Meeting 3 and 4

Subject: Structure IV

Topic: Confusing Words:

- Adjective vs Adverb,

- Verb vs Noun

- Adjective (ed) vs Adjective (ing)

1. Adjectives with verbs of the senses

Remember that an adjective, not an adverb, is used after the verbs of the senses. The following
verbs are examples of verbs of the senses:

feel sound
look taste
smell

S V(senses) Adjective
I felt Bad about the mistake

Avoid using an adverb instead of an adjective after verbs of the senses.

Examples:
Incorrect: Although the medicine tastes badly, it seems to help my condition.
Correct: Although the medicine tastes bad, it seems to help my condition.

Incorrect: The music sounds sweetly and soothing.

Correct: The music sounds sweet and soothing.

Incorrect: The meal tasted well.

Correct: The meal tasted good.

2. Sufficiency – enough with adjectives

Remember that enough with adjectives means sufficiently.

S V adjective enough infinitive

It Is warm enough to go swimming

S V not adjective enough infinitive

It Is not warm enough to go swimming

Avoid using enough before the adjective instead of after it. Avoid using as between enough and
the infinitive.

Examples:
Incorrect: That excuse isn’t enough good.
 Correct: That excuse isn’t good enough.

Incorrect: Billy isn’t enough old to enlist in the army.

Correct: Billy isn’t old enough to enlist in the army.
Incorrect: He should be as strong enough to get out of bed in a few days.
Correct: He should be strong enough to get out of bed in a few days.

3. Adverbs of manner

Remember that adverbs of manner describe the manner in which something is done. They
answer the question, how? Adverbs of manner usually end in –ly.

S V Adverb (manner)

The class listened attentively to the lecture

Avoid using an adjective instead of an adverb of manner. Avoid using an adverb of manner
between the two words or an infinitive.

Examples:
Incorrect: Please do exact as your doctor says.
Correct: Please do exactly as your doctor says.

Incorrect: Passangers travel comfortable and safely in the new jumbo jets.
Correct: Passangers travel comfortably and safely in the new jumbo jets.

Incorrect: After only six months in the United States, Jack understood everyone perfect.
Correct: After only six months in the United States, Jack understood everyone perfectly.

4. Adverbs of manner – fast, late and hard

Remember that although most adverb of manner end in –ly, fast, late and hard do not have –ly
endings.

Note: Lately and hardly are not adverb forms of late and hard. Lately means recently. Hardly
means not at all.
Examples:
Incorrect: Helen types fastly and efficiently.
Correct: Helen types fast and efficiently.
Incorrect: The plane is scheduled to arrive lately because of bad weather.
Correct: The plane is scheduled to arrive late because of bad weather.

5. Degrees of comparison – comparative adjectives

Remember that two- and three-syllable adjectives form the comparative by using more or less
before the adjective form. One syllable adjectives form the comparative by using –er after the
form. Two- syllable adjectives which end in y form teh comparative by changing the y to i and
adding –er.

More (less) ajective (two syllables)

adjective –er (one syllable) than
Adjective (two syllables ending in –y)

An essay test is more difficult than an objective test

 than
An essay test is harder than an objective test
An essay test is easier an objective test

Avoid using as or that intead of than. Avoid using both more and –er form.

Examples:
Incorrect: This room is more spacious as the other one.
Correct: This room is more spacious than the other one.

Incorrect: New York is the larger of all American cities.

Correct: New York is the largest of all American cities.

Incorrect: Eliz has been more happy lately than she was when she first came.
Correct: Eliz has been happier lately than she was when she first came.

6. Degrees of comparison – comparative adverb

Remember that adverbs also have a comparative form to compare two verb actions and a
superlative form to compare three or more verb actions.

More adverb (two + than

syllables)
Less
Adverb –er (one syllable)

We finished the test more rapidly than Mark

We finished the test less rapidly than Mark
We finished the test faster than Mark

the most adverb (two +syllables)

least
adverb –est (one syllable)

We finished the test the most rapidly of all

We finished the test the least rapidly of all
We finished the test the fastest of all

Avoid using –er with adverbs of more than one syllable even when they end in –ly.

Examples:
Incorrect: I wish we could see each other more frequenter.
Correct: I wish we could see each other more frequently.

Incorrect: This train always leaves late than the time on the schedule.
Correct: This train always leaves later than the time on the schedule.

