appointed

11 arrive arrived arrived
12 argue argued argued
E

13 attack attacked attacked

14 act acted acted
P

15 admire admired admired

16 advance advanced advance
G

17 affect affected affected

18 achieve achieved achieved
19 acquire acquired acquired
20 acquaint acquainted acquainted
21 advertise advertised advertised
22 allow allowed allowed
23 answer answered answered

G P English grammar13
24 arrest arrested arrested
25 associate associated associated
26 attend attended attended
27 attempt attempted attempted
28 abscond absconded absconded
29 borrow borrowed borrowed
S.l.no present verb(v1) past verb(v2) past participle (v3)
30 believe believed believed

ar
31 blame blamed blamed
32 bother bothered bothered

m
33 bluff bluffed bluffed
34 call called called
35 cancel cancelled cancelled

m
36 change changed changed
37 cheat cheated cheated
38
39
continue
close
continued
closed ra continued
closed
g
40 consult consulted consulted
41 chase chased chased
42 count counted counted
h

43 cook cooked cooked

lis

44 collect collected collected

45 complete completed completed
46 convergent converted converted
ng

47 check checked checked

48 commence commenced commenced
49 cry cried cried
E

50 criticize criticized criticized

51 consider consider consider
P

52 challenge challenged challenged

53 communicate communicated communicated
G

54 carry carried carried

55 clean cleaned cleaned
56 consist consisted consisted
57 deliver delivered delivered
58 discover discovered discovered
59 disturb disturbed disturbed
60 decide decided decided
G P English grammar14
61 drop dropped dropped
62 dance danced danced
63 damage damaged damaged
64 divide divided divided
S.l.no Present verb(v1) Past verb(v2) Past Participle (v3)
65 desire desired desired
66 discuss discussed discussed
67 depart departed departed

ar
68 dismiss dismissed dismissed
69 dash dashed dashed

m
70 decrease decreased decreased
71 depend depended depended
72 delay delayed delayed

m
73 decorate decorated decorated
74 destroy destroyed destroyed
75
76
explain
expect
explained
expected ra explained
expected
g
77 enjoy enjoyed enjoyed
78 enquire enquired enquired
79 express expressed expressed
h

80 escape escaped escaped

lis

81 encourage encouraged encouraged

82 enclose enclosed enclosed
83 enter entered entered
ng

84 excuse excused excused

85 estimate estimated estimated
86 examine examined examined
E

87 face faced faced

88 form formed formed
P

89 fail failed failed

90 frame framed framed
G

91 fear feared feared

92 frighten frightened frightened
93 follow followed followed
94 finish finished finished
95 flow flowed flowed
96 gather gathered gathered
97 guide guided guided
G P English grammar15
98 guess guessed guessed
99 help helped helped
S.l.no Present verb(v1) Past verb(v2) Past Participle (v3)
100 hate hated hated
101 happen happened happened
102 hesitate hesitated hesitated
103 harass harassed harassed
104 hatch hatched hatched

ar
105 hire hired hired
106 honor honored honored

m
107 hop hopped hopped
108 inform informed informed
109 impress impressed impressed

m
110 interest interested interested
111 indicate indicated indicated
112
113
instruct
invent
instructed
invented ra instructed
invented
g
114 increase increased increased
115 insist insisted insisted
116 interrupt interrupted interrupted
h

117 introduce introduced introduced

lis

118 invite invited invited

119 improve improved improved
120 injure injured injured
ng

121 irritate irritated irritated

122 illuminate illuminated illuminated
123 imitate imitated imitated
E

124 illustrate illustrated illustrated

125 identify identified identified
P

126 import imported imported

127 inaugurate inaugurated inaugurated
G

128 include included included

129 inquire inquired inquired
130 insert inserted inserted
131 inspect inspected inspected
132 insult insulted insulted
133 involve involved involved
134 isolate isolated isolated
G P English grammar16
S.l.no Present verb(v1) Past verb(v2) Past Participle (v3)
135 jump jumped jumped
136 join joined joined
137 kill killed killed
138 kidnap kidnapped kidnapped
139 kick kicked kicked
140 knock knock knock
141 kiss kissed kissed

ar
142 like liked liked
143 love loved loved

m
144 listen listened listened
145 look looked looked
146 lean leaned leaned

m
147 lift lifted lifted
148 limit limited limited
149
150
list
live
listed
lived ra listed
lived
g
151 lock locked locked
152 move moved moved
153 murmur murmured murmured
h

154 miss missed missed

lis

155 melt melted melted

156 murder murdered murdered
157 mend mended mended
ng

158 migrate migrated migrated

159 measure measured measured
160 neglect neglected neglected
E

161 notice noticed noticed

162 observe observed observed
P

163 occupy occupied occupied

164 owe owed owed
G

165 open opened opened

166 order ordered ordered
167 occur occurred occurred
168 offer offered offered
169 oppose opposed opposed
S.l.no Present verb(v1) Past verb(v2) Past Participle (v3)
170 obey obeyed obeyed
G P English grammar17
171 obtain obtained obtained
172 operate operated operated
173 originate originated originated
174 pass passed passed
175 prove proved proved
176 perform performed performed
177 pull pulled pulled
178 push pushed pushed

ar
179 permit permitted permitted
180 prevent prevented prevented

m
181 present presented presented
182 prefer preferred preferred
183 preside presided presided

m
184 proceed proceed proceed
185 punish punished punished
186
187
place
practice
placed
practiced raplaced
practiced
g
188 provoke provoked provoked
189 play played played
190 possess possessed possessed
h

191 post posted posted

lis

192 postpone postponed postponed

193 pour poured poured
194 praise praised praised
ng

195 prepare prepared prepared

196 preserve preserved preserved
197 print printed printed
E

198 produce produced produced

199 prohibit prohibited prohibited
P

200 promise promised promised

201 protect protected protected
G

202 publish published published

203 purchase purchased purchased
204 pay paid paid
S.l.no Present verb(v1) Past verb(v2) Past Participle (v3)
205 participate participated participated
206 quarrel quarreled quarreled
207 qualify qualified qualified
G P English grammar18
208 question questioned questioned
209 refuse refuse refuse
210 receive received received
211 return returned returned
212 remain remained remained
213 remark remarked remarked
214 report reported reported
215 recall recalled recalled

ar
216 reflect reflected reflected
217 release released released

m
218 require required required
219 reject rejected rejected
220 reach reached reached

m
221 remove removed removed
222 recommend recommended recommended
223
224
reduce
receive
reduced
received ra reduced
received
g
225 remind reminded reminded
226 repair repaired repaired
227 repeat repeated repaired
h

228 reply replied replied

lis

229 request request request

230 respect respected respected
231 respond responded responded
ng

232 reveal revealed revealed

233 revise revised revised
234 revolt revolted revolted
E

235 reward rewarded rewarded

236 stare stared stared
P

237 spoil spoiled spoiled

238 say said said
G

239 suggest suggested suggested

S.l.no Present verb(v1) Past verb(v2) Past Participle (v3)
240 support supported supported
241 suspect suspected suspected
242 suffer suffered suffered
243 seize seized seized
244 search searched searched
G P English grammar19
245 stop stopped stopped
246 seem seem seem
247 select selected selected
248 scold scolded scolded
249 surprise surprised surprised
250 show showed showed
251 sacrifice sacrificed sacrificed
252 sanction sanctioned sanctioned

ar
253 satisfy satisfied satisfied
254 save saved saved

m
255 scatter scattered scattered
256 secure secured secured
257 shape shaped shaped

m
258 shift shifted shifted
259 slip slipped slipped
260
261
solve
smile
solved
smiled ra solved
smiled
g
262 stay stayed stayed
263 struggle struggled struggled
264 submit submitted submitted
h

265 supply supplied supplied

lis

266 start started started

267 turn turned turned
268 transfer transpired transpired
ng

269 travel traveled traveled

270 try tried tried
271 treat treated treated
E

272 trust trusted trusted

273 train trained trained
P

274 trouble troubled trouble

275 touch touched touched
G

276 threaten threatened threatened

277 thank thanked thanked
278 terminate terminated terminated
279 trace traced traced
280 translate translated translated
281 twist twisted twisted
282 use used used
G P English grammar20
283 utilize utilized utilized
284 vow vowed vowed
285 vex vexed vexed
286 verify verified verified
287 visit visited visited
288 vacate vacated vacated
289 vanish vanished vanished
290 want wanted wanted

ar
291 walk walked walked
292 waste wasted wasted

m
293 warn warned warned
294 worry worried worried
295 wait wait waited

m
296 wish wished wished
297 wash washed washed
298
299
watch
wonder
watched
wondered ra watched
wondered
g
300 work worked worked
301 worship worshiped worshiped
302 absorb absorbed absorbed
h

303 abuse abused abused

lis
ng
E

CHAPTER 4
P

4.TENSES
G

The word tense comes from the Latin word “Tempus” which means “time”.
Tense denotes the time of an action
Tenses are root of the grammar
There are three main tenses they are
1. Present tense
2. past tense
3. Future tense
Each tense is divided in to four groups
G P English grammar21
S. Present tense Past tense Future tense
No.
1 Simple Present Simple past Simple Future
2 Present Continuous Past continuous Future Continuous
3 Present perfect Past prefect Future prefect
4 Present perfect Past perfect Future perfect
continuous continuous continuous

ar
There are 12 types of tenses in English.
They are:-

m
1. Simple present
2. Present Continuous

m
3. Present perfect
4. Present perfect continuous
5. Past simple
6. Past Continuous
ra
g
7. Past perfect
8. Past perfect continuous
h

9. Simple Future
lis

10. Future (simple) continuous

11. Future perfect
ng

12. Future perfect continuous

OBSERVE THE FOLLOWING TABLE:-
Give
E

1. Simple present give, gives

2. Present Continuous is giving am giving, are giving
P

3. Present perfect have given, has given

4. Present perfect continuous have been giving, has been giving
G

5. simple Past gave

6. Past Continuous was giving, were giving
7. Past perfect had given
8. Past perfect continuous -had been giving
9. Simple Future Shall give, will give
10. Future (simple) continuous shall be giving, will be giving
11. Future perfect Shall have given, will have given

G P English grammar22
12. Future perfect continuous shall have been giving, will have been giving
Take
1. Simple present Take, takes
2. Present Continuous am taking, is taking, are taking
3. Present perfect have taken, has taken
4. Present perfect continuous have been taking, has been taking
5. simple Past tense took
6. Past Continuous was taking, wore taking

ar
7. Past perfect had taken
8. Past perfect continuous had been taking
9. Simple Future shall be taking, will be taking

m
10. Future (simple) continuous shall be taking, will be taking
11. Future perfect Shall have taken, will have taken
12. Future perfect continuous

m
Shall have been taking, will have been taking
Go
1. Simple present go, goes
2. Present Continuous
3. Present perfect
4. Present perfect continuous
ra
am going , is going,
have given, has given
are going

have been giving, has been giving

g
5. simple Past tense -went
6. Past Continuous was went, were went
h

7. Past perfect had gone

8. Past perfect continuous -had been going
lis

9. Simple Future shall go, will go

10. Future (simple) continuous shall be going, will be going
11. Future perfect shall have gone, will have gone
ng

12. Future perfect continuous shall have been going, will have been going

Find the tenses in the following sentences:-

1. I teach English - Simple present
E

2. You are writing something - Present continuous

th
3. We passed 10 class last year - Simple past
P

4. You were studying first year last year -Past Continuous

5. Sita got a prize - Simple past
G

6. I have completed Graduation - Present perfect

7. We had reached the Station - Past perfect
8. Sita sings many songs - Simple present
9. I will come to you house tomorrow - simple Future
10.They will have completed their work by this time tomorrow. Future perfect
11. My has been living in Hyderabad for 10 years - Present perfect continuous
12. We were watching T.V - Past continuous
G P English grammar23
13. We shall be writing a novel - Future continuous
14. John goes to Church every Sunday - Simple present
15. Latha Drink coffee - Simple present
16. You made a mistake in the class - Simple past
17. They will visit Tirumala tomorrow - Simple Future
18. Columbus discovered America - Simple past
19. I saw a film last might - Simple past
20. I have been teaching grammar for 15 day - Present perfect continuous

ar
TENSE THROUGH STRUCTURES

m
1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

A. Affirmative sentence:-

m
Formula:- sub+v1 es + object
Eg:- I write a letter.
You drink coffee.
He goes to college daily.
Sita sings songs.
ra
g
They read the Hindu daily.
Note:- If the sentences begin with third person singular (He, she, it) “S” or “es” can be
h

add to the first form of the verb (V1)

lis

B. Negative Sentence:-
Formula:- sub + do not/does not + v1 + obj
ng

Eg:- I do not write a letter .

You do not drink coffee.
He does not go to college daily.
E

Sita does not Sing songs.

They do not read the Hindu daily.
P

C. interrogative sentence :-
G

Formula:- Do + sub+v1 +obj?

Ex: - Do I write a letter ?
Does he go to college daily?
Does Sita sing songs?
Do they read the Hindu daily?
D.Negative interrogative:-
Formula:- Do not/does not + sub + v1 + obj.

G P English grammar24
 Eg:- I Don’t I write a letter?
Don’t you drink Coffee?
Doesn’t he go to college daily?
Doesn’t Sita sing songs?
Don’t they read the Hindu daily?
Use of simple present tense:-
This tense is used for the following cases:-
1. Habitual action

ar
2. daily activities
3. facts
4. universal truths

m
1. Habitual actions and daily activities:-
Indications:-

m
Always, often, seldom, sometimes, daily, everyday, generally,
occasionally, frequently, rarely, usually, regularly
Eg:-
1. I go (go) to College daily
2. They come (come) to party ready
ra
g
3. Rani often makes (make) mistakes
4. I always help (help) the poor
h

5. sita useful, sits (sit) in the first row

lis

6. we do (do) our home work regularly

7. She drinks (drink) milk daily
8. They often visit (visit) Tirumala
ng

9. You tell (tell) lies some times

10. He comes (come) here every morning
E

2. Universal truths:-
1. The sun rises (rise) in the east
P

1. The Sun Sets (set ) in the west

G

2. The Sun shines during the day

3. The earth moves (move) round the Sun
4. The earth revolves (revolves) the sun
5. The moon shines (shine) during the night
6. The moon gives (give) us cool night
7. The earth rotates (rotate) round the Sun
8. The summer comes (come) after the winter
9. The stars appear (appear) during the night
G P English grammar25
 10.Birds fly (fly) in the Sky
11.Children like (like)Sweets
12.Bees make (make) Honey
13.People speak (speak) English all over world
14.Water boils (boil) at the 100o c
15.The Indian Rivers flow (flow) Bay of Bengal
16.The them of the Novel reflects (reflect) our couture
17.Fish live (live) water
18.River water do not fast (not fast ) Salty

ar
19. English is spoken (speak) all over the world.
3. Facts:-

m
1. Sugar is (be) Sweet
2. Honey is (be) Sweet
3. Man is (be) mortal

m
4. Mount Everest is (be) the height peak in the World
5. India is be a big Country
6. Sunitha is (be) a wise girl
7. What is (be) a Prize of the book ra
8. There are (be) 11 members in the cricket
g
9. We are (be) a big nation
10. Gold melts (melt) at 100o C
h

11. Salt dissolves (dissolve) in water

lis

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

A. Affirmative sentence:-
ng

Formula:- sub + am/is/are + v1 +ing +obj)

Eg:- I am writing a letter.

E

You are eating a Mango.

She is reading the paper.
P
G

B .Negative Sentences:-
Formula: sub +am/is/are not+ v1 + obj
Eg:-
1. I am not writing a letter.
2. You are not eating mango.
3. She is not reading the paper.

G P English grammar26
C. Interrogative sentence:-
Formula:- Am/is/are + sub+v1+ obj
Ex:-
1. Am I writing a letter?
2. Are you eating a mango?
3. Is she reading the paper ?

D .Negative interragative:-

ar
Am/is/are not + sub+v1+ obj
Eg:-
1. Amn’t I writing a letter?

m
2. Aren’t you eating a mango?
3. Isn’t she reading the paper?

m
Uses of present continuous tense:-

speaking.
Eg:-
ra
This tense is mainly used to express real action which is going at the time of
g
1. I am teaching English grammar now.
2. Sita is doing home work now.
h

3. They are making chapathis at present.

Near Future: - This tense is used for the actions that has already been arranged to
lis

take place near future.

Eg:-
1. The C.M is coming to Kadapa next Sunday.
ng

2. we are meeting with them tomorrow.

3. My uncle is visiting Tirumala next month.
Indications :- now, at, present, listen, see, look, don’t disturb
E
P

Examination model:-
1. I am writing (write) a letter now
G

1) will write, 2) a writing 3)am writing 4)None

2. They are doing (do) H.W at present.
3. See! Somebody is calling by her name. .
4. Look! Somebody is breaking (break) the glass.
5. Don’t disturb me I am reading (read) the paper.
6. Don’t disturb him he is doing (do) his home work.
7. Listen somebody is knock (knock) at the door.
G P English grammar27
8. Leela is reading (read) a novel now.
9. They are playing (play) tennis at present .
The following verbs are not used in present continuous tense:-
1. Verbs of perception :-
See, hear, smell, notice, recognize
2. verbs of appearance :-
appear, look, seem
3. verbs of emotion :-

ar
what, wish, desire, fed, like, love, hate, hope, refuse, prefer
4. Verbs of thinking :-
Think, suppose, believe, agree, consider, trust, remember, forget, know, mean,

m
understand.
5. Verbs of possession :-

m
have, own, possess, belong, consist, contain.

ra
3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
This tense is used for the actions just completed in the past.
A.Assertive sentences :-
g
Formula:- sub+have/has +v3+obj
Eg:-
h

1. I have written a letter.

2. You have done your home work.
lis

3. He has sung a song.

4. Sita has sent a gift.
ng

B.Negative Sentence:-
Formula:- sub+have/has+not+v3+obj.
Eg:-
1. I have not written a letter.
E

2. you have not done your home work.

