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Artillo, Joshua Benedict

Deveza, Raimel Angelo
Declarador, Luelson jay
Roldan, Precious Joy
BSECE 4A2
August 1, 2018

Experiment No. 4
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AM Receiptions (AM Receiver)

I. Objectives.
1. Analyze and evaluate the AM Receiptions.
2. Plot the AM Receiver output waveform and frequency spectrum.

II. Basic Theory

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A sensitive and selective receiver can be made using only amplifiers,

selective filters, and a demodulator. This is called a tuned radio frequency or
TRF receiver. Early radios used this design. However, such a receiver does not
usually deliver the kind of performance expected in modern communications
applications. One type of receiver that can provide that performance is the
superheterodyne receiver. Superheterodyne receivers convert all incoming
signals to a lower frequency, known as the intermediate frequency (IF), at
which a single set of amplifiers and filters is used to provide a fixed level of
sensitivity and selectivity. Most of the gain and selectivity in a superheterodyne
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receiver are obtained in the IF amplifiers. The key circuit is the mixer, which
acts as a simple amplitude modulator to produce sum and difference
frequencies. The incoming signal is mixed with a local o scillator signal to
produce this conversion.
RF Amplifiers - The antenna picks up the weak radio signal and feeds it to the
RF amplifier, also called a low-noise amplifier (LNA). Because RF amplifiers
provide some initial gain and selectivity, they are sometimes referred to as
preselectors. Tuned circuits help select the desired signal or at least the
frequency range in which the signal resides. The tuned circuits in fi xed tuned
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receivers can be given a very high Q, so that excellent selectivity can be

obtained. However, in receivers that must tune over a broad frequency range,
selectivity is somewhat more diffi cult to obtain. The tuned circuits must
resonate over a wide frequency range. Therefore, the Q, bandwidth, and
selectivity of the amplifier change with frequency. In communication receivers
that do not use an RF amplifier, the antenna is connected directly to a tuned
circuit, at the input to the mixer, which provides the desired initial selectivity.
This confi guration is practical in low-frequency applications where extra gain
is simply not needed. (Most of the receiver gain is in the IF amplifier section,
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and even if relatively strong signals are to be received, additional RF gain is not
necessary.) F urther, omitting the RF amplifier may reduce the noise contributed
by such a circuit. In general, however, it is preferable to use an RF amplifier. RF
amplifiers improve sensitivity, because of the extra gain; improve selectivity,
because of the added tuned circuits; and improve the S/N ratio. Further,
spurious signals are more effectively rejected, minimizing unwanted signal
generation in the mixer. RF amplifiers also minimize oscillator radiation. The
local oscillator signal is relatively strong, and some of it can leak through and
appear at the input to the mixer. If the mixer input is connected directly to the
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antenna, some of the local oscillator signal radiates, possibly causing

interference to other nearby receivers. The RF amplifier between the mixer and
the antenna isolates the two, significantly reducing any local oscillator
radiation. Both bipolar and field-effect transistors, made with silicon, GaAs, or
SiGe, can be used as RF amplifiers. The selection is made based upon
frequency, cost, integrated versus discrete, and desired noise performance.
Mixers and Local Oscillators - The output of the RF amplifier is applied to
the input of the mixer. The mixer also receives an input from a local oscillator
or frequency synthesizer. The mixer output is the input signal, the local
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oscillator signal, and the sum and difference frequencies of these signals.
Usually a tuned circuit at the output of the mixer selects the difference
frequency, or intermediate frequency (IF). The sum frequency may also be
selected as the IF in some applications. The mixer may be a diode, a balanced
modulator, or a transistor. MOSFETs and hot carrier diodes are preferred as
mixers because of their low-noise characteristics. The local oscillator is made
tunable so that its frequency can be adjusted over a relatively wide range. As the
local-oscillator frequency is changed, the mixer translates a wide range of input
frequencies to the fixed IF.
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IF Amplifiers - The output of the mixer is an IF signal containing the same

modulation that appeared on the input RF signal. This signal is amplified by one
or more IF amplifier stages, and most of the receiver gain is obtained in these
stages. Selective tuned circuits provide fixed selectivity. Since the intermediate
frequency is usually much lower than the input signal frequency, IF amplifiers
are easier to design and good selectivity is easier to obtain. Crystal, ceramic, or
SAW filters are used in most IF sections to obtain good selectivity. Some forms
or receivers use DSP filters for selectivity.
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III. Diagram
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IV. Equipment
SciLab Software

V. Procedure
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a. Open SciLab.
b. Write the code for plotting.
c. Execute code.
d. Input desire modulation index.
e. SciLab will display the AM receiver output waveform and frequency
spectrum.
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VI. Results and Discussion

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Modulation index = 1
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In this graph, we saw that the output of the mixer is composed of several waveforms. When
the signal passes through the diode detector, the LPF will allow the high frequencies only
and cut off the low frequencies only.
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Conclusion:
Therefore I conclude that the Selectivity in a receiver is obtained by using tuned
circuits and/or fi lters. The LC tuned circuits provide initial selectivity; fi lters, which
are used later in the process, provide additional selectivity.. The optimum bandwidth
is wide enough to pass the signal and its sidebands but also narrow enough to
eliminate or greatly attenuate signals on adjacent frequencies. The sides of a tuned
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circuit response curve are known as skirts. The steepness of the skirts, or the skirt
selectivity, of a receiver is expressed as the shape f actor,

