SENIOR

Basic Calculus HIGH

SCHOOL

Limits of Exponential, Module

Logarithmic, and Trigonometric 4
Functions
Quarter 3
Basic Calculus
Quarter 3 – Module 4: Limits of Exponential, Logarithmic, and Trigonometric
Functions

First Edition, 2020

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 Basic Calculus SENIOR
HIGH
SCHOOL

Module

4
Quarter 3
Limits of Exponential,
Logarithmic, and Trigonometric
Functions
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Basic Calculus (Senior High School) Module on Limits of

Exponential, Logarithmic, and Trigonometric Functions!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators
from Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its Officer-In-Charge Schools
Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin in partnership with
the Local Government of Pasig through its mayor, Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N.
Sotto.
The writers utilized the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum using the Most
Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) while overcoming their personal, social,
and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs namely:
Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking and Character while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the Basic Calculus Module on Limits of Exponential, Logarithmic, and

Trigonometric Functions!
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectation - These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module

Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be
mastered throughout the lesson.

Recap - This section will measure what learnings and skills that you
understand from the previous lesson.

Lesson- This section will discuss the topic for this module.

Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform.

Wrap Up- This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the
lessons.

Valuing-this part will check the integration of values in the learning

competency.

Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire
module. Ito po ang parts ng module
 EXPECTATIONS

Lesson: Limits of Exponential, Logarithmic, and

Trigonometric Functions

Learning Objective:

At the end of the learning episode, you are expected to:

1. compute the limits of exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric
functions using tables of values.

PRETEST

Give the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is the lim 3𝑥 ?

𝑥→1

A. 1 B. 3 C. 6 D. 9

2. Evaluate lim 𝑒 𝑥 .
𝑥→2

A. 7.39 B. 8.39 C. 9 D. 10

3. Which of the following is the lim log 𝑥?

𝑥→10

A. 4 B. 3 C. 2 D. 1

4. Evaluate lim 2𝑥 .
𝑥→3

A. 4 B. 6 C. 8 D. 16

5. Evaluate lim cos 𝑥.

𝑥→𝜋

A. 1 B. -1 C..984 D. .998
 RECAP

In your previous lesson, you discussed the one - sided limits.

-If 𝑥 approaches c from the left, or through values less than c, then we write
lim− 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑥→𝑐

- If 𝑥 approaches c from the right, or through values greater than c, then we

write lim+ 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑥→𝑐

If the left-hand limit and the right-hand limit both exist and are both
equal to L, the lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists and is equal to L.
𝑥→𝑐

If the left-hand limit and the right-hand limit exist but are not equal,
or if one of these exists while the other does not, then the two sided limit
does not exist.

LESSON

Exponential Functions

An exponential function is defined as

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 or 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 where 𝑏 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ≠ 1 and 𝑥 is a real number.

Evaluating Limits of Exponential Functions

First, we consider the natural exponential function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝑒 is

called the Euler number, and has value of 2.718281828.

Example 1. Evaluate the lim 𝑒 𝑥 .

𝑥→0

Solution: 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
−1 0.36787944117
Construct the table of values for
−0.5 0.60653065971
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 . We start by approaching −0.3 0.74081822066
−0.01 0.99004983374
the number 0 from the left or through −0.001 0.99900049983
−0.0001 0.99990000499
the values less than but close to 0. −0.00001 0.99999000005
Base on the result from the table, lim− 𝑒 𝑥 = 1 .
𝑥→0
Now we consider approaching 0 from its
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
right or through values greater than but 1 2.71828182846
0.5 1.6487212707
close to 0. From the table on the right, as 0.3 1.349858808
the values of 𝑥 get closer and closer to 0, 0.01 1.01005016708
0.001 1.00100050017
the values of 𝑓(𝑥) get closer and closer to 0.0001 1.000100005
0.00001 1.00001000005
1. So, lim+ 𝑒 𝑥 = 1.
𝑥→0

Therefore, the lim 𝑒 𝑥 = 1.

𝑥→0

Evaluating Limits of Logarithmic Functions

We now consider the common logarithmic function 𝑓(𝑥) = log10 𝑥. Recall that

𝑓(𝑥) = log10 𝑥 = log 𝑥.

Example 2. Evaluate lim log 𝑥. 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→1
0.1 −1
Solution: We will construct the table of 0.3 −0.5228787453
0.5 −0.30102999566
values for lim− log 𝑥. We first approach 0.99 −0.0043648054
𝑥→1
0.999 −0.00043451177
the number 1 from the left or through 0.9999 −0.00004343161
0.99999 −0.00000434296
the values less than but close to 1.

Base on the result from the table, as the values of 𝑥 get closer and closer to
1, the values of 𝑓(𝑥) get closer and closer to 0, so the lim− log 𝑥 = 0.
𝑥→1

Now we consider approaching 1 from

𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
its right or through values greater 2 0.30102999566
1.5 0.17609125905
than but close to 1. We will construct 1.3 0.1139433523
1.01 0.00432137378
the table of values for lim+ log 𝑥. Base on 1.001 0.00043407747
𝑥→1
1.0001 0.00004342727
the result from the table, the values of 1.00001 0.00000434292

𝑓(𝑥) get closer and closer to 0, so the lim+ log 𝑥 = 0.