3. Sita has not sent a gift.
P

4. He has not sung a song.

C. Interrogative sentence:-
G

Formula:- have/has + sub+ v3+obj

Eg:-
1. Have I written a letter?
2. Have you done your home work?
3. Has He sung a song?
4. Has Sita sent a gift?
D. Negative interrogative:-
G P English grammar28
 Formula:- have/has +not+ sub+ v3+obj
Eg:-
1. Have not I written a letter?
2. Have not you done your home work?
3. Has not he sung a song?
4. Has not Sita sent a gift?

ar
Examination pattern:-

m
Indications: - just, just, now, just, before, al ready, so far, yet, recently

m
1. I have written (write) a story just now
2. a) wrote b)have written c)am writing d) have wrote
3.
4.
5.
He has gone (go) to Kadapa just before
She ha seen (see) the film recently ra
They have left (leave) for Bangalore just now
g
6. My friend has not come (come) here so far
7. Rani has joined (join) in the College just now.
h

4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

lis

This tense is used for the actions already started in the past and continuing
up to the present.
Formula:- sub + has/have + been+ ing+obj
ng

Eg:-
1. I have been teaching English grammar for 20 days
2. She has been studying Psychology for 2 day
E

3. He has been working here since 2002

4. She has been living in Rajampet since 2005
Indications :- since, for
P

 Since:- it refers to point of time

G

 For :- it refers to period of time

Since For
Since Monday for 3 hours
Since June for 10 days
o
Since 8 clock for a long time
Since morning for 5 months
Since 1998 for 3 weeks
G P English grammar29
Since yesterday for half an hour
Examination Model:-
1. He has been waiting (wait) here for her for two years
2. I have been living (live) in Rajampet since 1990
3. They have been waiting (wait) at the bus stand for an hour
4. It has been raining (rain) here Since 8o clock
5. The child has been sleeping (sleep) here since 4o clock
6. India has been facing (face) many problems for a long time

ar
7. The boy has been reading (read) the novel for 2 hours
8. We have been taking (take) for T.E.T for 20 days

m
5. SIMPLE PAST TENSE
A. Affirmative sentence:-

m
Formula: - sub+ v2 + obj.
Eg:-
1. I wrote a letter.
2. You bought a scooter.
3. He drank coffee.
ra
g
4. She sang a song.
5. They built a house.
h

B. Negative sentence:-
lis

Formula: - sub+ did not + v1 + obj.

Eg:-
1. I did not write a letter.
ng

2. You did not buy a scooter.

3. He did not drink coffee.
4. She did not sing a song.
E

5. They did not build a house.

C. Interrogative sentence:-
Formula: - Did+sub+v1+obj.
P

Eg:-
G

1. Did I write a letter?

2. Did you buy a Scooter?
3. Did he drink coffee
4. did she sing a song
5. did he build a house?
D. Negative sentence:-
Formula: - Did+not+sub+v1+obj.
Eg:-
G P English grammar30
 1. Didn’t I write a letter?
2. Didn’t you buy a scooter?
3. Didn’t he drink coffee?
4. Didn’t she sing a song?
5. Didn’t they build a house?

Uses of simple past tense:-

This tense is used for the actions at any time in the past.

ar
Indications:-
Ago, long ago, last week, last night, last month, last year, last century, last decade, in

m
1947 ( any previous year), yesterday.

1. I wrote (write) a letter to here yesterday.

m
2. India won (win) the freedom in 1947.
3. The train left (leave) the plat form an hour ago.
4. He returned (return) from the College yesterday.

ra
5. John went (go) to the Church last Sunday.
6. Akhbar ruled (rule) India long ago.
g
7. Suneel visited (visit) Tirumala last week.
8. I bought (buy) scooter in 2010.
9. They did (do) their work last week.
h

10. My friend come (come ) to my house yesterday.

lis

6. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

This tense is used for the actions continuing in the past.
Formula:- sub + was/were +v1+ ing + obj
ng

Ex:-
1. I was writing a story.
2. You were doing your work.
E

3. She was singing songs.

4. They were building a house.
5. He was playing cricket.
P

Note:-When two works mentioned in a sentence one work is in simple past the
other work will be in past continuous tense.
G

Note:- Shorter action (simple past) , longer action (past continuous )

Indications: - when, while
1. when the bell rang, you were watching (watch) T.V
2. When I saw here, she was playing (play) chess
3. The girl fell asleep while she was watching (watch) T.V
4. While He was going (go) to college, he saw an accident.
5. Rani was singing (sing) songs, I visited her.
G P English grammar31
 6. When I was crossing (cross) the road, I saw an accident.
7. When my daughter was going (go) to college, she saw a snake.
8. My brother was sleeping (sleep) when I reached home.
9. While I was going (go) to school, I saw a procession.
7. PAST PERFECT TENSE
This tense is used for the actions just completed in the past
A. Assertive sentence:-
Formula:- sub+had+v3+obj

ar
Ex:-
1. I had written a story.

m
2. You had finished your work.
3. He had left the village.
4. They had built a house.

m
B. Negative sentence:-
Formula:- sub+ had+not+v3+ obj
Ex:-
1. I hadn’t written a story ra
2. you hadn’t finished your work
g
3. He hadn’t left the village
4. They hadn’t built a house
h

Uses:-
Rule:- 1. when two works are mentioned in a sentence the first work is in past
lis

perfect tense, the second work will in simple past.

Indications :- Before, after, when, as soon as, until
ng

Ex:-
1. Before I reached the station, the train had left (leave) the flat form
2. He had written (write) a letter before he arrived
E

3. Jyothi had left (leave) the party before sheela arrived there
4. He (leave) the party before sheela arrived there
5. He had finish (finish) the work before we reached the garage
P

6. When I reached the meeting hall the present all ready had started (start) his lecture
G

8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

This tense is used for the actions all ready started in the past and continuing
up to the past.
Formula:-sub+had+been+v1+ing+obj
Ex:-
1. I had been writing a story
G P English grammar32
 2. They had been writing a story
3. They had been repaired in the house
9. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
A. Assertive sentence:-
Formula:- sub+ shall/will +v1+obj.
Ex:-
1. I shall write a letter
2. you will learn English

ar
3. we will join in a College
4. He will buy a car
B. Negative sentences :-

m
Formula:- sub+ shall/will +not+v1+obj
Ex:-
1. I shall not write a letter.

m
2. You will not learn English.
3. We will not join in a College.
4. He will not buy a car.
C. Interrogative sentence:- ra
g
Formula:- shall/will + sub+ v1 +obj.
Ex:-
1. Shall I write a letter?
h

2. Will you learn English grammar?

lis

3. Will we join in a college?

4. Will he buy a car?
D. Negative question:-
ng

Formula: - Shall n’t, willn’t + sub+v1+obj.

Eg:-
1. Shall n’t I write a letter?
E

2. Won’t you learn English grammar?

3. Won’t we join in a College?
4. Won’t he buy a car?
P

Uses: - This tense is used for the actions at day time in the future
G

Indications: - tomorrow, the next day, next week, next month, next year.
Eg:-
1. I shall write (write) a letter to her tomorrow
2. He will visit (visit) Tirumala next Saturday
3. Raju will visit (visit) zoo next year
4. My uncle will go (go) to America next month
5. The Novelist will finish (finish) the Novel next month
6. We Shall complete (complete) our Syllabus next week
G P English grammar33
 10. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
This tense is used for the actions continuing in the future.
Formula:-sub+ shall/will + be +v1+ing+obj
Eg:-
1. I shall be writing a story
2. you will be doing your job
3. He will be constructing a house.

ar
11. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
This tense is used for the actions just completed in the future

m
Formula:- sub+ shall have/will have + v3 +obj
Ex:-
1. I shall have finished my work by next week

m
2. she will have completed her work by next day
3. The will have constructed their house by next year

1. ra
Indications: - by the time, by next week, by next month, by the year
you will have finished (finish) you examination by next July
g
2. The Novelist will have finished (finish)the book by next month
3. She will have built (build) a house by the end of the next year
4. By the end of the next week the Novelist will have written (write) the book
h

5. I shall have completed (complete) my work by the

lis

S. No. Tense Indications

ng

1 Always, often, seldom, some time, daily, every day,

generally, occasionally, frequently, readily,
usually, regularly
E

2 Simple past Ago, long, ago, last, week, last month, last night, last year,
Last century, last decade,
P

in 1947 (any previous year) yesterday

3 Simple Future Tomorrow, the next day, next week, next month, next year
G

4 Present continuous
Now, at present, listen. See! look!, Don’t disturb
5 Past ContinuousWhen, while
6 Present perfect Just, just now, just before, already, so far, yet, recently
7 Past perfect Before, after, as soon as (when) until
8 Future perfect Tomorrow, the next day, next week, next month, next year
CONDITIONAL TENSES

G P English grammar34
There are three conditional tenses, they are preferable conditions
1. open condition’
2. Improbable condition (Imaginary condition)’
3. un full filled condition;
TYPE 1
1. Open condition (type – I)

IF clause Main clause

ar
If + sub+vI +obj Sub + will, shall, can, may + v1+ obj

m
Eg:-
1. If you work hard, you will get a rank.
2. if you play well, you will win the match.

m
3. If I go to Hyderabad, I shall met the C.M.
4. If he teaches well, I will get a good name.
Exercises:-
ra
1. If you break the glass, the police will punish (punish) you
Punished 2. had punished 3. will punish 4. punishment
g
2. If you ask me, I shall help (help) you
3. If he leaves (leave) early, he can catch the train
h

4. If you get a rank in T.E.T the Principal will give you a prize
TYPE 2
lis

Improbable condition or Imaginary conditions:-

ng

Formula If clause Main clause

If+sub+v2+ob Sub+would/could+v1+ obj
Eg:-
1. If you worked hard, you would get a rank
E

2. If you played well, you would win the match.

3. if I went to Hyderabad, I should met the C.M
P

4. If I were a bird , I would fly in the sky

a)will fly, b) c)flown d) flying
G

5. If I were you, I would work well

1. worked 2. would work 3. working 4. will work
6. If I were the C.M, I would abolish the reservation of women
1. will abolish 2. abolished 3. would abolish 4. abalishing
CHAPTER 5
5.TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES
G P English grammar35
 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Active Voice:- Active voice gives about the work done by the subject and object directly
E.g:- Krishna helped pandavas.
herehere herKrishna – subject
Helped – verb
Pandavas – object
Passive Voice:- Passive Voice gives about the work received object from the subject
E.g:- Pandavas were helped by Krishna.
pandavas – object

ar
Were – helping verb
Helped – main verb
By – preposition
Krishna – Subject

m
Rules for changing from A.V into P.V:-
1. Object becomes Subject
E.g:- I eat a mango

m
A mango _______
2. Helping verb is used according to the tense of the verb in the passive voice.
E.g:- A mango is __________
S.NO
1
2
TENSE IN ACTIVE VOICE
Simple present tense
Present continuous tense ra
HELPING VERB IN PASSIVE VOICE
Am, is , are
Am being, is being, are being
g
3 Present perfect tense Have been, has been
4 Simple past tense Was were
5 Past continuous tense Was being, were being
h

6 Past perfect tense Had been

7 Simple future tense Shall be, will be
lis

8 Future perfect tense Shall have been, will have been

3. Pronouns in Active voice are changed as in passive voice.

Active voice Passive voice

ng

I Me
We us
you You
He Him
E

She Her
it It
They Them
P

Eg:- I eat a mango

A mango is ___________ me.
G

4. The main verb should be written in past participle (v3) main verb ను p.v
5. The preposition ‘by’ is used after the past participle.
Eg:-A mango is written _______ me.

AS FOR THE TENSES THE VOICE IS CHANGED AS FOLLOWES:

1. Simple A.V. Structure Sub+v1/v1+s/es+Obj

Present Sentences Sita sings a song
tense Sita sings songs

G P English grammar36
 P.V. Structure Object+am/is/are+v3+by+Subject
Sentences A song is sung by Sita
Songs are sung by Sita.
2. Present A.V. Structure Subject+am/is/are+v+ing+Object
Continuous Sentences Sita is singing a song.
Tense Sita is singing songs
P.V. Structure Object+am/is/are+being+v3+by+Subject
Sentences A song is being sung by Sita
Songs are being sung by Sita.
3. Present A.V. Structure Subject+Has/Have+v3+Object

ar
Perfect Sentences Sita has sung a song
Tense Sita has sung songs
P.V. Structure Object+Has/Have+been+v3+by+Subject

m
Sentences A song has been sung by Sita
Songs have been sung by Sita.
Structure Subject+v2+Object

m
A.V. Sentences Sita sang a song
4. Simple Sita sang songs
Past Tense P.V. Structure Object+was/were+v3+by+subject

5. Past A.V.
Sentences

Structure
ra
A song was sung by Sita
Songs were sung by Sita.
Subject+was/were+v+ing+Object
g
Continuous Sentences Sita was singing a song
Tense Sita was singing songs
P.V. Structure Object+was/were+being+v3+by+subject
h

Sentences A song was being sung by Sita.

Songs were being sung by Sita.
lis

6. Past Perfect A.V. Structure Subject+had+v3+Object

Tense Sentences Sita had sung a song
Sita had sung songs
P.V. Structure Object+had+been+v3+by+Subject
ng

Sentences A song had been sung by Sita

Songs had been sung by Sita
7. Simple A.V. Structure Subject+will/shall+v1+Object
Future Sentences Sita will sing a song
E

Tense Sita will sing songs

P.V. Structure Object+will/shall+be+v3+by+Subject
Sentences A song will be sung by Sita
P

Songs will be sung by Sita.

8. Future A.V. Structure Subject+will/shall+have+v3+Object
G

Perfect Sentences Sita will have sung a song.

Tense Sita will have sung songs
P.V. Structure Object+will/shall+have+been+v3+by+Sub
Sentences A song will have been sung by Sita
Songs will have been sung by Sita.

1. Simple Present Tense

Passive structure:- Object+am/is/are+v3+by+Subject
Eg:- I play chess (A.V)
G P English grammar37
 Chess is played by me (P.V)
2.Raju likes sweets (A.V)
Sweets are liked by Raju. (P.V)
3.He invites me to the party. (P.V)
I am invited by him to the party. (P.V)
4.People speak English all over the world. (A.V)
English is spoken by people all over the world(P.V)
5. They sing songs. (A.V)
Songs are sung by them. (P.V)
2. Present continuous tense:-

ar
Passive structure:- Object+am/is/are+being+v3+by+Subject
Eg:- 1.He is teaching grammar. (A.V)
Grammar is being taught by him. (P.V)
2. They are repairing roads. (A.V)

m
Roads are being repaired by them. (P.V)
3. The gentleman is opening an account in our bank. (A.V)
An account is being opened by the gentleman in our bank. (P.V)

m
4. I am writing a good essay on pollution. (A.V)
A good essay is being written by me on pollution. (P.V)
3. Present perfect tense:-

A mango is eaten by him. ra

Passive structure:- Object+Has/Have+been+v3+by+Subject
Eg:-1. He has eaten a mango. (A.V)
(P.V)
g
2 They have advertised our products. (A.V)
Our products has been advertised by them. (P.V)
3. Police have arrested the thieves. (a.v)
h

The thieves have been arrested by police. (P.V)

4.Simple past tense:-
lis

Passive structure:- Object+was/were+v3+by+subject

Eg:-1.I wrote a story. (A.V)
A story was written by me. (P.V)
2.They built a house in their town. (A.V)
ng

A house was built by them in their town. (P.V)

3.Waterman invented a fountain pen in 1884. (A.V)
A fountain pen was invented by Waterman in 1884.(P.V)
4.R.K Narayan wrote many games. (A.V)
E

Many novels were written by R.K.Narayan. (P.V)

5. She taught us English grammar. (A.V)
We were taught English grammar by her. (P.V)
P

5. Past continuous tense:-

G

Passive structure:- Object+was/were+being+v3+by+subject

Eg:-1.I was eating a mango. (A.V)
A mango was being eaten by me. (p.v)
2. The watchman was cutting the trees in the garden. (A.V)
The trees were being cut by the watchman in the garden.(P.V)
3. The boy was buying notebooks. (A.V)
Note books were being bought by the boy. (P.V)

6. Past perfect tense:-

G P English grammar38
 Passive structure:- Object+had+been+v3+by+subject
Eg:-1.I had finished my work. (A.V)
My work had been finished by me. (P.V)
2. She had made many mistakes in the class. (A.V)
Many mistakes had been made by her in the class. (P.V)
3. She had sent a gift. (A.V)
A gift had been sent by her. (P.V)
7. Simple future tense:-
Passive structure:- Object+ will/shall+be+v3+by+Subject
Eg:-1. They will help us. (A.V)

ar
We shall be helped by them. (P.V)
2. I shall write a story. (A.V)
A story will be written by me. (P.V)
3.They will announced the results next week. (A.V)

m
The results will be announced by them next week. (P.V)
8. Future perfect tense:-
Passive structure:- Object+will/shall+have+been+v3+by+Sub

m
Eg:-1.I shall have written a novel by this time next year. (A.V)
A novel will have been written by me by this time next year. (P.V)
2. They will have completed his work. (A.V)

DOUBLE OBJECTS IN A.V AND P.V ra

His work will have been completed by them. (P.V)
g
Note: me, us, him, her, them, are called indirect objects.
(direct objet+ helping verb+v3+to+indirect object+by+subject)
or
h

(Indirect object+ helping verb+ v3+direct object +by + subject.)