Observation:
I observe that a communication receiver’s sensitivity, or ability to pick up weak
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signals, is mainly a function of overall gain, the factor by which an input signal is
multiplied to produce the output signal. In general, the higher the gain of a receiver,
the better its sensitivity. The greater gain that a receiver has, the smaller the input
signal necessary to produce a desired level of output. High gain in communication
receivers is obtained by using multiple amplifi cation stages.
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By: Luelson Jay C Declarador

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Observation:

We observe in the signal receives at antenna is very low, need to amplify and
tuned to desired frequency to avoid interferance, detector finds the info signal from
RF signal. In radio communication system, the transmitted signal is very weak when
it reaches the receiver, particularly when it has traveled over a distance. The signal
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which has shared the free space transmission media with thousands of other radio
signals has also picked up noise of various kinds.
In the scilab, we only put 1 modulation index the frequency waves shows stable
frequency wave a communication receiver must be able to indentify and select a
desired signal from thousands of others present in frequency spectrum and to provide
sufficient amplification to recover the modulating signal.
A receiver with good signal will isolate the desire signal in the RF spectrum and
eliminate at least greatly atteruate all others signal. A receiver with good sensetivity
involves high circuit gain. In graph shows what spectrum analyzer display would
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show as it monitored two inputs signals and the background noise. The noise is is
small, but it has random voltage variation and frequency components that are spread
over a wide spectrum.

Conclusion:
We conclude that communication receiver’s sensitivity, or ability to pick up weak
signals, is mainly a function of overall gain, the factor by which input signal is
multiplied to produces the output signal. In general, the higher the gain of a receiver,
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the better its sensitivity. The greater gain that a receiver has, the smaller the input
signal necessary to produce a desire level of output. High gain in communication
receiver is obtain by using multiple amplifcations stages.
Another factor that affects the sensitivity of a receiver is the signal to noise ratio.
Noise is the small random voltage, from external source and from noise varations
within’s receiver circuit’s. the noise can be si noise that oblirates the desire signal.
One methodof expressing the sensitivity of a receiver is to established the minimum
discrenable signals. The MDS is the input signal level that is approximatelyequal to
average internally generated noise floor signals.
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-by Raimel Angelo Deveza

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Observation;

I observe that in communication systems, the transmitted signal is very weak

when it reaches the receiver, particularly when it has travelled over a long
distance. The signal, which has shared the free space transmission media with
thousands of other radio signals. Radio receivers must provide the sensitivity and
selectivity that permit full recovery of the original intelligence signals.
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A communication receiver must be able to identify and select a desired

signal from thousand of othees present in frequency spectrum (selectivity) and to
provide sufficient amplification to recover the modulating signal (sensitivity). A
receiver with good sensitivity, involves high circuit gain.

Conclusion;

Therefore I conclude that were able to analyze and evaluate the AM

receptions. The communication receivers sensitivity has an ability to pick up
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weak signals. A receiver with good selectivity will isolate the desired signal in
the RF spectrum and eliminate or at least greatly alternate all other signals.
The LC tuned circuits provide initial selectivity; filters, which are used later
in the process provide additional selectivity. The optimum bandwidth is wide
enough to pass the signal and it's sideband. The sides of a tuned circuit response
curve are know as skirts. The steepness of the skirts or the skirt selectivity of a
receiver is expressed as the shape factor.

- Precious Joy Roldan

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Observation:
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In this activity about AM receiver the signal received at antenna is vey low, need
to amplify and tuned to desired frequency to avoid interference. Detector finds the
information signal from rf signal. Further amplification needed to give it enough
power to drive a loudspeaker. I also noticed about the receiver parameters, it’s a
parameters used to evaluate the ability of a receiver to successfully demodulate radio
signal. First the Sensitivity is accepting weak signals or for bandwidth improvement
factor and dynamic range. Second the Fidelity is ability of the amplifier to create an
exact replica of a signal and for insertion loss. Last a Selectivity is ability of a
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receiver to accept a given band of frequency and reject all others.

In the scilab software, we only use 1 modulation index and the frequency waves
shows stable frequency wave a communication receiver must be able to indentify
and select a desired signal from thousands of others present in frequency spectrum
and to provide sufficient amplification to recover the modulating signal.
To recover the original signal we use a diode detector. I also encounter about the
audio amplifier It is to amplify the detected audio signal to be passed to the user.
Also the automatic gain control is a dc level proportional to the received signal’s
strength is extracted from the detector stage and fed back to the IF and sometimes to
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the mixer and/or the RF amplifier. And speaker releases audio produce by the
frequency signal.

Conclusion:

One of the simpliest schemes for wireless communication is Amplitude

Modulation (AM). The idea behind AM is simple; since high frequencies can
propagate farther through air, we make high frequency sinusoid (the carrier) carry
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the low frequency signal that we want to transmit. In AM, the signal to be
transmitted rides on the amplitude of the carrier.
For the Sensitivity the minimum RF signal that can be detected at the input of a
receiver and still produce a usable demodulated info signal. Also called receiver
threshold. Depends on the noise power present at the input of the receiver, the
receiver’s noise figure, sensitivity is by reducing the noise level, reduce the
temperature, reduce bandwidth of the receiver, or improving receiving noise figure.
For Selectivity Q, is given by: Q=Xl/R. The bandwidth curve from the tuned
circuit is: BW= fr/Q. Higher Q the narrower the BW and the better the selectivity.
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The AGC help to maintain a constant output voltage level over a wide range of
RF input signal levels. Without AGC, to not miss a weak station, you would
probably blow out yout speaker while a weak station may not audible. The received
signal from the tuned station is constantly changing as a result of changing weather
and atmospheric conditions. The AGC allows you to listen to a station without
constantly monitoring the volume control.
-Joshua Benedict C. Artillo BSECE 4A