Chapter 6 Energy Con

Luelson Jay C.
Declarador
BSECE 5A
Energy Conversion
Chapter 6
Questions:
29. What function does the balance coil have in the operation of a three wire generator system?
Ans: Three phase electric power
30. Would it be possible to use simple,center tapped resistor instead of a reactor for three wire service? Give
reasons for your answers?
Ans: no because it is used as an inductor
31. What current does the neutral wire carry in a three-wire system? Under what
condition is the current in the neutral wire toward the reactor? away from the
reactor ? Zero
32. What is a third-brush generator? When is it used?

Ans: an electrical generator formerly used for battery charging on motor vehicles. It was superseded first by
a two brush dynamo equipped with an external voltage regulator and later by an alternator.
33. Why would it be unsatisfactory to use a standard shunt or compound generator

in an automobile for charging and utilities services?
Ans: because it required a field current connected to the armature of the generator.
34. Explain the principle of operation of the third-brush generator.

Ans: the purpose of the 3rd brush is to control the generators output. This is done by grounding the 3rd brush
and field coil. It is directly grounded when full charge is required and uses a resistor to ground for a lower
charge. Many tractors used a resistor light switch to control the grounding of the 3rd brush.
35. Discuss the general constructional features of the diverter-pole generator and
it differs from the standard generator construction.
Ans: if the conductor is provided with a closed path, the induced current will circulate within the path
36. What circuit energizes the diverter-pole winding? Why?

Ans: tap charger
37. What advantage, in operation, is possessed by the diverter-pole generator as

compared with the flat-compound generator for battery-charging purpose.
Ans.
38. What is the purpose of the slot in the bridge of the diverter-pole generator?
39. Explain how the diverter-pole generator, when used for battery-charging pur
poses, charges the battery at a high rate at the beginning and tapers off with increasing charge.
Why is this not possible when a shunt generator is used?
40. What is a dynamotor?

Ans: an electric machine for transforming direct current into alternating current or for altering the voltage of
direct current having two armature windings on the same core and a common magnetic field.
41. Why is a dynamotor more efficient than a motor-generator set?

Ans: having a single magnetic field and two independent armature windings of which one acts as a motor and
other as generator.
42. Explain why the ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage is fixed in dynamotor and cannot be changed
by flux adjustment.
Ans:
43 Describe the constructional features of a dynamotor.
Ans:type wattmeter the scale of the instrument is uniform because deflecting torque is proportional to the true
power in the both DC as well as AC and the instrument is spring controlled.
Problem Solvings
11. A 250 volt shunt generator has a rated armature current of 40 amp and the following losses at full load:
fiction and windage = 200 watts; core loss = 260 watts ; shunt-field loss = 100 watts brush contact loss = 80
watts ; armature copper loss = 400 watts. Assuming that the maximum efficiency occurs when the approximated
constant losses are equal to those losses that vary as the square of the load. Calculate the armature current for
the condition of maximum efficiency.
Given :
Va = 250 Volt, shunt
Ia = 40 Amp rated current
Friction and windage loss = 200 watts
Core loss = 260 watts
Shunt field loss = 100 watts
Brush contact losses = 80 watts
Pcu = 400 watts , armature copper loss
Required:
Armature current for the condition of maximum eff.
Solution:
Losses that vary as the square of the load
Thus;
Ia^2Ra = Pcu
Ra = 400w/40^2
Ra = 0.25 ohms
At max efficiency 200+260+100=Ia^2Ra

Ia^2 = 560/0.25
Ia = sqrt 2240
Ia = 47.33 amp
12. A 25 kw series generator has an efficiency of 85% when operating at rated load. If the stray power loss is
20% of the full load loss, calculate the efficiency of the generator when it is delivering a load of 15-
KW,assuming that the stray power loss is substantially constant and the other losses vary as the square of he
load.
Given:
Rated load = 25 KW
Eff = 85 % at rated load
SPL = 20% at full load loss
Required
Calculate the efficiency of the generator when delivering a load of 15 KW

Solution:
LET : Pt = is the full load power loss
Eff15 = is the efficiency of the generator is delivering 15 KW
Pcu = is the copper loss
At rated load :
Pin = Pout/Eff x 100%
= 25KWx100% /85%
Pin = 29.41 KW
PT = Pin - Pout
= (29:41-25) KW
PT = 4.41 KW
Pcu = PT -SPL
= 4.41-0.882
Pcu = 3.528 KW
Since
SPL = 20% of Pt
= (0.2)(4.41)
SPL = 0.882 KW
The load is decreasing from 25 KW up to 15 KW, therefore the Ia^2Ra also decreased
% load = 15 KW/25 KW (100%)
% load = 60%
The decreased load is about 40% then the copper loss now is only 60% and it will vary to the square of the load
the copper loss now is
Pau = (3.528)(0.6)^2
Pau = 1.27 KW
Eff15 = P15 x 100%/P15+Pau+SPL

= 15 KW/15 KW +1.27KW + 0.882 KW
Eff15 = 87.45%
13. The following information is given in connection with a long shunt compound generator E = 220 volts
output = 20 KW stray power loss = 705 watts Rsh = 110 ohms; Ra = 0.265 ohm ; Rse = 0.035 ohms brush drop
= 3 volts calculate the efficiency.
Given:
Et = 220 volt
Pl = 20 KW, output power
SPL = 705 watts
Rsh = 110 ohms
Ra = 0.265 ohms
Rse = 0.035 ohms
Vb.c = 3 volts
Required frequency?
Solution:
Determine first IL
IL = PL/ET = 20000w/220v
IL = 90.9 Amp
ISH = ET/Rsh = 220 v/110 ohms