E.g:-1.She gave me a book. (A.V)
lis

A book was given to me by her. (P.V)

I was given a book by her, (P.V)
2. Ramarao has taught us English. (A.V)
English has been taught to us by Ramarao. (p.v)
ng

We have been taught English by Ramarao. (P.V)

3. My grand mother told us a story. (A.V)
A story was told to us by my grandmother. (P.V)
We were told a story by my grandmother. (P.V)
E

IMPERATIVE TYPE
P

Passive structure:- (Let+obj+be+V3)

Eg:-1.Open the door. (A.V)
Let the door be opened. (P.V)
G

2. Show the picture. (A.V)

Let the picture be shown. (P.V)
3. Finish the work. (A.V)
Let the work be finished. (P.V)
4. Post this letter. (A.V)
Let this letter be posted. (P.V)

5. Sing a song. (A.V)

Let the song be sung. (P.V)
G P English grammar39
 REQUEST TYPE

Passive structure:- (you are requested to+ v1+obj)

Note:-- If the sentence begins with please answer begins with your requested to
Eg:- 1.please shut the door. (A.V)
You are requested to shut the door. (P.V)
2. Plese post this letter. (A.V)
You are requested to post this letter. (P.V)

WITH OUT USING ‘BY’ IN P.V

ar
E.g:- 1.Someone stole the box. (A.V)
The box was stolen. (P.V)
2. The police arrested the thief. (A.V)
The thief was arrested. (P.V)

m
3. Someone has seen the wind. (A.V)
The wind has been seen. (P.V)
4.Someone serve the food. (A.V)

m
The food is served. (P.V)
INERROGATIVE TYPE
1.Passive structure :-(helping verb+obj+V3+by+Sub)
Eg:-1.Does Sita sings a song?
Is a song sung by Sita?
2. Did they repair the radio? ra (A.V)
(P.V)
(A.V)
g
Was the radio repaired by them? (P.V)
3. Shall I write a story? (A.V)
Will a story be written by me? (P.V)
h

4. Are you making kites? (A.V)

Are kites being made by you? (P.V)
lis

5. Has Sita sung songs? (A.V)

Have songs been sung by Sita? (P.V)
6. Shall you have made kite? (A.V)
Will a kite have been made by you? (P.V)
ng

7. Must we pay this bill? (A.V)

Must this bill be paid by us? (P.V)
8. Are you reading this book? (A.V)
Is this book being read by you? (P.V)
E

9. Will Rama have written a novel? (A.V)

Will a novel have been written by Sita? (P.V)
10.Had Chitra sung songs? (A.V)
P

Had songs been sung by Chitra? (P.V)

2. ‘WH’ WORD QUESTIONS:-
Passive structure :-(‘Wh’ question word +helping verb+obj+V3+by+Sub)
G

Eg:- 1) How can you solve the problem. (A.V)

How can the problem be solved by you? (P.V)
2) Why did he buy that watch? (A.V)
Why was that watch bought by him? (P.V)
3) Who bought that watch? (A.V)
By whom that watch bought? (P.V)
4) When did they accept all demands? (A.V)
When were all demands accepted by them? (P.V)
5) Who gave you this book? (A.V)
G P English grammar40
 By whom was this book given to you? (P.V)

Examination model
Task – 1
1) They are milking the cows.

The cows______________________________________________________________

2) They are performing a yoga for the sake of rains.

A Yoga________________________________________________________________

ar
3) The members of the party discussed the matter.

m
The matter_____________________________________________________________

4) The Chiefguest is distinguishing the prizes.

m
The prizes_____________________________________________________________

5) The agreement satisfied the workers.

ra
The workers___________________________________________________________

6) We see Indians in many parts of the world.

g
Indians_____________________________________________________________
h

7) Australians defeated India in the world cup final.

lis

India_____________________________________________________________

8) Tagore wrote Geethanjali.

ng

Geethanjali ____________________________________________________________

9) Post this letter.

Let _____________________________________________________________
E

10) Siva told a story.

P

A story _____________________________________________________________
G

11) The manager will give you a ticket.

A ticket_____________________________________________________________

12) We are playing chess.

Chess_____________________________________________________________

13) Jyothi always sings Devotional Songs.

Devotional songs_______________________________________________________
G P English grammar41
14) R. K. Narayana writes English Novels.

English____________________________________________________________

15) She is bringing the water from the well.

The water_____________________________________________________________

16) The villagers saved many passengers.

ar
Many passengers_______________________________________________________

17) They were feeding the cows when I reached there.

m
The cows_____________________________________________________________

m
18) I know her.

She_____________________________________________________________

ra
g
h

Task – 2
lis

1) The children are distributing the pamphlets.

The pamphlets_______________________________________________________
ng

2) We cannot help the egoism of the Senses.

The egoism of the senses ________________________________________________

E
P

3) They are planting trees in the town .

Trees are _____________________________________________________________

G

4) Who taught him physics?

By whom_____________________________________________________________

5) Please help me.

You are _____________________________________________________________

6) Which films do you like the best?

G P English grammar42
 Which film is ___________________________________________________________

7) They were discussing the future of the party at the meeting.

The future of the party____________________________________________________

8) They have invented a news medicine for diabetes.

A new medicine_________________________________________________________

9) They are repairing the engine.

ar
The engine____________________________________________________________

10) They will inform all the winners individually.

m
All the winners__________________________________________________________

m
11) The electrician repaired the switch.

The switch_____________________________________________________________

12) They are examining the students.

ra
The students___________________________________________________________
g
13) The magician performed many thrilling tickets.
h

Many thrilling___________________________________________________________

14) They are helping many wounded persons.

lis

Many wounded persons______________________________________

15) Indians defeated Australia in the world cup final.

ng

Australia ____________________________________________________

16) The managing director gave the workers some bad news.
E

The workers ____________________________________________________

P

17) Explorers have made amazing discoveries.

Amazing discovery ____________________________________________________

G

18) They have made all the arrangements for the function.

All the arrangements____________________________________________________

Task - 3

1) The chief Minister gave the first prize to the best actor.

The first prize ____________________________________________________

G P English grammar43
 2) The prime minister will lay the foundation stone for the housing project.

The foundation stone______________________________________________________

3) They were discussing the future of the party at the meeting.

The future of the party ____________________________________________________

4) Everyone is discussing Pokharan explosion today.

Pokran explosion __________________________________________________________

ar
5) Government will computerize rail bookings all over the country by 2000..

Rail bookings ____________________________________________________________

m
6) They will inform all the winners individually

m
All the winners ____________________________________________________

7) They marked the first video disc in USA in 1980.

8) Azharuddin scored the winning run.

ra
The first video disc____________________________________________________
g
The winning run ____________________________________________________
h

9) Shakespeare introduced plays in the word.

Plays ____________________________________________________
lis

10) Ramesh is watching Hindi films onT.v.

Hindi films ____________________________________________________

ng

11) Mother Teresa received Nobel Prize.

Nobel prize____________________________________________________
E

12) Sita sings many wedding songs.

P

Many wedding songs ____________________________________________________

13) Cats Killed rats.

G

Rats ____________________________________________________

14) They have built several dams

Several dams ____________________________________________________

15) The principal will announce the results.

The results ____________________________________________________

G P English grammar44
 Task - 4

1. The carpenter is making a chair.

A chair _____________________________________________
2. I shall return your books in a week.
Your books __________________________________________
3. He painted his house all by himself
His house____________________________________________.
4. I hate her.
She ________________________________________________
5. He is writing a letter to his father.

ar
A letter ______________________________________________
6. I will do that work.
That work ___________________________________________

m
7. Please write the letter.
Your requested to _________________________________________
8. Who will bring a piece of chalk?

m
By whom ________________________________________________
9. They have started business.
Business _________________________________________________
10.

11.
Ramya gives me a book.

ra
I __________________________________________________________
She is singing a song.
A song ______________________________________________________
g
12. The mess serves lunch at 12noon.
Lunch ______________________________________________________
13. They are singing songs
h

Songs _______________________________________________________
14. R.K.Narayan has written many novels
lis

Many Novels __________________________________________________

15. The man is building the wall
The wall ______________________________________________________
ng

16. Let me see the picture

Let the picture ____________________________________________________
17. We love India
India _________________________________________________________
E

18. Give the order

Let the order _____________________________________________________
19. Please listen to me
P

You are requested to____________________________________________________

20. I shall punish you
You ____________________________________________________
G

Task – 5
1. Rajani has given me a present
I ____________________________________________________
2. He was writing a letter to his father
A letter ____________________________________________________
3. The nurse will look after the old man
The oldman ____________________________________________________
4. We except good news

G P English grammar45
 Good news____________________________________________________
5. She gave the beggar a rupee
The beggar ____________________________________________________
6. We should keep promise
Promess ____________________________________________________
7. Ravi accepted the gift

The gift ____________________________________________________

8. Who drew the picture in the wall?

ar
By whom ____________________________________________________

9. Please post this letter

m
You’re requested to ___________________________________________

10. The police were taking him to prison

m
He ____________________________________________________

11. Who wrote this poem?

ra
By whom ____________________________________________________
g
12. A car knocked down the child

The child ____________________________________________________

h

13. He hurt his leg in an accident

lis

His leg ____________________________________________________

14. Who killed the snake?

ng

By whom ____________________________________________________

15. Shut the door

E

Let the door _________________________________________________

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

P

Direct speech:-Direct speech is the conversation between two persons about each other.
E.g.:-Vani said to Rani “I am going to college now”
G

Indirect speech: - Indirect speech is the conversation between two persons about third
person. This is also called reported speech.
E.g.:-Vani told Rani that she was going to college then.

Rules for changing direct speech (D.S) in to Indirect speech (I.D.S):-

While changing a sentence from D.S in to I.D.S certain rules have to be followed as
follows.
1. Quotation marks “”must be removed.
G P English grammar46
 2. There are four types of sentences in reported part so the conjunctions should be used
as follow:-
S.No Sentences Direct Indirect speech conjunctions
speech
1 Assertive sentence said said that
said to told
2 Interrogative sentence said Asked if/whether
(helping verbs + w.h ) said to questioned wh words
said to enquired
3 Imperative sentence said Requested positive(to)/

ar
(positive +negative) said to ordered negative(not
commanded to)
instructed
warned

m
suggested
4 Exclamatory sentence said Exclaimed that
said to

m
3.Change of tense:-
Direct speech
1. Simple present
Am, is, are, have, has
ra
Indirect speech
simple past
was, were, had
g
2. Present continuous past continuous
3. Present perfect past perfect
4. Present perfect continuous past perfect continuous
h

5. Simple past (ate V2) past perfect (had eaten V3)

lis

4.Change of model verbs:-

D.S I.D.S D.S I.D.S

Shall should will would
ng

Should should would would

Can could may might
Could could might might
Must had to
E

4. Change of pronouns:- Pronouns and possessive adjectives in first person, and second
P

person should be into third person. Observe the following table

G

s.no Person Singular Plural

1.speaker I(sub) he,she
(obj) him/her
my (sub) his/her
my self himself/herself
me him/her
2.listener you(sub) he/she they
you(obj) him/her them

G P English grammar47
 your him/her their
3.we they
us them
our their
our selves them selves

6.Change of (adverbs) nearness to distance (or) time and place indicators:

Direct Speech Indirect speech

this that

ar
these those
now then
here there

m
today that day
yesterday the previous day
tomorrow the next day, the following day

m
last night the previous night
tonight that night
thus so

ra
Model-I
ASSERTIVE SENTENCE (D.S to I.D.S)
g
1. He said “I am busy today” (D.S)
He said that he was busy that day. (I.D.S)
2. Raju said to Rani “I will come to your house tomorrow”. (D.S)
h

Raju told Rani that he would come to her house the next day.(I.D.S)
3. My uncle said “I take the idles this morning”. (D.S)
lis

My uncle said that he took idles. (I.D.S)

4. Sita said to her husband “I like sweets”. (D.S)
Sita told her husband that she liked sweets. (I.D.S)
5. My grandfather said “I drank coffee”. (D.S)
ng

My grandfather said that he had drunk coffee. (I.D.S)

6. A wife said to her husband “I have seen this film twice”. (D.S)
A wife told her husband she had seen that film twice. (I.D.S)
7. The porter said that “The train will be late by tomorrow”. (D.S)
E

The porter said that the train would be late by the next day. (I.D.S)

MODEL -2
P

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
a) YES OR NO TYPE QUESTIONS:-
G

1. The girl asked him, “Can you sing with me?” (D.S)
The girl asked him if he could sing with her. (I.D.S)
2. The teacher asked the students, “Are you all going to the picnic?” (D.S)
The teacher asked the students if they were all going to the picnic. (I.D.S)
3. She said to me, “Do you like music?” (D.S)
She asked me if I liked music. (I.D.S)
4. The teacher said the boys, “Hence you finished your work”? (D.S)
The teacher asked the boys if they had finished their work. (I.D.S)
5. He asked me, “Do you know English”? (D.S)
G P English grammar48
 He asked me if I knew English. (I.D.S)
6. The stranger said to me, “Can you tell me the way to railway station”? (D.S)
The stranger asked me if I could tell the way to railway station. (I.D.S)
7. John said to Ram, “Will you play chess with me?” (D.S)
John asked Ram if he would play with him. (I.D.S)
b). “WH” QUESTIONS:-
1. She said to me, “Where can we buy samosas?”
She asked me where they could buy samosas.
2. Latha said, “when are you going to college?’
Latha asked when they were going to college.

ar
3. She said to them, “What should we do now?”
She asked them what they should do then.

NOTE:- When “Do, does and did” are used as auxiliary verbs in direct speech, they are

m
omitted in indirect speech.
E.g:-1. He asked me, “Where does your father live?”
He asked me where my lived.

m
2. He said to me, “how many brothers do you have?”
He asked me how many brothers you had.
3. The doctor said to the patient, “What did you eat yesterday?”

ra
The doctor asked the patient what he had eaten the previous day.

NOTE:-If the direct speech begins with who, what or which followed by a form of ‘be’ as
g
the main verb, the verb is placed at the end of the sentence.
E.g- 1.He said to her, “Who is your English teacher?”
He asked her who her English teacher was.
h

2. She said to me, “what is your name?”

She asked me what my name was.
lis

MODEL 3
IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
Note: .The change of tense is not applicable for imperative sentences.
ng

E.g:-1.She said to me, “Please shut the door”

She requested me to shut the door.
2. The lecturer said to the students, “Use the Oxford dictionary.”
The lecturer advised the students to use the Oxford dictionary.
E

3. The teacher said, “Keep your clothes clean.”

The teacher advised to keep your clothes clean.
MODEL 4
P

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
Eg:- He said, “How beautiful picture it is!” (D.S)
He said that it was very beautiful picture. (I.D.S)
G

He said, “How nice it is!”

He said that it was very nice.

EXERCISES
1. Rama said, “I am going to kadapa.”
Rama said …………………………………………………………………………
2. He said to her, “I hate you.”
He told her …………………………………………………………………………
G P English grammar49
3. She said to me, ‘please open the door.”
She told me…………………………………………………………………………
4. They said, “We will help you.”
They said …………………………………………………………………………
5. He said to me, “Do you play chess?”
He asked me …………………………………………………………………………
6. He said to her, “Who is your English teacher?”
He asked her …………………………………………………………………………
7. He asked me, “Where does your father live?”
He asked me …………………………………………………………………………

ar
8. He said to me, “ How many brothers have you?”
He asked me …………………………………………………………………………
9. He said, “I saw your purse here on the table yesterday.”
He said …………………………………………………………………………

m
10. Sreenu said to Ramu, “ I will come tomorrow.:
Sreenu told Ramu …………………………………………………………………………
11. His sister said to him, “I have never seen a tiger.”

m
His sister told him …………………………………………………………………………
12. The girl asked him, “ can you sing with me?”
The girl asked him …………………………………………………………………………
13. She said to me, “Do you like music?”
She asked me …………………………………………………………………………
ra
14. My uncle said to me “Did you see the news paper this morning?”
g
My uncle asked me …………………………………………………………………………

15. The doctor asked the patient “Did you eat anything this morning?”
h

The doctor asked the patient …………………………………………………………………………

lis

16. Who is going to answer my question? The teacher said.

The teacher asked______________________________________________________

ng

17. “Have you no manners?” Shouted the woman angrily.

The woman shouted …………………………………………………………………………

E

18. “Why did you come late?” said the teacher to Anupama.

The teacher asked Anupama …………………………………………………………………………

P

19. “ Why don’t you get vaccinated?” The doctor asked.

G

The doctor asked me …………………………………………………………………………

20. “Do you go to Agra this year?” She said Kamal.

She asked Kamala …………………………………………………………………………

21. “Did you ever see the chairminar?” Said Murali to Gopi.

Murali asked Gopal …………………………………………………………………………

G P English grammar50
22. “What is the reason for his behaviour?” She asked.

She asked me …………………………………………………………………………

23. She said to him “Sita went to her house.”

She told him …………………………………………………………………………

24. “When I will your father return from work?” the old man said to the girl.

Man asked the girl …………………………………………………………………………

ar
25. “Do you believe in life after death?” Said the master to his servant.

The master asked his servant …………………………………………………………………………

m
26. “Can you lend me some money?” The old man asked me.

m
The old man asked me …………………………………………………………………………

27. Saradhi Saidto his Mother “ I will get first rank in my Class?”

ra
Saradhi told his mother his mother ………………………………………………………………

28. “Don’t read so fast?” Said the teacher to me.

g
The teacher asked me …………………………………………………………………………
h

29. “May godbless you.” The preacher Said.

The preacher exclaimed …………………………………………………………………………

lis

30. “ I will come to your house next week”. Prathap said to Ravi.

Prathap told Ravi …………………………………………………………………………

ng

31. My mother Said to sister ”Have you posteed the letters?”

My mother asked sister …………………………………………………………………………

E

32. He Said “ Where are you going?”

P

He asked me …………………………………………………………………………

33. He said “ What are you doing?”

G

He asked me …………………………………………………………………………

34. He said “ I am coming today”.

He said that …………………………………………………………………………

35. “Where do you live?” asked the stranger.

The stranger asked me …………………………………………………………………………

G P English grammar51
 36. “Aren’t we meeting this afternoon?” Rita asked her manager.

Rita asked her manager …………………………………………………………………………

37. “Come over for dinner”. My friend said.

My friend told me …………………………………………………………………………

38. “ The time is 90 clock” the man said.

The man said that …………………………………………………………………………

ar
39. “Do you prefer coffee to tea?”She said.

She asked me …………………………………………………………………………

m
40. “Will you let me ride alone?”I said to mourad.

m
I asked Mourad …………………………………………………………………………

41. The stranger said to me “ Do you have one rupee note?”

ra
The stranger asked me …………………………………………………………………………

42. “Are you going to school today?” he said to me

g
He asked me …………………………………………………………………………
h
lis

DEGREES OF COMPARISON
There are three kinds of degrees of comparison in English.
ng

They are 1). Positive degree

2). Comparative degree
3). Superlative degree
E

1). Positive degree (P.D):- Positive degree is used to denote the equality or inequality between
two persons, places, and things
Eg:- 1.Rohith is as tall as Rahim. (Equality)
P

2. Lokesh is not as tall as Rohith (inequality)

G

2).Comparative deree(C.D) :-Comparitive degree is used to denote the superiority or inferiority

between two persons, places and things.
Eg:-1. Rohith si taller than Lokesh.
2. Rajampet is larger than Pullampet.
3). Superlative degree(S.D):- Superlative degree is used to denote the uniqueness of a person
among the all others
Eg. 1. America is the richest country in the world.
5. Sita is one of the cleverest girls in the class.