𝑥→1

Therefore, the lim log 𝑥 = 0.

𝑥→1
Evaluating Limits of Trigonometric Functions

Example 3. Evaluate lim sin 𝑥.

𝑥→0

Solution: We will construct the table 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)

−1 −0.8414709848
of values for lim− sin 𝑥. We first −0.5 −0.4794255386
𝑥→0
−0.3 −0.2955202067
approach 0 from the left or through −0.1 −0.09983341665
−0.001 −0.00099999983
the values less than but close to 0. −0.0001 −0.00009999999
−0.00001 −0.00000999999
Base on the result from the table, as

the values of 𝑥 get closer and closer to 0, the values of 𝑓(𝑥) get closer and
closer to 0. In symbols, lim− sin 𝑥 = 0.
𝑥→0

Now we consider approaching 0 from 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)

its right or through values greater than 1 0.8414709848
0.5 0.4794255386
but close to 0. We will construct the table 0.3 0.2955202067
0.1 0.09983341665
of values on the right for lim+ sin 𝑥. Base 0.001 0.00099999983
𝑥→0
0.0001 0.00009999999
on the result from the table, the values 0.00001 0.00000999999

of 𝑓(𝑥) get closer and closer to 0, so the lim+ sin 𝑥 = 0.

𝑥→0

As the values of 𝑥 from the left and from the right get closer and closer to 0,
the values of 𝑓(𝑥) get closer and closer to 0.

Therefore, lim sin 𝑥 = 0.

𝑥→0
 ACTIVITIES

Evaluate the following limits by completing the table of values. Write your
answer to the nearest whole number/hundredths.

1. lim 5𝑥 = _____
𝑥→2

𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
3 125 1.1 5.873094715
2.5 1.3
2.3 1.5
2.01 25.40561478 1.99 24.60086108
2.001 1.999
2.0001
lim 5𝑥 = _____ 1.9999
lim 5𝑥 = _____
𝑥→2+
2.00001 𝑥→2−
1.99999
2. lim log 𝑥 = _____
𝑥→4

𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
5 0.6989700043 3.1 0.4913616938
4.5 3.3
4.3 3.5
4.01 0.6031443726 3.99
4.001 3.999
4.0001 3.9999 0.6020491338
4.00001 3.99999

lim log 𝑥 = _____ lim log 𝑥 = _____

𝑥→4+ 𝑥→4 −
 WRAP–UP

Finding the limit of a given function using table of values, construct a table
of values for lim− 𝑓(𝑥) and lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) .
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

We can say

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 ,
𝑥→𝑐

if and only if

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 .

𝑥→𝑐 − 𝑥→𝑐 +

VALUING

Limits allow us to study a number from afar. That is, we can study the
points around it so we can better understand the given value we want to
know.
Having limits helps us organize investments of our time, energy and
other resources.
As a senior high school student, what are your limitations in life?

POSTTEST

Evaluate the following limits by constructing the table of values.

1. lim log 𝑥
𝑥→1/2
2. lim cos 𝑥
𝑥→𝜋
1 𝑥
3. lim ( )
𝑥→1 2
 reprinted by Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd., 2002.
Leithold, Louis. 1989. College Algebra and Trigonometry. Addison Wesley Longman Inc.,
Material.
Department of Education-Bureau of Learning Resources. 2016. Precalculus Learner's
Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines.
Worktext for Math 26. Los Baños, Laguna: Institute of Mathematical
Cuaresma, Genaro A. et al. 2004. Analytic Gometry and Calculus 1: A
BOOK
R E F E R E N CE S
2. lim log 𝑥 = .6
𝑥→4
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
3.1 0.4913616938
5 0.6989700043
3.3 0.5185139399
4.5 0.6532125138
3.5 0.5440680444
4.3 0.6334684556
3.99 0.6009728957
4.01 0.6031443726
3.999 0.6019514041
4.001 0.6021685514
3.9999 0.6020491338
4.0001 0.6020708486
3.99999 0.6020589056
4.00001 0.6020610771
lim log 𝑥 =.6
𝑥→4− lim log 𝑥 = .6
𝑥→4+
1. lim 5𝑥 = 25
𝑥→2
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
3 125
1.1 5.873094715
2.5 55.90169944
1.3 8.103282983
2.3 40.51641492
1.5 11.18033989 PRETEST
2.01 25.40561478
1.99 24.60086108
2.001 25.04026834 1. B
1.999 24.95979641
2.0001 25. 00402392 2. A
1.9999 24.99597673
2.00001 25. 00040236 3. D
1.99999 24.99959764
lim 5𝑥 = 25 4. C
lim 5𝑥 = 25 𝑥→2+
𝑥→2− 5. B
ACTIVITIES
KEY TO CORRECTION