Ish = 2 amp
Ia = Ish + IL
Ia = 2 + 90.9
Ia = 92.9 amp
Power losses are
Psh = Ish xEt
= 2 x 220
Psh = 440 watts
Pbrush = Vb.c x Ia
= 3 x 92.9
Pbrush = 278.7 watts
Pcu = Ia^2 (Ra+R35)

= (92.9)^2(0.265+0.035)
Pcs = 2589 watts
SPL = 705 watts

Total losses :
Pt = PSh + Pbrush + Pcu + SPL
= 440 + 278.7 + 2589 + 705
Pt = 4012.7 watts
Eff= Pout x 100% / Pout + Pt losses

Eff = 83.3%
14.) Given :
Vt = 250 volt
Ia = 40 amp; full load
Losses are
Friction + windage = 200 W
Psh = 100 watts
Pcore = 260 watts
Pbrush contact = 120 watts
Pcu =400 watts
Required
A.) armature and line current at max efficiency
B.) Load power
C..) Max effieciency
Solution :
At Ia = 40 Amp
Pcu = 400 watt
Ra = Pcu/Ia^2 = 400/40^2
Ra = 0.25 ohms
When constant losses are equal to those losses that vary as the square of the load.
Pconstant = Pf+w;Pcore;Psh
Therefore :
Ia^2 = 200 + 100 + 260
Ia = Sqrt 560/0.25
A.) Ia = 47.33 = 47.4 amp

Ish = Psh/Vt = 100 w/250 v
Ish = 0.4 amp
Thus:
Il = Ia - Ish
Il = 47.4-0.4
Il = 47 amp: load current
B.) Load power
Pl = IlVt
Pl = (47)(250)
Pl = 11,750 watts
C.) Pl = Pout
Max eff = Pl x 100%/Pl + (2)(560)+120
Since Pcu = Pconstant
Max. Eff = 11,750 x 100%/11, 750 + 2(560) + 120

Max. Eff = 90.45 %
15.) Given:
Armature currents = 11,22,33,44,55 amp
Line voltage = 460 v
Rsh = 230 ohms
SPL = 1088 watts
Ra + Interpole = 0.72 amp
Rse = 0.12 ohms
Vbc = 3 Volts
H.P = 25 HP
Assume:
Eff = 88% at full load
Solution:
Il = HP x (746 w/HP)/460 x 0.88
Il = 25 x 746/460 x 0.88
Il = 46 amp
Ish = 2 amp
Ish = 2 amp
At: Ia = 11 amp
Il = Ia + Ish
Il = 11 + 2
Il = 13 amp
The generated voltage at the motor is given as

EC = (Vt - Vbc) - Ia (Ra+Rse)
Where:
Ec = is the counter emf of the motor
Ec = 447.76 Volts
Power losses
The stray power loss is assumed to be proportional to the generated voltage. So if there is an increased or
decreased in the generated voltage stray power loss also increased or decreased in proportion to the generated
voltage. The generated voltage of the motor is what you call counter EMF or Ec. Then determine the generated
voltage at a rated line current Il = 46 amp, which spl = 1088 watts from ex. # 7
Ia = 46-2
Ia = 44 amp
Thus:
Ec = (460-3)-44(0.72+0.12)
Ec = 420 volt; this will become a reference generated voltage which has a 1088 watts stray power loss.
At Ia = 11 amp, there is an increased in Ec the increased Ec = 447.76/420 Ec=1.066 volt
Therefore
SPL = (1.066)(1088)
SPL = 1160 watts
Armature losses
Pa = Ia^2 Ra
Pa = (11)^(0.72)
Pa = 87 watts
Series field losses

Pse = (11)^2(0.12)
Pse = 87 watts
Shunt Field losses

Psh = Ish x Yt
Psh = (2)(460)
Psh = 920 watts
Brush-Contact losses
Pbc = Ia x Ybc
Pbc = (11)(3)
Pbc = 33 watts
Total losses:
Pt = 1160 + 87 + 14.5 + 920 +33
Pt = 2,214.5 watts
Pin = Vl x Il
Pin = 460 x 1
Pin = 5980 watts
Pout = Pin -Pt losses
Pout = 5980 - 2214.5
Pout = 3765.5 watts
Output horse power :
HP = 3765.5w x 1HP/746w
HP = 5.05 HP = 5 HP
Efficiency for armature current of 11 amps
Eff = Pout/Pin X 100%

Eff = 3765.5/5980 X 100
Eff = 62.97 %

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Luelson Jay C.

32. What is a third-brush generator? When is it used?

33. Why would it be unsatisfactory to use a standard shunt or compound generator

34. Explain the principle of operation of the third-brush generator.

36. What circuit energizes the diverter-pole winding? Why?

37. What advantage, in operation, is possessed by the diverter-pole generator as

40. What is a dynamotor?

41. Why is a dynamotor more efficient than a motor-generator set?

At max efficiency 200+260+100=Ia^2Ra

Calculate the efficiency of the generator when delivering a load of 15 KW

Eff15 = P15 x 100%/P15+Pau+SPL

ISH = ET/Rsh = 220 v/110 ohms

Pcu = Ia^2 (Ra+R35)

SPL = 705 watts

Eff= Pout x 100% / Pout + Pt losses

A.) Ia = 47.33 = 47.4 amp

Max. Eff = 11,750 x 100%/11, 750 + 2(560) + 120

The generated voltage at the motor is given as

Series field losses

Shunt Field losses

Efficiency for armature current of 11 amps

Eff = Pout/Pin X 100%

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