G P English grammar52
 POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
RULE : high higher Highest
Single tall taller Tallest
syllable bold bolder Boldest
adjectives kind kinder Kindest
are added hard harder Hardest
by ‘er’ & sweet sweeter Sweetest
‘est’. small smaller Smallest
clever cleverer Cleverest
young younger Youngest

ar
great greater Greatest
thick thicker Thickest

m
positive comparative superlative
RULE : The brave braver Bravest
adjectives, sure surer Surest

m
end with ‘e’, able abler Ablest
are simply fine finer Finest
added by ‘r’ wise wiser Wisest
& ‘st’ white
large
noble
dense
ra
whiter
larger
nobler
denser
Whitest
Largest
Noblest
Densest
g
pure purer Purest
rare rarer Rarest
h

RULE : hot hotter Hottest

When an slim slimmer Slimmest
lis

adjective fat fatter Fattest

ends with a thin thinner Thinnest
‘consonant’, sad sadder Saddest
preceded by big bigger Biggest
ng

a ‘vowel’,
the
consonant
must be
E

doubled and
then write
‘er’ & ‘est’
P

RULE : easy easier Easiest

When an holy holier Holiest
adjective happy happier Happiest
G

ends with ‘y’ merry merrier Merriest

preceded by wealthy wealthier Wealthiest
a heavy heavier Heaviest
‘consonant’ worthy worthier Worthiest
‘y’ is silly sillier Silliest
replaced by lovely lovelier Loveliest
‘ier’ & ‘iest’ jolly jollier Jolliest
dry drier Driest
Some gay gayer Gayest
G P English grammar53
 exceptions gray grayer Grayest
to the above
RULE : The beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
adjectives difficult more difficult most difficult
of two or handsome more handsome most handsome
more famous more famous most famous
syllables learned more learned most learned
must be proper more proper most proper
preceded by popular more popular most popular
‘MORE’ & sincere more sincere most sincere

ar
‘MOST’ diplomatic more diplomatic most diplomatic
fruitful more fruitful most fruitful
intelligent more intelligent most intelligent

m
ideal more ideal most ideal
modest more modest most modest
honest more honest most honest

m
ra
g
h

MODEL 1
Structure
lis

Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree

Obj+verb+not+so+P.D+as+sub C.D+than X
Changing from C.D into P.D
Eg:-1. Raju is taller than Hari (Change into Positive Degree)
ng

Hari is not so tall as Raju.

2. Nellore is larger than Kadapa.
Kadapa is not so large as Nellore.
3. Bindu is cleverer than sindu.
E

Bindu is not so clever as Sindu.

4. America is richer than India.
India is not so rich as America
P

5. A deer is runs faster than a horse.

A horse doesn’t run so fast as a deer.
G

Changing from P.D. into C.D:-

Eg:-1.S arala is not so tall as Deepika.(P.D)
Deepika is taller than Sarala.
2. Silver is not so precious as Gold.
Gold is more precious than silver.
3. India is not so rich as America.
America is richer than India.
MODAL 2
Structure
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
G P English grammar54
 …….as+P.D+as Obj+verb+ not+C.D+than X

Changing from P.D to C.D

Eg:-1. Raju is as tall as Ravi.
Ravi is not taller than Raju.
2.Sheela is as strong as Leela.
Leela is not stronger than Sheela.
3. Ravi is as intelligent as Vani.
Vani is not more intelligent than Ravi.

ar
Changing from P.D. into C.D:-
Eg:-1.Hari is not older than Giri.
Giri is as old as Hari.

m
2.America is not richer than Kuwait.
Kuwait is as rich as America.
3. Silver is not more precious than Steel.
Steel is as precious as Silver.

m
MODAL 3
Structure
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
No other ---------
so+P.D+as
Exercises:-
ra
C.D+ than+any other The +S.D
g
1. Raju is the tallest boy in the class. (S.D)
Raju is taller than any other boy in the class. (C.D)
No other boy in the class is so tall as Raju. (P.D)
h

2. Asoka was the greatest king in the world. (S.D)

Asoka was greater than any other king in the world. (C.D)
lis

No other king in the world was so great as Asoka. (P.D)

3.R.K. Narayan is the greatest novelist in India. (S.D)
R.K.Narayan is greater than any other novelist in India. (C.D)
No other novelist in India is as great as R.K. Narayan.
ng

4. Kolkata is the oldest city in India. (S.D)

Kolkata is older than any other city in India. (C.D)
No other city in India is so old as Kolkata. (P.D)
5. Shakespeare is the greatest dramatist in the world. (S.D)
E

Shakespeare is greater than any other dramatist in the world.(C.D)

No other dramatist in the world as great as Shakespeare.(P.D)
P

MODEL 4
Structure
G

Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree

Very few/few C.D+than+many other/most One of +the+ S.D
other+as+P.D+as other
1. Tagore is one of the greatest Indian writers. (S.D)
Tagore is greater than many other Indian writers. (C.D)
Very few Indian writers are as great as Tagore. (P.D)
2.Srilaka is one of the biggest Islands in the world. (S.D)
Srilanka is bigger than many other Islands in the world. (C.D)
Few other Islands in the world are as big as Srilanka. (P.D)
3.Chiranjeevi is one of the best actor in India. (S.D)
G P English grammar55
 Chiranjeevi is better than many other actors in India. (C.D)
Very few actors in India are as good as Chiranjeevi. (P.D)
4. The Fox is one of the most cunning animals. (S.D)
The Fox is more cunning than many other animals. (C.D)
Few other cunning animals are as many as the Fox (P.D)
5. The rose is one of the prettiest flowers. (S.D)
The rose is prettier than most other flowers. (C.D)
Very few flowers are as pretty as the rose. (P.D)

MODEL 5

ar
Structure
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Some of the +as+P.D C.D+than+ many other ----not+the + S.D + of all
1. Some of the students in the class are as tall as Raju. (P.D)

m
Raju is not the tallest of all students in the class. (S.D)
Raju is taller than many other students in the class. (C.D)
2. Some of the girls in the class are as wise as Rani. (P.D)

m
Rani is not the wisest of all girls in the class. (S.D)
Rani is wiser than many other girls in the class. (C.D)
3. Some of the cricketers in the world are as good as Sachin. (P.D)

ra
Sachin is not the best of all cricketers in the world.
Sachin is better than many other cricketers in the world.
(S.D)
(C.D)
g
h
lis

EXERCISES
Examination model

1. Copper is more useful than gold.

ng

Gold is ____________________________________________________________

2. The new Indian express is one of the best dailies.

E

Very few___________________________________________________________

3. Srinadh bowls faster than Prasad.

P

Prasad____________________________________________________________
G

4. China is the most popular country.

China is more_______________________________________________________

5. Delhi is the worst polluted city.

No other city________________________________________________________

6. Nobody in our town can run as fast as Sridhar.

G P English grammar56
Sridhar____________________________________________________________

7. She is faster runner in our city.

No other __________________________________________________________

8. Disney Land is one of the best worth seeing places in the U.S.A.

Very few places______________________________________________________

9. No student was as tall as Mrinal.

ar
Mrinal____________________________________________________________

10. Australia is the largest island in the world.

m
No other___________________________________________________________

m
11. Germany was the most important nation in the world.

No other ___________________________________________________________

12.
ra
King Cobra is one of the most dangerous snakes.

Very few ___________________________________________________________

g
13. The Vizag harbour is as beautiful as any harbor in India.
h

No other __________________________________________________________

14. Vizag is cooler than Vijayawada.

lis

Vijayawada _________________________________________________________

15. Ramu was not so tall as Gopal.

ng

Gopal ____________________________________________________________

16. Vijayawada is one of the largest cities in Andra Pradesh.

E

Vijayawada is larger _________________________________________________

P

17. Very few boys are so clever as John.

G

John __________________________________________________________

CHAPTER

G P English grammar57
 SIMPLE, COMPLEX AND COMPOUND SENTENCES

There are three types of sentences in English.

They are 1.Simple sentence
2. Complex Sentence
3. Compound sentences
Before going to know about the above sentences, we should know phrase and

ar
clause.
Phrase:- A phrase is a group of words which gives some meaning .It does not give

m
complete meaning. It doesn’t have subject and verb.
Eg:-1.on seeing a snake.

m
2. In the middle of the garden.
3. inspite of working hard.
Clause:- a clause is a group of words which gives some meaning. It has subject and

ra
verb. These are divided into two types. They are:-1. Main clause 2.
Subordinate clause.
g
Main clause:-a main clause is a group of words which gives complete meaning.
It has subject and verb.
Eg:-1. I saw a snake.
h

2. He is very poor.
lis

Subordinate clause:- a subordinate clause is a group of words which gives

some meaning with subject and verb. It is always connected by subordinate
conjunctions..
ng

Ex:-1.as he was ill

2. although he worked well
E

TYPES OF SENTENCES:-
1. SIMPLE SENTENCE:- a simple sentence which consist of only one main
P

clause and sometimes it has a main clause and a phrase.

Ex:-1.I saw a film yesterday.
G

2. Inspite of working hard, he failed.

3. on seeing a snake, he ran away.

2. COMPLEX SENTENCE:-A sentence that consists of one or more subordinate

clauses is called complex sentence. These sentences start with subordinate
conjunctions.
Subordinate conjunctions:-
G P English grammar58
 Though, although, even though, even if, as, since, because, when, as soon as,
If, unless, which, where, who, whom, that, till, until, whether, why, while etc.
Ex:-1.Though he worked hard, he failed.
2. Unless you leave early, you can’t catch the train.
3. Since it was a holiday, we stayed at home.

3. COMPOUND SENTENCE:-A sentence that consists of two or more main clauses is

called compound sentence. These sentences are connected by co-ordinate

ar
conjunctions. They are in the middle of the sentence.
Co-ordinate conjunctions:-

m
But,else,as well as, yet, still, however, and, and so, so, therefore, not only_ but
also,
either _ or, neither_ nor, or, otherwise, both__ and, as well as.

m
Eg:-1.He is poor but he is honest.
2.She is rich yet she is unhappy.

ra
3.He was ill so he didn’t attend the class.
TYPE 1
g
Simple sentence(SS) Complex Compound
sentence(CX) sentence(CD)
h

In spite of Though But

lis

Despite present Although Yet

Nevertheless Even though Still
participle Even if
ng

Not with standing (v1+ing)

E

1. He worked hard. He failed.

In spite of working hard, he failed. (SS)
P

Though he worked hard, he failed. (CX)

G

He worked hard but he failed. (CD)

2. Ravi is poor. He is honest.
In spite of being poor, Ravi is honest. (SS)
Although Ravi is poor, he is honest. (CX)
Ravi is poor but he is honest. (CD)
Exercises:-
1.Although he was ill, he attended the meeting. (CX)

G P English grammar59
 Inspite of being ill, he attended the meeting. (SS)
He was ill but he attended the meeting. (CD)
2.She played well but she did not win the match. (CD)
In spite of playing well, she did not win the match. (SS)
Although he played well,
TYPE 2:-
Simple sentence(SS) Complex sentence(CX) Compound
sentence(CD)

ar
Too__to So __that Very __and so
Very___ and therefore

m
Exercises:-
1. The coffee is very hot. We can’t drink it.
The coffee is too hot to drink it. (SS)

m
The coffee is so hot that we can’t drink it. (CX)
The coffee is very hot and so we can’t drink id. (CD)

ra
2. The old man is very poor. He can’t buy a car.
The old man is too poor to buy a car.
The old man is do poor that he can’t buy a car.
(SS)
(CX)
g
The old man is very poor and so he can’t buy a car. (CD)
3. Sita is very weak. She can’t walk.
h

Sita is too weak to walk. (SS)

Sita is so weak that she can’t walk. (CX)
lis

Sita is very weak and so she can’t walk. (CD)

ng

TYPE 3 :-
E

Simple sentence(SS) Complex Compound

sentence(CX) sentence(CD)
P

Besides present Not only -- but also

In addition to participle as well as
G

Both -- and

Exersices:-
1. He speaks English. He also speaks Hindi.
Besides speaking English, he also speaks Hindi. (SS)
He speaks not only Englsh but also Hindi. (CD)
He speaks English as well as Hindi. (CD)
G P English grammar60
 He speaks both English and Hindi. (CD)
2. She is a teacher. She is a home maker.
Besides being a teacher, she is ahome maker. (SS)
She is not only a teacher but also ahome maker. (CD)
She is a teacher as well as a home maker (CD)
She is both a teacher and a home maker. (CD)
TYPE 4:-
Simple sentence(SS) Complex Compound

ar
sentence(CX) sentence(CD)
on account of present As so

m
because of participle Since therefore
owing to because hence
Exercises:-

m
1. Rani is very tired. She went to bed early.
On account of being very tired, she went to bed early. (SS)

ra
As Rani is very tired, she went to bed early.
Rani is very tired so she went to bed early.
2. He was ill. He stayed at home.
(CX)
(CD)
g
Because of being ill, he stayed at home. (SS)
As he was ill, he stayed at home. (CX)
h

He was ill so he stayed at home. (CD)

TYPE 5:-
lis

Simple sentence(ss) Complex sentence(cx) Compound

sentence(cd)
ng

In case of Unless-----not or
In the event of present If ----------not else
In order to otherwise
participle
E

1. You work hard. You will pass.

Incase of working hard, you will pass. (SS)
P

Unless you work hard, you won’t pass. (CX)

If you do not work hard, you won’t pass. (CX)
G

You work hard or you won’t pass. (CD)

2. We play well. We can’t win the match.
In case of playing well, we can’t win the match. (SS)
Unless you play well, you can’t win the a match. (CX)
If you do not play well, you can’t win the match. (CX)
We play well or we can’t win the match. (CD)
Type 6:-
G P English grammar61
Simple sentence(SS) Complex sentence(CX) Compound
sentence(CD)
After
having +v3 When and
on +present As soon as
participle(v1+ing)
1. She saw a snake. She ran away.
On seeing the snake, she ran away. (SS)

ar
When she saw a snake, she ran away. (CX)
She saw a snake and she ran away. (CD)

m
2. I heard the noise. I wake up.
On hearing the noise, I wake up. (SS)
When I heard the noise, I wake up. (CX)

m
I heard the noise and I wake up. (CD)

ra
QUESTION TAG
Definition :- The part of a sentence, which serves the purpose of confirming the
g
given statement is called question tag .
Ex:- 1. She is a doctor, isn’t she?
h

The question tag is fallowed short form

lis

Long form Short form

Am not aren’t
Is not isn’t
ng

Are not aren’t

Was not wasn’t
Were not weren’t
E

Do not don’t
Does not doesn’t
Did not didn’t
P

Has not hasn’t

G

Have not haven’t

Had not hadn’t
Shall not shan’t
Should not shouldn’t
Will not won’t
Would not wouldn’t
Can not can’t

G P English grammar62
 Could not couldn’t
May not mayn’t
Might not mightn’t
Before knowing the question tag we should follow the following points:-
1. Question tag is used at the end of the question
2. Question mark is used after the question tag.
3. Only the short form “ n’t ” is used (in the positive question ) in the question tag..
The subject noun in the given statement will be converted in to a relarint pronoun in

ar
the question tag.
Model: I
Question tag with Auxiliary verbs:-

m
Helping Verbs
Be forms:-Am, is, are, was, were,

m
Do forms:-do, does, did,
Have forms:- have, has, had,

ra
Model Auxiliaries:-shall, should, can, could,
will, would, may, might,
must, dare, need, ought
g
to. 2. If the statement is
in positive , the question
h

tag should be in negative (not )

Positive statement Negative question
lis

1. Raju is a lawyer, isn’t he?

2. we are studying well, aren’t we?
ng

3.I am a teacher , aren’t I?

4. They were in Tirumal, weren’t they?
5. Latha can speak English, can’t she?
E

6.We have finished our lunch, haven’t we?

7. They will come to our college, won’t they?
P

8. Sheela has many friends, hasn’t she?

9. Karna was a great warrior, wasn’t he?
G

10. Today is Wednesday, isn’t it?

11. Tiger is a Crual animal, isn’t it?
12. Apples are sweet, aren’t they?
13. Sita write a letter, don’t she?
3. If the statement is in negative, the question tag should be in positive.

G P English grammar63
 Negative statement Positive question tag
1. Raju is not a lawyer is he?
2. We are not studying well are we?
3. I am not, teacher am I?
4. They were not in Tirumala were they?
5. Latha can not speak English can she?
6. You are not living in Rajampet are you?

ar
7. I a not your survent am I?
8. Suneel has not paid the bill has he?
9. They are not poor are they?

m
10. Rani will not stay her will she?

m
4.when ‘am’ is used in positive statement “aren’t’’ is used in the question tag.

Ex:- I am a teacher
I am a teacher, are n’t I?
ra
5. When ‘I am’ is used in the negative statement the question tag is ‘am’ .
g
Eg:- I amn’t a teacher.
I amn’t a teacher, am I?
h

Model II
Question with do, does, did:-
lis

Note: - 1. If the statement is in positive and the main verb is in present tense (v1) we
use ‘don’t’ to from the question tag.
Eg:- eat (v1) don’t
ng

Write (v1) don’t

2.If the statement is in positive and the main verb is in present tense (v1) with
‘s’ or ‘es’ we use ‘doesn’t” to frame the question tag.
E

Eg:-
P

1. He writes a letter, doesn’t he?

2. John goes Church every Sunday, doesn’t he?
G

3. If th statement is positive and the main verb (v2) is in past tense (v2), we use didn’t
to from the question tag.
Ex:- I wrote a letter , Didn’t I?
Raju went to Kadapa Yesterday, didn’t he?
Exercises :-
1. We play Cricket Don’t we?
2. She cooked food didn’t she?
G P English grammar64
3. They make kites don’t they?
4. Sita sings songs doesn’t she?
5. My uncle sold the House didn’t he?
6. My sister wrote the examination didn’t she?
7. My sister wrote the examination didn’t she?
8. The tiger eats me doesn’t it?
9. They live in Rajampet don’t they?
10. we bought mangoes didn’t we?

ar
Some important points:-
1) If the statement begins with let us (let’s), we use “shall we”, to frame the

m
question tag.
Eg:- Let’s go for a walk, shall we ?

m
Let’s have a cup of Coffee, shall we?
2) If the Statement is a request we use “will you” to frame the question tag.

ra
Eg;-Please come to my house, will you?
3) If the statement is imperative and begins either ‘do’ or don’t we use ‘’ will you’’
to frame the question tag?
g
Eg:- Open the door, will you?
Don’t do that work, will you?
h

4) If ‘this’ or ‘that’ as subject in the given statements we use ‘it’ to frame the
question tag.
lis

Eg: - This is the map of India, isn’t it?

This story is not interesting isn’t?
ng

That is my house, is not it.

5) If “these or those” are subjects the given statement we use “ They” to from
the question tag
E

Eg:- These are my books, are n’t they ?

Those are mangoes, aren’t they?
P

6) If “there” is as subject in the given statement we use “there” to frame the

question tag.
G

Eg:- There is something strange isn’t there?

7)If the sentence has the following words like no, none, neither, never, little,
seldom, hardly, few the question tag should be in positive.
Eg:- Hari never goes to College, does he?
They seldom go to movies, do they?
No body helped her, did they?
EXERCISES
G P English grammar65
Find the correct question tag to the following:
1. You are students, __________? ( )
1)Are you 2) aren’t you 3)were you 4) haven’t you
2. He is a boy, _________? ( )
1)isn’t he 2)is he 3) was he 4) wasn’t he
3. She was my friend, _________? ( )
1)wasn’t she? 2) was she? 3) didn’t she? 4) did she?
4. I am a teacher, _____________? ( )

ar
1) am I? 2) are I? 3) amn’t I? 4) aren’t I?
5. There is no money, __________? ( )
1)is there? 2) isn’t there? 3) aren’t there? 4) has there?

m
6. I am not a singer, ___________? ( )
1) aren’t I? 2)are I? 3)am I? 4) amn’t I?

m
7. Let’s go and play,___________? ( )
1)don’t we? 2) shall we? 3)does we? 4) didn’t we?
8. I won’t teach you, _____________?
1)will I? 2) can I?
9. Nobody is present, ___________?
ra
3)won’t I?
(
4) shall I?
(
)

)
g
1)is he? 2)isn’t he? 3)are they? 4) aren’t they?
10. This story is very interesting, ________? ( )
h

1)is it? 2)isn’t it? 3) aren’t it? 4)don’t it?

11. He likes me,_______________? ( )
lis

1)does he? 2) doesn’t he? 3) did he? 4)didn’t he?

12. Your brother is an engineer,________________? ( )
1)has he? 2)hasn’t he? 3) is he? 4) isn’t he?
ng

13. Rani goes to her native place,_________________? ( )

1)doesn’t she? 2)does she? 3)do she? 4)don’t she?
14. They don’t play tennis,____________________? ( )
1)do they? 2)don’t they? 3)is they? 4)isn’t they?
E

15. You are not going to school now,_____________? ( )

1)weren’t you? 2)were you? 3) are you? 4)aren’t you?
P

16. Kiran is a doctor, ________________? ( )

1)is he? 2)isn’t he? 3)do he? 4)don’t he?
G

17. Raju draws pictures,_________________? ( )

1)does he? 2) doesn’t he? 3) did he? 4)didn’t he?
18. The minister made a good speech,______________? ( )
1)did he? 2)didn’t he? 3)does he? 4)don’t he?
19. The chief minister came by car,_______________? ( )
1)did he? 2)didn’t he? 3)does he? 4)don’t he?
20. I have a house,__________________? ( )
1)have I? 2)hasn’t I? 3)haven’t I? 4)hasn’t I?
G P English grammar66
21. Sita has danced well,_______________? ( )
1)have I? 2)hasn’t I? 3)haven’t I? 4)hasn’t I?
22. Please give a book,______________? ( )
1)did you? 2)didn’t you? 3)shall we? 4)don’t we?
23. The match was very cxciting,_______________? ( )
1)weren’t it? 2)were it? 3) was it? 4)wasn’t it?
24. She performed very well,____________? ( )
1)does she? 2) doesn’t she? 3) did she? 4)didn’t she?
25. We play games,_______________? ( )

ar
1)don’t we?2) shall we? 3)do we? 4) didn’t we

m
m
ra
IF CONDITIONS (CONDITIONAL CLAUSES)

MODEL –I
g
Possible/ Probable condition (If –Type: I)
h

Formula
lis

s will

If + sub +V1 Sub + can + V1……………………

ng

es may
E

Note: --- 1) The first imperative sentence with or without the subject (you) is change into
‘If Clause’
P

a) By using into If + you+V1

b) By using will/can/may in the main clause

G

Examination model:

Eg: ----

1) Work hard. Then you will succeed.

 If you work hard, you will succeed.

3. You studied well. Then only you can get good marks.
G P English grammar67
 If you studied well, you can get good marks.

4. You run fast. Then only you can catch your train.

 If you run fast, you can catch your train.

5. Buy one glass. The other one is free.

 If buy one glass, the other one will be free.

Note: ---- 2) When the linking words or, else, otherwise and the second sentence is negative.

ar
We prefer negative ‘If clause’ (If you don’t/ does not).
Eg: ----
1. work hard or you will not succeed.

m
 If you don’t work hard, you will not succeed.

2) You run fast or else you can’t catch your train.

 If you do not run fast, you can’t catch your train.

m
3) Perform well otherwise you can’t get the prize.
 If you donot perform well, you can’t get the prize.

ra
Note 3: When there is should/must/have to/have to/ has to/ought to in the sentence. We
remove them and use simple present in the ‘If Clause’
Examples: ----
g
1) I should work hard. I will succeed.
 If I work hard. I will succeed.
h

2) He must run fast. Then only he can catch his train.

 If he runs fast, he can catch his train.
lis

3) She has to study well and then she may pass

 If she studies well, she may pass.
ng

4) They have to run fast otherwise they can’t catch the train.
 If they do not run fast, they can’t catch the train.

5) Mohan must perform well or he won’t get the prize.

E

 If Mohan doesn’t perform well, he won’t get the prize.

6) I will say doubt to you, you must ask me about this.

P

 If I say doubts to you, you must ask me about this.

G

MODEL –II

Unreal or imaginary condition present +

Formula: -----
G P English grammar68
 If clause Main clause

would

If + Sub+V2 ………………. Sub+ could +V1

might

ar
Note: ---- To express the present unreal situation which is just imaginary and away from
reality.

m
a) We first change the negative sentences – in to positive sentences +

m
b) We use simple past in the If clause and would, could, might in the main clause.

Examples:----
ra
1) You do not become another Bill Gates. You cannot buy this company.
g
If you became another Bill Gates, you could buy this company.
h

2) I do not have money so I cannot buy a bike.

lis

If I had money, I could buy a bike.

3) I do not have a car. So I cannot give you a ride.

ng

If I had a car, I could give you a ride.

E

MODEL –III
P

Formula:
G

If clause Main clause

Would

If + sub + had +V3 Sub + could + have+V3

G P English grammar69
 might

To talk about the past situation that did not happen. We use the past perfect tense
in If clause and would, could, might + have +V3 in the main clause.

Note: ---- If the sentence is positive + we change into negative – and if the sentence is

ar
negative – we change positive +
Positive into Negative

m
Eg :---- 1) you worked hard. So you succeed.
 If you had not worked hard, you would/could not have succeeded.

2) We tried very hard. Therefore we reached our goal.

m
 If we do not tried very hard. we would have not reached our goal

3) They invited him to the partly. So he attended the party.

ra
 If they had not invited him to the party. He would not have attended the party.

Negative into positive

g
1. You did not work hard so you did not succeed.
h

 If you had worked hard, you would have succeeded.

lis

2. Arun did not study well so he did not get a job.

 If Arun had studied well, he would have get a job.

ng

3. You did not inform me so I did not wait for you.

E

 If you had informed me, I would have waited for you.

4. He did not study well. He failed in the examinations.

P

 If he had studied well, he wouldn’t have failed in the examinations.

G

Note: ---- if ‘be forms’, ‘have’ forms are used.

Main verbs we use been, had as the past participle.
1) He was a great runner so he won the race.

 If he had not been a great runner, e would not have won the race.

2) They played well. They were the runners.

G P English grammar70
  If they had not played well, they would not have been the winner.

3) He did not have enough money so he did not build a house.

 If he had enough money, he would have built a house.

4) She did not have good eyes sight so he did not see the vehicle in advance.

 If she had have good eyesight. She would have seen the vehicle in advance.

ar
5) He broke his leg. He did not come on the trip.

m
 If he hadn’t broken his leg, he could have come on the trip.

6) I did not have your telephone number. I could not call you.

m
 If I had had your telephone number, I could call you.

7)

ra
You must reach the station with in 15minute or you will miss the train.

 If you don’t reach the station within 15 minutes you won’t miss the train.
g
8) Renu did not pay the examination fee. She was not allowed to write the exam.
h

 Renu did not had paid the examination fee, she would have allowed to write the exam.
lis

9) The gate keeper did not close the gate. The accident happened.

 If the gate keeper had closed the gate, the accident would not have happened.
ng

10) He came to the function late. He did not meet the cg

 If he had not come to the function he would have meet the cg

E

11) The doctor came late. The patient died.

P

 If the doctor came late, the patient wouldn’t have died.

G

12) If Renu missed the train so she couldn’t attend the interview.

 If Renu had not missed the train, she could have attended the interview.

13) You were very slow. So you could not finish the job in time.

 If you hadn’t been very slow, you could have finished the job in time.

G P English grammar71
 14) He was not careful so he could not avoid the accident.

 If he had been careful, he would have avoided the accident.

EXAMINATION MODEL

I. Combine the following sentences by using If

ar
1. Hurry up. You can catch the last bus.

If you _________________________________________________________________

m
2. I don’t have time . So I cannot meet your brother

If I ____________________________________________________________

m
3. I did not send the money order . so my brother had to come.

If I____________________________________________________________________

ra
4. It rained heavily. So the match, was called off.
g
If I_____________________________________________________________________

5. I had not enough money. So I could not buy that house.

h

If I____________________________________________________________________
lis

6. Start early. You can catch the train.

If you________________________________________________________________
ng

7. He was not invited. He did not attend her wedding.

If_____________________________________________________________________
E

8. She missed the train. She could not attend the interview.

If she _________________________________________________________________
P

9. I did not know of your arrival. I did not meet you at the station.
G

If I_____________________________________________________________________

10. He did not study well. He failed.

If he__________________________________________________________________

11. You have to obey the orders otherwise you will be punished.

If you ____________________________________________________________________

G P English grammar72
12. She did not try hard. She did not win.

If she_____________________________________________________________________

13. Renu did not pay the examination fee. She was not allowed to write the examination.

If Renu________________________________________________________________

14. You were very slow. So you could not finish the job in time.

If you___________________________________________________________________

ar
15. I don’t have a car . So I can’t give you a ride.

If I_____________________________________________________________________

m
16. Unless you read it carefully, you will not understand it.

m
If you__________________________________________________________________

17. Work hard, you can get first rank.

ra
If you__________________________________________________________________

18. I missed the bus. I could not go to Hyderabad.

g
If I ___________________________________________________________________
h

19. Work hard. You will get a first class.

Unless you _____________________________________________________________

lis

20. Lakshman had much money So he would buy a car.

If_____________________________________________________________________
ng

21. You work hard so you can get 1st rank.

If you ____________________________________________________________________
E

22. You did not ask him. He did not help you.
P

If you_____________________________________________________________________

23. You did not inform me .So I did not reserve the breath to Hyderabad.
G

If you__________________________________________________________________

24. Buy one glass. The other one is free.

If you__________________________________________________________________

25. I did not work hard. I did not get a rank.

If I ___________________________________________________________________
G P English grammar73
26. You were very careless that is why you failed in the test.

If you_____________________________________________________________________

27. I did not know it was important . I did not write down the number.

If I____________________________________________________________________

28. He wants to buy the house. But he doesn’t have enough money.

If he__________________________________________________________________

ar
29. The tenant did not vacate the portion .so the house owner filled a case in the court.

If the__________________________________________________________________

m
30. Don’t eat too much. You will be ill.

m
If_____________________________________________________________________

31. My grandfather did not take the medicines regularly .So he fell ill again.

ra
If_____________________________________________________________________

32. She did not win the lottery. So she did not buy a car.
g
If she __________________________________________________________________
h

33. She did not ask me . I did not help her.

If she__________________________________________________________________
lis

34. We did not arrive early. So we did not get tickets.

If we_____________________________________________________________________
ng

35. The man did not take the medicines regularly. So he fell ill again.

If_____________________________________________________________________
E

36. Rajesh had missed the train . So he could not attend the interview.
P

If Ramesh_______________________________________________________________

37. She went late . So she was not allowed to enter.

G

If_____________________________________________________________________

38. Arum did not study well. so he did not get a good job.

If Arun__________________________________________________________________

39. He may go to New Delhi in that case he will see the Red Fort.

If he__________________________________________________________________
G P English grammar74
 40.I did not go to Hyderabad. I did not meet the C.M.

Use of conjunctions
1. Use of

ar
 As

m
 Since

 Because Express the reason when the result is positive.

m
 Now that


ra
Now that :- is used at the beginning of the sentence.

 Observe the following table

g
Reason Positive Result
h

 He played well.  He won the game.

lis

 They studied hard.  They passed

 You ran fast.  You caught the train.

ng

Eg:-
1) He played well. He won the game.
E

 As he played well, he won the game.

 Since he played well, he won the game.

P

 Because have played well, he won the game.

G

 Now that he played well he won the game.

2) They worked hard. They brought good marks.

 As they worked hard ,they brought good marks.

 Since they worked hard ,they brought good marks.

 Because they worked hard ,they brought good marks.

G P English grammar75
  Now that they worked hard ,they brought good marks.

3) They failed in exams. They neglected their studies.

 They failed in the exams as they neglected their studies.

 Since they neglected their studies, they failed in the exams

 Because they neglected their studies, they failed in the exams.

ar
 Now that they neglected their studies, they failed in the exams.

m
4) You did not catch the train. you can fast.

m
 As you can fast, you did not catch the train.

 Since you can fast, you did not catch the train.

ra
 Because you can fast, you did not catch the train.

 Now that you can fast, you did not catch the train.
g
h

5) She had earned enough money. She can live happily.

 As she had earned enough money,she can live happily.

lis

 Since she had earned enough money,she can live happily.

 Because she had earned enough money,she can live happily.

ng

 Now that she had earned enough money,she can live happily.
E

6) I found the door locked . So I returned home.

P

 As I found the door locked , I returned home.

 Since I found the door locked , I returned home.

G

 Because I found the door locked , I returned home.

 Now that I found the door locked , I returned home.

Examination model

I. Combine the following sentence by using ‘Since’, ‘As’

G P English grammar76
1) There was very little sugar. She made coffee without sugar.

As ____________________________________________________________

2) I do not know the actual details. I was not present at the venue.

As ____________________________________________________________

3) It rained heavily the previous night. So they called off the match.

Since ____________________________________________________________

ar
4) I do not want to advice you. You are old enough to take your own decisions.

Since ____________________________________________________________

m
5) I found the door locked. I returned home.

m
Since_____________________________________________________________

6) I was very cautious. The road was slippery.

ra
As the road_________________________________________________________

7) There was no electricity. They decided to postpone the match.

g
Since______________________________________________________________
h

8) He was not ready to start. He had not packed yet.

As________________________________________________________________
lis

9) He has no money. He cannot pay the examination fee.

As________________________________________________________________
ng

10)The weather was very bad . So we decided not to travel.

Since______________________________________________________________
E

11)I don’t know the actual details. I was not present at the venue.
P

As I was____________________________________________________________

12)On account of his failure, he has become dejected.

G

As he _____________________________________________________________

G P English grammar77
2. Use of Though
All though Express the reason when the result is negative
Even though

Note: while using ‘though’ , ‘Although’ , ‘Even though’. We avoid the linking words like but,
yet, still.

ar
Observe the following table

Reason Negative

m
 The played well  He lost the game

m
 He worked hard  He failed in the exam

 She was ill

ra  She worked hard
Note: Though, although, even though are always used to at the beginning of
g
the sentences.
Eg: --- 1) She worked hard but he failed in the exam
 Though he worked hard, he failed in the exam.
h

 Although he worked hard, he failed in the exam.

lis

 Even though he worked hard , he failed in the exam

2) She was ill. She played.

ng

 Although she was ill, she played.

3) It was raining. She came in time

 Although she was ill, she played.
E

4) The team very difficult. He passed the test.

 Although the team very difficult, he passed the test
P

5) It was raining. We didn’t stop the match

G

 Though it was raining. We didn’t stop the match

6) He is honest. He is poor

 Although he is hones, he is poor.

Examination model
I. Combine the following sentences by using ‘Though’ ,’Although’ ,’Even though’.

G P English grammar78
1. He tried hard. Sasikanth couldnot get a seat.

Though _________________________________________________________________

2. She Suffered from seriousinjuries.She recovered well.

Though_________________________________________________________________

3. Sha has a car. She often goes by bus.

ar
Though_________________________________________________________________

4. He is poor but honest.

m
Though_________________________________________________________________

m
5. He was ill but he worked hard.

Though_________________________________________________________________

ra
6. She was very ill. She still manages to smile at everyone.

Though_________________________________________________________________
g
7. I have known her for many years but I have never seen her.
h

Though_________________________________________________________________

8. They lost the Match but they were not disgraced.

lis

Although________________________________________________________________

9. He is fat but he runs fast.

ng

Though_________________________________________________________________

10. She failed in the examination. She did not lose heart.
E

Though_________________________________________________________________
P

11. The driver tried to avoid the accident but failed.

Though_________________________________________________________________
G

12. It was raining. She came in time.

Although________________________________________________________________

13. There was heavy rain in the afternoon. The cricket match was held as per schedule.

Though there was heavy rain ______________________________________________

14. We were late. The cashier still agreed to accept the payment.
G P English grammar79
 Though_________________________________________________________________

15. She was not free. She came to the party.

Although________________________________________________________________

16. She was ill. She played.

Although________________________________________________________________

17. He was very upset. He still decided to attend the meeting.

ar
Although________________________________________________________________

18. India is a vast country. But Indians are poor.

m
Although India___________________________________________________________

m
19. The old man is very poor. But he is generous..

Although________________________________________________________________

20. The weather was hot. They slept soundly.

ra
Though_________________________________________________________________
g
21. They did not win the match. But they played well.
h

Although________________________________________________________________

22. Murali was ill. Yet he came to school.

lis

Though_________________________________________________________________

23. She couldn’t recognize me. We were at school together.

ng

Though_________________________________________________________________

24. He has a scooter. He often goes to the office on foot.

E

Although________________________________________________________________
P

25. He is rich. He is unhappy.

Though_________________________________________________________________
G

26. It was costly. We brought it.

Though_________________________________________________________________

27. He finished first. He began late.

Though_________________________________________________________________

28. He was poor. He was honest.

G P English grammar80
 Though_________________________________________________________________

29. He is not very intelligent .But he is hard working.

Although________________________________________________________________

30. He worked hard. He failed.

Though_________________________________________________________________

31. He ran quickly. He could not overtake him.

ar
Although________________________________________________________________

m
INSPITE OF AND DESPITE

m
Formula: ---- Inspite of

Despite
+ V1 + ing

Noun
ra
g
Noun phrase.
h

Note: ---- We change the verb in the first sentence into present participle.
lis

Examples: ---
ng

1) I sang a song well. I could not get the prize.

 Ispite of singing a song well, I couldn’t get the prize.

E

 Despite singing a song well, I couldn’t get the prize

P

2) You work hard, you cannot get good marks.

G

 Inspite of having enough money, they did not buy the bike.

 Despite having enough money, they did not buy the bike

3) They had enough money but they did not buy the bike.

G P English grammar81
  Inspite of having enough money, they didn’t buy the bike.

 Despite having enough money, they didn’t buy the bike.

4) She was well qualified yet she didn’t get the job.

 Inspite of being qualified, she didn’t get the job.

ar
 Despite being qualified, she didn’t get the job

m
5) He is poor but he can’t pay the school fee.

m
 Inspite of being poor, he can’t pay the school fee.

ra
 Despite being poor, he can’t pay the school fee

6) He scored the first rant but he was not happy.

g
 Inspite of scoring the first rank, he was not happy.
h

 Despite scoring the first rank, he was not happy

lis

1. USE OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE.

ng

Note1: when we use before a phrase/noun, it is called present participle.

Note2: we start the answer with present participle to tell the completed actions.
E

1. He saw a tiger and he climbed the tree.

P

Seeing a tiger, he climbed the tree.

G

2. He faced all difficulties. At last he earned a lot.

Facing …………………………………………………………………….……..

3. I felt very tired. I went to bed without taking dinner.

Feeling …………………………………………………………………….……..

4. The boy heard his father’s footsteps and ran a way

G P English grammar82
 Hearing……………………………………………………………………….…..

5. He worked hard and he succeeded.

Working …………………………………………………………………………..

6. He was a great doctor and he saved the patient.

Being ……………………………………………………………………………..

7. They performed well and they got the prize.

ar
Performing ……………………………………………………………………..

8. I felt pity for the beggar. I gave him some money.

m
Feeling …………………………………………………………………………..

m
9. I heard the noise and woke up.

Hearing …………………………………………………………………………..

10. The thief saw the policeman and ran away.

Seeing …………………………………………………………………………..
ra
g
11. Anand sat at the window and he watched the procession.
h

Sitting …………………………………………………………………………..

12. Veena saw the lizard and she was frightened.

lis

Seeing …………………………………………………………………………..

13. Nagesh felt hungry and he ate the banana.

ng

Feeling …………………………………………………………………………..

14. He took a stick and he beat the dog.

E

Taking …………………………………………………………………………..
P

15. He threw off his shirt and he jumped into the river.

Throwing …………………………………………………………………………
G

16. The magician took pity on the mouse and he turned it into a cat.

Taking ……………………………………………………………………..……..

17. He was occupied with important matters and he did not meet us.

Being ……………………………………………………………………………..

18. Ravi saw the beggar and he turned his face away.
G P English grammar83
 Seeing …………………………………………………………………………..

19. The child saw the balloons and he was excited.

Seeing …………………………………………………………………………..

20. The woman saw the thief and started shouting.

Seeing …………………………………………………………………………..

21. Vasantha felt bored and she watched T.V.

ar
Feeling …………………………………………………………………………..

22. Hema felt unwell and she consulted the doctor.

m
Feeling …………………………………………………………………………..

m
2. USE OF PERFECT PARTICIPLE

ra
Note1: we start the answer with perfect participle (having + V3)

1. He failed in the exams; he took up his father’s business.

g
Having failed in the exams, he took up his father’s business.
h

2. She finished her exercises and put away her books.

lis

Having …………………………………………………………………………

3. He selected a site and began to build a house.

ng

Having …………………………………………………………………………

4. Krishna finished his work and went home.

Having …………………………………………………………………………
E

5. The king picked up his gun and went out hunting.

P

Having …………………………………………………………………………

6. He completed his work and left his office.

G

Having …………………………………………………………………………

7. He finished his home work and put away his books.

Having …………………………………………………………………………

3. PRESENT PARTICIPLE AS VERBAL ADJECTIVE.

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Note:

1. Sulocha was posting the letter. I saw her.

I saw sulochana posting the letter.

2. He was crossing the road. I saw him.

I saw ………………………………………………………………………

ar
3. I saw the thief. He was running away.

I saw the thief running.

m
4. The post man knocked at the door.

m
I heard the post man knocking at the door.

5. I heard the bell. It was ringing.

I heard the bell ringing.

6. I watched the balloon. It was rising.

ra
g
I watched to balloon rising.
h

7. Something was burning in the kitchen. I smell it.

I smelt something burning in the kitchen.

lis

8. My heart was beating fast. I could feel it.

I could feel my heart beating fast.

ng

9. The band was playing in park. We listened to it.

We listened to the band playing in the park.

E

10. The birds are flying in the sky just look at them.
P

Look at the birds flying in the sky.

G

4. GERUND AS VERBAL NOUN.

Note: When we use gerund (Verb+ing) as a noun, it is called gerund. The gerund is used either
as subject or object. Verbal the following verbs are used as verbal noun.

[Love, like, hate, enjoy, dislike, deny, delay, suggest, feel like, can’t help, looking, forward to,

G P English grammar85
give up, keep on, mind, postpone, remember.]

1. He plays chess. He loves it.

He loves playing chess.

2. She beats animals. She enjoys it.

She enjoys beating animals.

ar
3. He reads novels. He likes it.

He likes reading novels.

m
4. He does not watch movies. She hates them.

m
She hates watching movies.

5. He wanted to meet her. But he delayed it.

He delayed meeting her.

6. I have met you before. I clearly remember it.

ra
g
I clearly remember meeting you before.
h

7. I posted the letter, I clearly remember doing so.

I clearly remember posting the letter.

lis

8. I was scolded for little mistakes when I was a boy. I hated it.

I hated being scolded for little mistakes when I was a boy.

ng

9. Why do you shout at servants? Do you enjoy it?

Do you enjoy shouting at servants?

E

10. He did not waste his time. He denied it.

P

He denied wasting his time.

11. You do not play tennis. You don’t like it.

G

You don’t like playing tennis.

12. I want to see my friend. I am looking forward to it.

I am looking forward to seeing my friend.

13. She did not consult a doctor. She delayed it.

She delayed consulting a doctor.

G P English grammar86
14. Anu’s father scolds her very often. She dislikes it.

Anu dislikes scolding her father.

5. USE OF BARE INFINITIVE

Note:

ar
1. The postman knocked at the door. I heard it.

m
I heard the postman knock at the door.

m
2. He was weeping a lot. I heard him.

I heard him weep a lot.

3. She jumped into the well. I saw it.

I saw her jump into the well.

ra
g
4. She sat beside me. I made her do so.
h

I made her sit beside me.

5. She wants to disobey her husband. But she does not.

lis

She does not disobey her husband.

6. Why do you make so much noise? You need not do so?

ng

You need not make so much noise.

7. I reminded him to take the medicine.

E

I made him take the medicine.

P

8. I asked him to work hard. I watched him to that effect.

I made him work hard.

G

9. She wanted to stay in hostel. I let her do so.

I let her stay in hostel.

6. USE OF ‘so – that’

G P English grammar87
Note: This conjunction is used to provide the result according to reason.

1. She is too weak to run.

She is so weak that she cannot run.

2. He is too young to understand a joke.

ar
He is so ………………………………………………………….

3. This garden is too expensive for us to buy.

m
This garden is so …………………………………………………

m
4. This garden is too expensive for us to buy

This garden is so …………………………………………………………

ra
5. The apple is so rotten that I can’t even touch it.

The apple is too ……………………………………………………………..

g
6. She fruits were so sour that I could not eat.
h

The fruits were too …………………………………………………………

lis
ng
E

7. Use of ‘too – to’

P

Note:It is used give the reason for inability to do anything

G

1. She is very fat she cannot run

She is too fat to run

2. The apple so rotten that I cannot even touch it.

The apple too rotten to touch it.

3. The old man is so poor that he cannot buy a radio

G P English grammar88
 The old man is too poor to buy a radio

4. He is so honest that he cannot succeed in the business.

He is too ………………………………………………………………………

5. He is too young to understand a joke.

He is too………………………………………………………………………

6. She is too weak to run.

ar
She is so………………………………………………………………………

m
8. Use of ‘not only – but also’

m
Note: It is used to combine two items of same nature.

1. Sheela is kind. She also honest.

Sheela is not only kind but also kind

ra
g
2. Seshu teaches physics. He teaches mathematics also.
h

Seshu teaches not only physics but also mathematics.

lis

3. She is clever. She is also industrious.

She is not only clever but also industrious.

ng
E

Examination model

1. He not only scolded me but also beat me.

P

Besides………………………………………………………………………….
G

2. I lost my suitcase: I lost my purse too.

I lost not only …………………………………………………………….

3. They began badly. They ended badly.

Not only ……………………………………………………………………….

4. Besides being a teacher, he was a scholar.

G P English grammar89
 He was not only………………………………………………………………

5. Rajesh lost his wealth. He lost his health.

Rajesh lost not only…………………………………………………………

6. He plays cricket. He plays hockey also.

He plays not only……………………………………………………………

7. His mother gave him sweets. His mother gave him chocolates.

ar
His mother gave not only………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………….

m
8. Pavan is a singer. He is dancer also.

Pavan is not only……………………………………………………………

m
9. Sekhar teaches English. He teaches maths also.

Sekhar teaches not only……………………………………………………

10. He is clever. He is industrious. ra

g
He is not only ……………………………………………………

11. Venkat ate vadas. He ate bujjies too.

h

Venkat ate not only………………………………………………………

lis

12. He failed in English. He failed in Hindi.

He failed not only………………………………………………………

ng

9. Use of ‘no sooner – than/as soon as’

E

Note: It is used to denote two successive works once starts immediately after the other
P

work.
G

1. As soon as I entered the train it started moving.

No sooner did ………………………………………………………………

2. As soon as the summer starts, there is acute power shortage in the city.

No sooner………………………………………………………………………

3. When I saw a snake, I began to tremble.

G P English grammar90
 As soon as ……………………………………………………………………

4. As soon as the train arrived the passengers got in.

No sooner………………………………………………………………………

5. As soon as he heard the news, he wrote to her.

No sooner………………………………………………………………………

ar
Use of Relative Clauses
Relative clauses :The clauses which begin with question words and modify noun (or)

m
pronoun are called ‘’ Relative clauses ‘’ .

Absorb the following clauses:

m
Type of Type of noun in sentence Pronoun to be Relative pronoun to be
noun in removed in sentence used in the relative clause
sentence

Person Subjective pronoun pro– 1 ra

–2

He, She, they Who/that

g
Objective pronoun pro-2 Him, her, them Who/ whom/ that
Determine pro – 3 His, her, their Whose
h

Thing Subjective objective Which/ that

lis

pronoun 1, 2

Note : (A) When we talk about persons we use who/that instead of the subjective pronoun
ng

(he, she, they) of the second sentence.

Eg:
E

1. The man is wearing a black shirt . He teaches us English

The man who is wearing a black shirt ,teaches us English.

P

(or)
G

The man that is wearing a black shirt, teaches us English.

2. The old man is standing at the gate. He is soldier.

The old man who is standing at the gate is a soldier.

G P English grammar91
 3. Only one person is wearing a blue shirt . he is my mathematics teacher.

Only one person who is wearing a blue shirt is my mathematics teacher.

4. There is a man standing at the end of the street .he has been given the best teacher
award.
The man who is standing at the end of the street has been given the best teacher award.
5. A man hit me yesterday .He was mad.
A man who is hit me yesterday was mad.

Exercise

ar
1. There is a man standing at the bus stop. He is my uncle.

m
The man …………………………………………………....................................................

2. There is a man standing at the bus stop. He is my father.

m
ra
The man………………………………………………….....................................................

3. An old man is standing near the door. He is my teacher.

g
The old man………………………………………………………………………………………
h

4. A short boy is standing near the door. He is my bother.

lis

The short boy…………………………………………………………………………………….

ng

5. Her sister is a pharmacist. Her sister is going to London for a conference.

Her sister who …………………………………………………………………………………..

E

6. A man hit me yesterday. He was mad.

The man …………………………………………………...................................................

P

7. we brought a new pen .It doesn’t write very well.

G

The new pen……………………………………………………………………………………..

8. There is a man standing at the end of the street. He has been given the best teacher award.

The man ………………………………………………………………………………………….

9. I brought a book yesterday .It is very interesting.

The book ………………………………………………………………………………………….

10. A tall women standing near the door .She is my English teacher.

G P English grammar92
 The tall women…………………………………………………………………………………….

11. The boy wearing green shirt .The shirt was gifted on his birthday.

The green shirt …………………………………………………………………………………….

12. We saw a tall building. That is the income tax office.

The tall building is ……………………………………………………………………………….

TASK – 2

ar
1. I met a man at the gate. He was an old soldier.

The man …………………………………………………………………………………………

m
2. We were talking man about yesterday. He is standing at the bus stop.

The man ……………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Some people live in glass house they should not throw stones at others.

m
The people who……………………………………………………………………………………
4. A young boy meet us yesterday at the station. He is my cousin.

5.
ra
The young boy who ………………………………………………………………………………
Kalidasa was a fine swimmer, he had much fun in the water.
g
Kalidasa who ………………………………………………………………………………………
h

6. Her sister is a pharmacist.Her sister is going to London for a conference.

lis

Her sister who ……………………………………………………………………………………

ng

7. A short boy is standing near the door . He is my brother.

A short boy who is ………………………………………………........................................

E
P

CHAPTER 6
G

CORRECTION OF SENTENCES

Rules related to Nouns

Rule1:-Some nouns are used only as singular. They have no plural forms:-
They are advice,alphabet,abuse,furniture,information,fuel,news,poetry,bread,soap, scenery,
business, issue, repair, luggage, machinery, stationary, the wicket.

G P English grammar93
Eg:-
1. He has given advices
Ans:- He has given advice
2. where are my luggages?
Ans:- Where is my luggage?

Rule2:- Some nouns are plural in form but they are used as singular.
Branches of learning: - economics, politics, physics, statistics, linguistics, mathematics.
sports :- billiards, gymnastics, athletics
diseases :- mumps, measles

ar
Eg:-
3. Economics are his favourite subject
Ans:- Economics is his favourite subject

m
4. Measles have broken out in our area
Ans:- Measles has broken out in our area

m
Rule3:- Some nouns are used only as plurals.
They have no singular forms:-Shoes, trousers, shorts, scissors, spectacles, alms, binoculars,
savings, innings, goods, premises, stockings etc.
Eg:-
5. where is my scissors
Ans:- where are my scissors ra
g
6. spectacles is now a costly item.
Ans:- spectacles are now a costly item.
h

Rule4:- The following words don’t take plural when preceded by a numerical(number) like
dozen, hundred, thousand, lakh, million, and score.
lis

Eg:-
7. I have ten thousands rupees
Ans:- I have ten thousand rupees
ng

8. My friend bought ten dozens bananas

Ans:- My friend bought ten dozen bananas

Rule5:- Plurals of compound nouns are formed by adding ‘s’ to the main word.
E

Eg:-
9. I have two father-in-laws
Ans:- I have two fathers-in-law
P

10. Passer by
Ans:- passers by
11. He has one brother-in-laws
G

Ans:- He has one brothers-in-law

Rule6:- Do not add brother or sister to the word cousin.

Eg:-
12. Ramya is my cousin sister
Ans:- Ramya is my cousin

Rule7:-Running is not used with age.

Eg:-
G P English grammar94
13. Ravi is running sixteen
Ans:- Ravi is sixteen.

Rule8:- The words ‘male’ and ‘female’ are used as adjectives but not nouns. Man and woman
are used as nouns.
Eg:-
14. There are twenty females in the class
Ans:- There are twenty girls in the class.

Rule9:- When the nouns are in apposition‘s’ is add the second noun.

ar
Eg.:-
15. It is my friend’s Kiran’s car.
Ans:- It is my friend Kiran’s car.

m
Rule10:- We should not say 20 years. We should say 20 years old or 20.
Eg:-
16. He is 40 years.

m
Ans:- He is 40years old.(or) He is 40.

RULES RELATED TO PRONOUNS

and 1st person.

Eg:- ra
Rule1:- The serial order of personal pronouns in a good sentence is 2nd person, 3rd person
g
17. Ram,I and you have finished our homework.
Ans:- You, Ram and I have finished our homework.
18. I and Ravi went to the exhibition.
h

Ans:- Ravi and I went to the exhibition.

lis

Rule2:-A pronoun must agree with its antecedent.

Eg:-
19. One must love his parents.
Ans:- One must love one’s parents.
ng

Rule3:- If the sentence starts with reflexive pronoun, we write subjective pronoun in its place.
Eg:-
20. Myself do this work.
E

Ans:- I do this work

Rule4:-Enjoy, apply, resign, drive, avail, absent etc, when used as transitive verbs, always take
P

reflexive pronouns after them

eg:-
21. He applied for a job.
G

Ans:- He applied himself for a job.

22. They enjoyed the T.V. show
Ans:- They enjoyed themselves the T.V show

Rule5:- Apostrophe‘s’ is not add to pronouns

Eg:-
23. That book is your’s
Ans:- that book is yours
24. This house is our’s
G P English grammar95
Ans:- This house is ours

Rule6:- Each of, one of, none of, either, neither, everybody, every should always treated as
singulars
Eg-
25. Nither of the books are interesting
Ans:- Neither of the books is interesting.
26. Each of the boys were given a book.
Ans:- Each of the boys was given a book.
27. one of the girls have good knowledge of English

ar
Ans:- one of the girls has good knowledge of English.

Rule7:-’Each other’ is used when there are two subjects or objects and ‘one another’ is used
when there are more than two subjects and objects.

m
Eg:-
28. Romeo and Juliet loved one another.
Ans:- Romeo and Juliet loved each other.

m
29. All the students loved each other.
Ans:- All the students loved one another.

Rule8:- Use of relative pronouns

who = persons
which = places and things ra
g
that = places and things
Eg:-
30. Rama Rao, that works in this office, is my friend.
h

Ans:- Rama Rao, who works in this office, is my friend.

31. The dog, who ,bites people, is my friend’s dog.
lis

Ans:- The dog, that ,bites people is my friend’s dog.

RULES RELATED TO VERBS

Rule1:-Simple present tense is used to express a habit.
ng

Eg:-
32. I am going to college daily.
Ans:- I go to college daily.
33. Sita is taking milk rarely.
E

Ans:- Sita takes milk rarely.

Rule2:-present perfect continuous tense is used is used with since and for:-
P

Eg:-
34. I am working here for six months.
Ans:- I have been working here for six months
G

35. It is raining since 6’0 clock.

Ans:- It has been raining since 6’0 clock

Rule3:- love, like, hate, smell, feel, taste, hear, own, belong, know, want, have, possess, think,
and understand. If we find anyone among them in a sentence we should not put ‘ing’ form.
Eg:-
36. I am knowing his address.
Ans:- I know his address.
37. They are having a problem.
G P English grammar96
Ans:- They have a problem
38. She is belonging to Rajampet.
Ans:- She belongs to Rajampet.
39. You are liking this college.
Ans:- You like this college.
40. The apple is tasting good.
Ans:- The apple tastes good.

Rule4:-Simple past is used to denote past action.

Eg:-

ar
41. They have gone to Kadapa Yesterday.
Ans:- They went to kadapa yesterday.
42. They have played a match last week.
Ans:- They played a match last week.

m
Rule5:-there are two works in a sentence one work is in simple preset, other work will be in
simple future tense.

m
Eg:-
43. If you will ask me, I shall clearify your doubts.
Ans:- If you ask me, I shall clarify your doubts.

ra
44. If he will work hard, he will get first class.
Ans:- If he work hard, he will get first class.
g
Rule6:-If the reporting verb is in the past tense the other verbs should be in past tense.
Eg:-
45. She knew that her brother is coming by train.
h

Ans:- She knew that her brother was coming by train.

46. She told us that her mother is busy.
lis

Ans:- She told us that her mother was busy.

47. She said that she is going to Madras.
Ans:- She said that she was going to Madras.
ng

Rule7:- Hanged means caused death, hung means to display .

Eg:-
48. The criminal was hung two days ago.
Ans:- The criminal hanged two days ago.
E

RULES RELATED TO ADVERBS

Rule 1:- hardly,fastly ,Whard,fast.
P

Eg:-
49. He drives fastly.
Ans:- He drives fast.
G

50. the train does not run on the track.

Ans:- The train does not run on the track.

RULES RELATED TO PREPOSITIONS

Rule 1:- The following words followed by certain prepositions;-
Suffering ___ from, searching ____ for, waiting ___ for, apply ____ for, fond ___ of, afraid ___ of,
died ____of, congratulate ___ on, angry ___ with, good ___ at, bad__ at, accused____ of etc.
Eg:-
51. Sarala is suffering with fever.
G P English grammar97
Ans:- Sarala is suffering from fever.
52. Rama is fond in ice-cream.
Ans:- Ramu is fond 0f ice- cream.
53. I congratulate for his success.
Ans:- I congratulate on his success.
54. Radha is waiting to her sister.
Ans:- Radha is waiting for her sister.
55. Saloni is good in English.
Ans:- Saloni is good at English.

ar
Rule 2:- We should not use any preposition after these words.
Awaiting, ordered, discussed, returned, entered,
Eg:-
56. I am awaiting for your reply.

m
Ans:- I am awaiting your reply.
57. We discussed about the matter.
Ans:- We discussed the matter.

m
58. The stranger entered into the building.
Ans:- The stranger entered the building.
59. The minister returned back this evening.
Ans:- The minister returned this evening,
60. They ordered for coffee.
Ans:- They ordered coffee. ra
g
Rule3:-‘ing’ form is used after certain verbs and phrases:
Avoid, imagine, enjoy, finish, miss, practise, look forwardto.
h

Eg:-
61. I avoid to speak to her.
lis

Ans:- I avoid speaking to her.

62. We enjoy to play the cricket.
Ans:- We enjoy playing the cricket.
63. He practices to sing songs.
ng

Ans:- He practices singing songs.

RULES RELATED TO ADJECTIVES

Rule 1:-Adjectives like prefer, prior, junior, senior, superior, inferior, interior, exterior, elder are
E

followed by ‘to’ instead of ‘than’.

Eg:-
64. I Prefer coffee than tea.
P

Ans:- I prefer coffee to tea.

65. He is not superior than you.
Ans:- He is not superior to you.
G

Rule 2:-Double comparatives or double superlatives are not used.

Eg:-
66. Sita is more cleverer than Gita
Ans:- Sita is cleverer than Gita
67. Rama is the most tallest boy in the class.
Ans:- Rama is the tallest boy in the class.

Rule3:-Elder refers to the members of the family. Older refers to out of the family.
G P English grammar98
Eg:-
68. Rama is older than her sister.
Ans:- Rama is elder than her sister.
69. Rama is elder than all the boys in the class.
Ans:- Rama is older than all the boys in the class.

Rule 4:-Superlative degree cannot be used when the comparison is only between the two.
Eg:-
70. This story is the best of the two.
Ans:- This story is better of the two.

ar
Rule5:-“A” is used before the words beginning with a consonantal sound. The words like
University, union, European, one rupee coin.
Eg:-

m
71. Mr.David is an European.
Ans:- Mr.David is a European.
72. Let us form an union

m
Ans:- Let us form a union.
73. He is an University professor.
Ans:- He is a university professor.

ra
Rule6: “An” is used before the words beginning with a vowel sound. The words like hour,
honour, honorable, honest, heir Etc.
g
Eg:-
74. I waited for her a hour.
Ans:- I waited for her an hour.
h

75. Gandhiji is a honest man.

Ans:- Gandhiji is an honest man.
lis

Rule7:-“THE” is used before the names of rivers, oceans and hollybooks.

Eg:-
76. Vijayawada is on Krishna river.
ng

Ans:- Vijayawada is on the Krishna river.

77. My uncle reads Ramayana every day.
Ans:- My uncle reads the Ramayana every day.
E

Rule8:-“The” is used before the superlative adjectives.

Eg:-
78. The Mount Everest is a biggest peak in the world.
P

Ans:- The Mount Everest is the biggest peak in the workld.

Rule9:- In certain comparison ‘that of’ should be used.

G

Eg:-
79. The climate of Bangalore is better than of Hyderabad.
Ans:- The climate of Bangalore is better than that of Hyderabad.

Rule10:- Further refers to something additional, Farther refers to distance.

Eg:-
80. I went to America for farther studies.
Ans:- I went to America foe further studies.

G P English grammar99
 RULES RELATED TO CONJUCTIONS
Rule 1:-Double conjunctions cannot be used in a whole sentence.
Eg:-
81. Though he is poor, but he is honest.
Ans:- Though he is poor, he is honest.
82. Although he is rich yet he cannot buy a car.
Ans:- Although he is rich, he cannot buy a car.

Rule 2:-If the sentence begin with ‘As’, ‘Since’ we should remove ‘So’, ‘Therefore’ in a sentence.
Eg:-

ar
83. As I am poor so I cannot buy a car.
Ans:- As I am poor, I cannot buy a car.
84. Since the doors are opened therefore the thief entered the house.
Ans:- Since the doors are opened, the thief entered the house.

m
Examination model
Rewrite the following sentences making the necessary corrections.

m
1. My sister is going to the school every day.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
2.

3.
One must love his country.
ra
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
I heard him to sing a song.
g
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
4. My brother is junior than me in college.
h

Ans: _________________________________________________________________
5. Yesterday the teacher was angry upon me.
lis

Ans: _________________________________________________________________
6. Our H.M. congratulated us for our success in the Examination.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
ng

7. None of the tjwo sisters are present today.

Ans: _________________________________________________________________
8. Please tell me why are you absent yesterday.
E

Ans: _________________________________________________________________
9. In last week a thief entered into our house.
P

Ans: _________________________________________________________________
10 This book is comprising of four hundred pages.
G

Ans: _________________________________________________________________
11. I am not knowing the address of your uncle.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
12. Every morning he is reading the English paper.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
13. Why are you not liking my novel?
Ans: _________________________________________________________________

G P English grammar100
14. He is preferring coffee than tea.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
15. If I had known of your arrival, I would meet you.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
16. Why you don’t go and see a doctor?
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
17. I go to his clinic. But he already left.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________

ar
18. I am waiting for you for a longtime
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
19. She is having a problem

m
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
20. Why you are not understanding my point ?

m
Ans: __________________________________________________________________

TASK – 2
1.

2.
He is thinking he is a great person.

ra
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
I am working in Keshava Reddy public school for the last four years.
g
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
3. If you work hard, you would have passed.
h

Ans: _________________________________________________________________
4. How cold is it!
lis

Ans: _________________________________________________________________
5. The climate of India is better than Africa.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
ng

6. Will you please give me four white papers?

Ans: _________________________________________________________________
7. You are joking, isn’t it?
E

Ans: _________________________________________________________________
8. Santhi is more taller than my sister.
P

Ans: _________________________________________________________________
9. The hildren are always wanting something for eating.
G

Ans: _________________________________________________________________
10. We are living in Guntur from our childhood.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
11. Never I have seen such a interesting match.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
12. Nobody is understanding wht is the real problem.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________

G P English grammar101
13. When have you returned from London?
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
14. the girl is fuffering with a fever for one week.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
15. She never seen a criminal hung in the jail.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________
16. How you managed to get it repaired?
Ans: _________________________________________________________________

ar
17. I meet the manager yesterday and threaten him to take them to court. That wonderful! I
really appreciate.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________

m
18. All of us were wondering why is he not coming.
Ans: _________________________________________________________________

m
TASK – 3
1. I would resign if I am you.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
2. I do not know where is the post office.
ra
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
g
3. He was hung for murder.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
4. The police has arrived.
h

Ans: __________________________________________________________________
lis

5. She can play violin very well.

Ans: __________________________________________________________________
6. I have bought two dozens oranges.
ng

Ans: __________________________________________________________________
7. We usually have the lunch at twelve.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
E

8. He stated to Tirupati yesterday.

Ans: __________________________________________________________________
9. Most of the pupils come to the school by walk.
P

Ans: __________________________________________________________________
G

10. Lata having finished her work she left the factory.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
11. Why are you not understading the lesson?
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
12. We did not see her for a month.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
13. I am living in Guntur since thirty years.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
G P English grammar102
14. If I were you, I would have defeated him.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
15. They are discussing about our problems since 8 A.M.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
16. Why you came to school today?
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
17. I am knowing that today is holiday.
Ans: __________________________________________________________________

ar
18. Then why you didn’t stay at home?
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
19. I wants to ; but my mother no believes that today holiday.

m
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
20. Why she is not believing my words?

m
Ans: __________________________________________________________________
TASK – 4
1. Why are you not liking this book?

2. Tell me why are your not understanding the problem? ra

Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
g
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. I shall meet your brother when I will go to Madras again.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
h

4. Ramu, along with his brother and sister were present at the party.
lis

Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. I cannot understand why is he sad?
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ng

6. William Shakespeare not only was a dramatist but also a poet.

Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. We look forward to meet you at the station itself.
E

Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. Before I stepped on to the platform the train went away.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
P

9. As soon as the teachers entered into the class-room than all the pupils stood up.
G

Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10. The mother is not liking her younger son, but she is not hating him.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TASK – 5
1. Either adams or his brother have killed Mrs. Parker.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Though I was only six - feet away, but I don’t know how it happended.
G P English grammar103
 Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. He is going to school everyday.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. As he was a idiot he do not know anything.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. If I shall go to Kanpur, I would bring you leather shoes.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Neither of the pupils in my class have got a prize.

ar
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. That rich man is possessing two dozens vehicles.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

m
8. We informed to the police about the accident on the road.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

m
9. Mother is very busy with preparing sweets.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. This novel is consisting of three hundred pages.

ra
Ans : ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TASK – 6
g
1. Nobody is understanding what is the problem our teacher had just
explained it to us.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
h

2. Why you are preferring the raio than TV?

lis

Ans:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Why you are not liking this book you tell me.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ng

4. Is this the person which you are talking about him?

Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. How you can ignore the request?
E

Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Our college has ordered for one hundred books yesterday.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
P

7. This car is not belonging to my brother.

G

Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. Ganges is very holy river.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. When he suffered with head-ache, he prayed God.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. Sarala is the youngest of the two sisters.
Ans: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

G P English grammar104
 TASK – 7
1. Eventhough we have complained many times to the authorities, yet they have not done
nothing.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. The T.T.D. has been incurring a loss of Rs.1-60 in every laddu since the last new
year.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. I shall report against you when your father will next visit our school.

ar
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Measles have broken out in our village last week.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

m
5. I am having two brother-in-laws.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

m
6. The T.T.E. said that there is no place in the compartment.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. I and Mohan hae gone to the zoo yesterday.

8. The Everest is the most highest peak in the world. ra

Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
g
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. Our boys are seeing not less than four films a week.
Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
h

10. Our uncle is living in USA since ten years.

lis

Ans : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

16. My father will get me a nice pen when he will go to Madras next time
ng

A. .............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
17. Neither of the two are present.
E

A. .............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
18. When I reached the bus stand, the bus already left.
P

A. .............................................................................................................
G

.............................................................................................................
19. I cant’t prevent him to enter into the office.
A. .............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
20. One of your friend have stolen my pen
A. .............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
21. He told me that he will do the work ten days ago.
G P English grammar105
A. .............................................................................................................
..................................................................................................

TASK – 8
1. I don’t have some money to give you.
A:- ..............................................................................................
2. He has anything to tell you.
A:- ..............................................................................................

ar
3. Not even one of them are good.
A:- ..............................................................................................
4. I will generally avoid to speak to ladies.

m
A:- ..............................................................................................
5. Why you are hating your neighbour ?

m
A:- ..............................................................................................

6. We are awaiting for you from 8 O’clock.

7. The pupils are coming to school by walk everyday. ra

A:- ..............................................................................................
g
A:- ..............................................................................................
8. Mr. Adams is good in Engilsh as he is a Englishman.
A:- ..............................................................................................
h

9. Yesterday my father is angry upon me.

lis

A:- ..............................................................................................
10. Is this the person which you are talking about him.
A:- ..............................................................................................
ng

11. How you can ignore the request ?

A:- ..............................................................................................
12. Why are you not liking this book you tell me ?
E

A:- ..............................................................................................
13. Tell me why you are not understanding the problem.
A:- ..............................................................................................
P

14. Why you are preferring radio than T.V.

G

A:- ..............................................................................................

CHAPTER 7

General comprehension passages

Comprehension means the ability to understand before answering the questions.
Observe the following steps:-

G P English grammar106
 1. Read the passage first rapidly and read the questions.
2. Read through the passage for second time to catch gist(idea)
3. Take each question and confirm the answers.
4. Eliminate the answer choices that don’t go with your conformed
answer.
5. Find the on line answers.(on the line)
6. Between the lines.(connected)

ar
7. Beyond the lines.(more than the information)
8. Personal involvement question.

m
9. Inferential questions.( out of the passage)
Types of questions

m
1. Verbal questions (yes/no type)
2. Non verbal questions (WH word questions)

who

Whom
 
ra
g
persons
whose  
h

When Time
lis

Which Choice/option

What Matter/ information

ng

Where Place/location

why Reason/cause
E

How Manner/ procedure

How long Period

P

How much Quantity

G

How far Distance

How old Age

Exercise
1. Read the following passage to answer the questions:-
Once there lived two crows on a tree in a forest. Many animals often came
there and took rest under the tree. There was a black cobra in the hole of the tree.

G P English grammar107
The crow couple built a nest on the tree. The female crow laid eggs in the nest. Later
four crows came out of the eggs. One day the crows went out to bring food for their
children. At that time the snake came up to the nest and ate the little crows. The
crows after returning with food saw the snake going in to the hole and found their
nest empty. They felt very sad.
The same thing happened after a few months. The crows thought that the
snake would eat their children every time if they continued to live there. They decided
to leave the place and go to another place.

ar
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:-
1. The crows built nests to ________. ( )

m
a. Live happily.
b. Lay eggs.

m
c. Protect eggs from enemies.
d. Keep small birds.

a. Protect the children of the birds.

b. Eat the children to the bird.
ra
2. The snake went to the nest when the crows were away to ( )
g
c. Give food to the children of the bird.
d. Play with the children of the bird.
h

3. The crow couple felt sad because ( )

a. They could not harm the snake.
lis

b. There was none to help them.

c. They felt the nest.
d. They lost their children
ng

4. The birds decided to go to another place because ( )

a. The tree became very big.
b. Other animals took rest under the tree.
E

c. They were not safe there.

d. The snake often ate their children.
5. The birds in the story are ( )
P

a. Timid
G

b. Afraid of future.
c. Enemies to the snake.
d. Desires of the changing the place.

CHAPTER 8

G P English grammar108
 LETTER WRITING
Letter means a message, which is send to somebody.

Letter is written communication.

TYPES OF LETTERS

There are mainly two types of letters.

ar
They are:-
1. Formal letters (official and business letters)

m
2. Informal letters (personal letters)
FORMAL LETTERS
These are divided into two groups.

m
1. Official letters:-
These letters are written to officers, teachers, head masters and officials.

2. business letters:- ra
Formal letters may be brief and short.

These letters are written to business people and strangers.

g
INFORMAL LETTERS
These are known as personal letters.
h

These are written to family members, friends, relatives and well wishers.
Personal letters may be long and detailed, familiar and intimate.
lis

PARTS OF THE LETTER

ng

Every letter has five parts:-

1. Heading (writer’s address)
2. Salutation.
3. Body of the letter.
E

4. Sub scription. (leave taking)

5. Super scription. (address on the envelope) Door No: 5/79,
P

Usman Nagar,
Rajampet,
12th
1. Heading:-
G

 Heading is known as writer’s address.

 It is written at the top right hand corner of the page.
 Date should come after address.
 The date should be writing like 12th June, 2011.
 At the end of the every line in address we should put comma.
 Full stop is used after the date.
2. Salutation:-
G P English grammar109
  The position of the salutation is at the left hand of the first page at lower level
than the heading.
 A comma is put after the salutation.

To the family members:-

My dear father,
Dear father,
Dear brother,

ar
Dear mother,
Dear sister,
Dear uncle,

m
Dear aunt,
Dear cousin,

m
To friends:-
Dear Rama,
To officers:-
Sir,
ra
g
Madam,
h

To business people:-
Sir,
lis

Dear Sir,
Dear Sirs,
Sirs,
ng

Dear Madam,
3. Body of the letter:-
 It is written below the salutation and middle of the page.
E

 The simple style is used in the body.

 If the body of the letter is lengthy, it should be divided into paragraphs.
P

 It should contain brief and short sentences.

G

4. Subscription (leave taking):-

 It is written at the bottom of the letter either on the left side or on the right side.
 A comma is put after the subscription.
 Don’t put apostrophe your’s.

To family members and friends:-

Yours lovingly,
G P English grammar110
 Your affectionately,
Yours sincerely,
Yours loving friend,
Yours loving son,

To officers:-
Yours faithfully,

ar
Yours truly,
5. Super scription (address on the envelope):-
 It is written either right hand top corner of the page or bottom of the page.

m
 It is written below the subscription don’t put the full stop after the signature.
EXERCISES

m
1. Every letter contains ( )
a. Heading
b. Subscription
c. Message or information
d. Body
ra
g
2. Letter is ____________ communication. ( )
a. Verbal
h

b. Written
c. Non verbal
lis

d. None of the above.

3. The British style of writing date is_______ ( )
ng

a. 12/06/2011.
b. 12th June,2011.
c. June 12th ,2011.
d. 12-06-2011
E

4. After date is ________ needed. ( )

a. Comma
P

b. Colon
c. Full stop
G

d. None
5. After salutation it is necessary. ( )
a. Comma
b. Colon
c. Full stop
d. None
6. One of the following subscription is correct. ( )
G P English grammar111
 a. Yours’s faithfully,
b. Yours faithful
c. Your’s lovingly,
d. yours faithfully,
7. The body of the letter contains _______. ( )
a. The salutation,
b. The message,
c. An acknowledgement.

ar
d. None of the above.
8. An official letter begins with ( )
a. Dear sir,

m
b. Dear sirs,
c. Sir,

m
d. My dear sir,
9. The style of personal letter should be ( )
a. Formal
b. Bombastic
c. Familiar and intimate
ra
g
d. None of the above.
Format of the letter
h
lis

A well written letter should be clear, accurate, complete, concise and courteous. People write
letters for both business and personal reasons.
ng

Letters may be classified according to their different purposes. They are

I. Social (or) Informal (or) personal letters.

II. Business (or) formal letters

E

I. SOCIAL LETTERS: Personal letters include correspondence between family members or friends,
P

invitation, and thank you notes etc.

PARTS OF SOCIAL LETTERS:

G

A Personal letter has six standard parts. They are

1) The Heading
2) The Salutation
3) The Body
4) The subscription or leave taking

G P English grammar112
 5) The Signature
6) Superscription.
1)The Heading: Write total address excluding name on the right side top of the letter.

2)The salutation: The Salutation is also called the greeting. It should begin two lines below the last
line of the address. Call friends by their first name or nick name. Such as Dear Ramu etc. After
salutation put comma.

3)The Body: It is the important part of the letter. It contains the writer’s actual message. The

ar
opening sentence of the letter should either be in response to earlier communication or it may be
general in nature. Here are some opening sentences.

m
 Thank you very much for your kind letter.( while replying to letter)

m
 We were shocked to hear that (about any sad news or sudden news)
 I am pleased tor read your letter(about any good news)
 I have to apologize for(about wrong deeds)
ra
 I’m very sorry to hear that(about any bad news)
g
 It has been very long time since you wrote to me (about long communication gap)
h

 Let me congratulate you on( about any achievement)

lis

 It gives me great pleasure to write to you.(while writing affectionately)

Use simple direct statements rather than long involved sentence. Make each phrase easy
ng

for the reader to understand.

Say what you have to say and then stop. Too often letters become cluttered with worldly
phrases, stuffy expressions and unnecessary details that dilute your message. Use plain, natural
E

language and get to the point.

The tone of the letter is as important as its language. In general, make the tone friendly and
P

polite, stress points that will interest the reader.

G

NOTE: In personal letters the body of the letter may some times be started like this, “ Hope this
letter finds you happy and healthy by the grace of God.”

The concluding sentence may be in the form of conveying love and respect to the family
members in personal letters.

 Convey my regards to your parents.

 I look forward to hearing from you soon.
G P English grammar113
  Do write again soon.
 We are missing you here.
 With best wishes.
 Hoping to here from you soon.
 Waiting anxiously for your reply.
 We are looking forward to your visit.

ar
4) The subscription (or) leave taking: Just as the salutation greets the reader at the beginning of a
letter, the complementary close says good-bye at the end as

m
 To near relatives: Yours loving son, yours affectionate daughter, affectionately yours etc.
 To close friends/Acquaintances: Yours lovingly, Yours Sincere friend, sincerely yours etc.

m
NOTE: Don’t use Apostrophe in yours.

5)The Signature: The Signature or the name of the writer comes below Subscription.

ra
6) Superscription (address on the envelope): The Student should write the address of the
g
addressee below the signature on the left side of the page beside the margin in personal
letters.
h

Address (excluding name )

and date.
lis

Salutation,
ng

Body of the letter

E

Subscription(signature)

Superscription
P
G

II. Business (or) Formal letters:

Business letters include those used to apply for jobs, complaint letters, sales letters and collection
letters.

Advertisement letter

In writing letters to the advertisement we must attend to the following points of form.
G P English grammar114
1) The Heading: It consists of the writer’s address (House number, street, and place) and the
date. It can be written in two ways. They are

a) We should write our own address at the right hand top of the page and put date just
below it.
Eg.
H.NO:4/103,

Main Road,

ar
Rajampet,

24thMarch 2011.

m
b) We should write place and date at the right hand top of the page and our address at the
left hand under the heading ‘From’. Just below the line of the date which is written at the
right hand side. Date should be written in full in both the cases.

m
Eg.
From Rajampet,
G.Rajkamal 24th July 2012.
5/123,Kolimi street,
Rajampet,
ra
g
Y.S.R.District.
h

Note: 1) Name should not be written at the time of examination.

lis

2) Date can be written either as 24thMarch,2011.

2) Address: The name of the firm or business man to whom the letter is addressed should be
ng

written lower down the heading and to the left of the page.

To
E

XXXXXXXXX,
XXXXXXXXX,
P

XXXXXXXXX.
3) Greeting or Salutation:
G

Begin Dear Sir and end with yours faithfully or yours truly.

When it is addressed to a firm:

Begin Dear Sirs and end with yours faithfully or yours truly.

4) Response or Replies:

As you are responding to an advertisement mention the subject and reference

G P English grammar115
 should be written in the short form as

Sub: Mention briefly what you want to say.

Ref: Quote the name of the paper in which it is advertised and the date on which it
appeared.

5) The communication or Body of the letter:

It should be divided into 2 or3 paragraphs. In the first paragraph give a short

ar
introduction stating that you are answering to an advertisement. Here are some opening
sentences

m
a) In response to your advertisement, I would like to submit the following few lines for your
kind consideration and favorable action.

m
b) In response to your advertisement in THE HINDU dated 24.03.2011, I would like to offer
myself as a candidate for the post of a sales assistant in your company etc.

ra
c) I have been inspired by inspired by the name and fame of your company. By going
through your notification I wish to apply for the post of a --------------- With the following
g
credentials or qualifications

d) With reference to your advertisement in the “THE HINDU” dated 24.03.2011,I would like
h

to put forth the following details for your kind perusal and favourable action.
lis

II Paragraph: In the second paragraph give a statement of your age, qualification and
expression.
ng

III Paragraph: In the third paragraph give a conclusion by expressing your earnestness
of the job. It should
E

i) Hence I request that I may kindly be sent required information at the earliest.

Thanking you sir,

P

ii) I would be ever grateful to you if you could call me for an interview. I assure
G

you of my diligent services if I am appointed.

Thanking you in anticipation, etc.

6) The subscription or leave taking:

The first word of the subscription must begin with a capital letter for ex. yours
faithfully or yours truly.

G P English grammar116
 Notes: a) Apostrophe (‘) shouldn’t be used in yours.

b) Comma should be used after the leave taking part.

7) The signature: As you shouldn’t sign or write your name at the time of examination. Write
XXXXXX below the subscription.

ar
m
m
ra
g
FORMAT OF THE ADVERTISEMENT LETTER
h

Rajampet,
lis

24th July 2012.

From
G.Rajkamal
ng

5/122,Kolimi street,
Rajampet,
Y.S.R.District.
E

To
-------------------
P

--------------------,
-------------.
Sir,
G

Sub: Information / Recruitment of Sales Assistant / Coaching details /

Application -Request – regarding.

Ref: As per the advertisement given in the newspaper.

With reference to your advertisement in newspaper, I would like to submit

G P English grammar117
the following particulars for your kind consideration and favourable action.

HGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

BODY OF THE LETTER

ar
Hence I request that I may kindly be sent required information at the earliest.

m
Thanking you sir,

Yours faithfully,

m
Xxxxxxxxxx.

ra
g
1. Read the following advertisement which appear in a newspaper.

WANTED
h

A Super market in a smart locality requires “SALES ASSIANTS”

Candidates should be proficient in English, Hindi and Telugu.Must have pleasing personality,
lis

patience and willingness to help. Must be physically fit as the job required long hours on your feet.
Will be required to work at weekends.
Salary: 1600PM+ Performance bonus.
P.O. BOX: 4679,The Daily Courier, Maitri vihar, S.P. Road, Hyderabad-500027.
ng

Write a letter to the addressee above applying for the job. State your qualifications and any other
details that you consider necessary.
E

From Rajampet,
G.Rajkamal, 24th July 2012.
P

5/122, Kolimi street,

G

Rajampet,
YSR District.
TO
P.O.BOX 4679,
The Daily Courier,
Maithri Vihar, S.P.Road,
Hyderabad-500 027.
G P English grammar118
Sir,
Sub: Recruitment of Sales Assistants – application-request- regarding.
Ref: As per the advertisement given in the newspaper.
With reference to your advertisement in newspaper, I would like to
submit the following particulars for your kind consideration and fovourable action.
I am a graduate in English with good communication skills in English, Hindi and Telugu. I
am young man of 23 years of age with good physique. I have a pleasing personality, patience and

ar
willingness to help. It is no wonder to say that I possess all the qualities, which you are expected. I
am also prepared to work long hours at weekends and on holidays. I have two years experience in

m
the same line in a reputed organization. I enclose herewith my recently taken photograph along
with Photostat copies of my certificates besides experience certificates.

m
Hence I request that I may kindly be sent required information at earliest.
Thanking you sir,
Yours faithfully,

ra
2. Read the following advertisement which appear in a newspaper
xxxxxxxx
g
SECOND HAND TRACTOR FOR SALE
Excellent condition,
h

CONTACT: V.Bulliramaiah, Patel road, Rajamundry.

Being a former your father is interested in buying a second hand tractor for ploughing the land. He
lis

asks you to write to Mr. Bulliramaiah asking for details such as model no, distance traveled,
condition of the vehicle, expected price, etc write a letter to him.
ng

From Rajampet,
G.Rajkamal, 24th July 2012.
5/122, Kolimi street,
E

Rajampet,
YSR District.
P

TO
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Mr.Bulliramaiah,

Patel Road,

Rajamundry.

Sir,

Sub: Information- Second Hand Tractor- request- regarding.

G P English grammar119
 Ref: As per the advertisement given in the newspaper.

With reference to your advertisement in newspaper, I would like to submit the following

particulars for your kind consideration and fovourable action.

My father needs a tractor and has been enquiring to buy to second hand tractor to

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get the work done speedily such as ploughing, carrying paddy etc.

Please let me know the details such as model no, the distance travelled, working

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condition of the vehicle.
Hence I request that I may kindly be sent required information at earliest.

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Thanking you sir,
Yours faithfully,

ra xxxxxxx
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3. Read the following advertisement which appear in a newspaper.
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Photography work workshop, (20-26) June,

Meet eminent photographers,
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Win prizes for you work.

For details contact: Director, photo valley, 36/6 Raja Gardens, Visakhapatnam.
You are interested in attending the workshop. Write the address given asking for details such as
fee for the workshop, where it is going to be held, information about the prizes scheme etc.
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From Rajampet,
G.Rajkamal, 24th July 2012.
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5/122, Kolimi street,

Rajampet,
P

YSR District.
G

.
To
The Director,
Photo valley,
36/6 Raja Gardens,
Visakpatnam.
Sir,
G P English grammar120
 Sub: Information-photography workshop-request- regarding.
Ref: As per the advertisement given in the newspaper.
With reference to your advertisement in newspaper, I would like to submit the following
particulars for your kind consideration and fovourable action.
I am very happy to know about your photography workshop in your advertisement in the
English daily The Hindu on today.
It is an inspiring and opportunity for amateur photographers like us to meet eminent

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persons in the field of photography.
I would like to participate in the workshop and get benefited. I shall be much obliged if you

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can make it convenient to let me know the details like membership, fee, venue of the workshop,
where it is going to be held and information about the prizes.etc.

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Hence I request that I may kindly be sent required information at earliest.
Thanking you sir,
Yours faithfully,

ra xxxxxx
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FORMAT OF THE PERSONAL LETTER
xxxxxxxxxx,
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Date:-
Dear Raju,
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Hope this letter finds you happy and healthy by the grace of God. I am
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studying well and writing my examinations excellently. I hope to get good marks in
the examinations. I hope the same from you also.
The main point of this letter is to inform you about a news paper report
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Convey my regards to your parents and best wishes to friends. I am

looking forward to receiving your reply at the earliest.
Yours lovingly,
xxxxxxxxxxx.

G P English grammar121
Address on the envelope:
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx,
xxxxxxxxxxxxxx,
xxxxxxxxxxxxx,
xxxxxxxxxxx.

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ra
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1. Read the news paper report given below:

GUNTUR, 15, MARCH 2005.Four out of six occupants going in a car to Hyderabad were killed
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and two were badly injured when truck rammed into it near the out skirts of a town. The driver of
the lorry was found to be in a drunken state. The two survivals of the truck that suffered major
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injuries have been admitted into hospital. A case has also been booked against driver of the
truck.
Imagine that you were an eyewitness to the accident write a letter to your friend in Nagpur,
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telling him/her about the accident. Describe the scene and also what happened afterwards.

Guntur,
E

Date:
Dear Raju,
P

Hope this letter finds you happy and healthy by the grace of god. I am studying well and
G

writing my examinations excellently. I hope to get good marks in the examinations. I hope the
same from you also.
The main point of this letter is to inform you about the accident. Yesterday, I was
coming in a bus from Vijay Wada to Guntur and it was about 10 PM. suddenly a truck coming from
the opposite direction rammed into the car. It all happened at the wink of an eye. The driver of the
car was unable to avoid the danger. We rushed to the spot and found that four in the car had a
miserable death and two escaped with severe injuries. Later they were taken to a hospital. The
G P English grammar122
driver of the truck was in a drunken state. His careless and rash driving took four lives. His vehicle
seized and he was taken in to custody. A case has also been booked against him. I wish the driver
be punished severely.

Convey my regards to your parents and best wishes to friends. I am looking forward
to receiving your reply at the earliest.
Yours lovingly,

ar
xxxxxxxxxx
Address on the envelope:-

m
G.Raju,
Door No:-4/69,

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Gandhi Road,
Nagpur.

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Format of the Editor’s letter
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From Rajampet,
G.Rajkamal, 24th July,2012.
5/122, Kolimi street,
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Rajampet.
YSR District
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To
The Manager,
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The Hindu News paper,

Chennai.

Sir,
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Sub: ----------------publication in News paper- for necessary action—request –

Regarding.
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I would like to bring to your table the following few lines for publication in your Newspaper
We are facing the following problems in our area.
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1.

2.

3.

Hence I request you to kindly highlight this matter in your newspaper so that necessary and
speedy action may be taken by the authorities concerned.

G P English grammar123
 Thanking you sir,
Yours faithfully,
xxxxxx

ar
m
m
ra
g
Read the news paper report given below:

GUNTUR, 15, MARCH 2005.Four out of six occupants going in a car to Hyderabad were killed and
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two were badly injured when truck rammed into it near the out skirts of a town. The driver of the
lorry was found to be in a drunken state. The two survivals of the truck that suffered major
lis

injuries have been admitted into hospital. A case has also been booked against driver of the
truck.
Write a letter to the editor of the newspaper in which the report appeared.
Guntur,
ng

Date:

From
xxxxxxxxxxxxxx,
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xxxxxxxxxxxxx,
xxxxxxxxxxx.
To
P

The Editor,
The Hindu,
G

GUNTUR.
Sir,
Sub: Problems of rash driving in a drunken state- Publication in Newspaper – for necessary
action – request – regarding.
I would like to bring to your table the following few lines for publication in your
Newspaper.
As a responsible citizen, I would like to express my views about the problems of rash

G P English grammar124
driving in a drunken state. The drivers should not be allowed to drive their vehicles without license.
License should be cancelled if they drive vehicle in a drunken state. They should be ordered to
follow the traffic rules strictly. Lorry drivers should not be allowed to drive their vehicles between
12 AM and 5 AM. All the drivers in drunken state should be punished severely. In this way, we can
reduce the accidents and may save some lives.
Hence I request you to kindly highlight this matter in your newspaper so that
necessary and speedy action may be taken by the authorities concerned.

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Thanking you sir,

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Yours faithfully,
xxxxxxxxxx.

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G P English grammar125