Incorrect: The students in Dr. Neal’s class complained the most bitter about the grading
system.
Correct: The students in Dr. Neal’s class complained the most bitterly about the grading
system.
Parts of speech

Copy page 258

 Examples:
Incorrect: A free educating is guaranteed to every citizen.
Correct: A free education is guaranteed to every citizen.

Incorrect: Even young children begin to show able in mathematics.

Correct: Even young children begin to show abiliy in mathematics.

Incorrect: The aggreing is not legal unless everyone signs his name.
Correct: The aggrement is not legal unless everyone signs his name.

7. –ed and –ing adjectives

Remember that an –ing noun that functions as an adjective usually expresses cause. It is derived
from an active verb. An –ed adjective usually expresses result. It is derived from a passive verb.

-ed adjective (by someone or something)

The audience is Thrilled (by the concert)

-ing adjective (someone or something)

The concert is Thrilling (the audience)

Examples:

Incorrect: This desk is disorganizing.

Correct: This desk is disorganized.

Incorrect: We were surprising by the results of the test.

Correct: We were surprised by the results of the test.

Incorrect: What an interested idea!

Correct: What an interesting idea!

EXERCISES

Part A: Choose the correct answer.

1. If one is suffering from a psychosomatic illness, that is, a disease contributed to by mental
anxiety, one may still feel very _________
(A) badly (C) worsely
(B) bad (D) worser

2. The Canterbury Tales, written about 1386, are as alive and ___________ today as they were
nearly 600 years ago.
A) appealed (C) appealing
B) they appeal (D) the appeal of

3. The new Disney amusement park in Japan is _________ Florida or California.

(A) the largest than the ones in (C) larger the ones in
(B) larger than the ones in (D) the largest of the ones

4. Many chemicals react _________ in acid solutions.

(A) more quick (C) quicklier
(B) more quickly (D) as quickly more
5. Unless protected areas are established, the Bengal tiger, the blue whale, and the California
condor face _________ of extinction.
(A) possible (C) to be possible
(B) the possibility (D) possibly

6. When a body enters the earth’s atmosphere, it travels __________

(A) very rapidly (C) fastly
(B) in a rapid manner (D) with great speed

7. Frost occurs in valleys and on low grounds __________ on adjacent hills.

(A) more frequently as (C) more frequently than
(B) as frequently than (D) frequently than

8. To answer accurately is more important than ____________ .

(A) a quick finish (C) finishing quickly
(B) to finish quickly (D) you finish quickly

9. Although the weather in Martha’s Vineyard isn’t _________ to have a year round tourist
season, it has become a favorite summer resort.
(A) goodly enough (C) good as enough
(B) good enough (D) enough good

10. The definitions for “gram calories” or “calories” are ______________ for most engineering
work.
(A) accurate as enough (C) accurate enough
(B) enough accurate (D) as accurate enough

11. A symbol of the ancient competition, the Olympic flame burns ____________ throughout
the games.
(A) in a continous way (C) continously
(B) continuous (D) continual

12. When a woman becomes pregnant _____________ in life, she encounters additional risks in
delivering a healthy baby.
(A) lately (C) latest
(B) lateness (D) late

Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it.

13. It is not surprised that the Arabs, who possessed a remarkable gift for astronomy,

mathematics, and geometry, were also skillful mapmakers.

14. It has been proven that when a subject identifies a substance as tasting well, he is often

associating the taste with the smell.

15. The diesel engine that runs on oil is efficienter than most other engines because it converts

more of the useful energy stored up in the fuel.

16. Quality control studies show that employees work the most efficient when they are involved

in the total operation rather than in only one part of it.

17. Because blood from different individuals may different in the type of antigen on the surface

of the red cells and the type of antibody in the plasma, a dangerous reaction can occur

between the donor and recipient in a blood transfusion.

18. The statement will be spoken just one tim; therefore, you must listen very careful in order

to understand what the speaker has said.

19. Although a doctor may be able to diagnose a problem perfect, he still may not be able to

find a drug to which the patient will respond.

20. Interest in automatic data processing has grown rapid since the first large calculators were

introduced in 1950.

21. Humorist Will Rogers was brought up on a cattle ranch in the Oklahoma Indian territory, but

the life of a cowboy was not excited enough for him.

22. The manage of a small business requires either education or experience in sales and

accounting.

23. It is not the TOEFL but the academic preparation of a student that is the best indicator of his

successfully.

24. There are twenty species of wild roses in North America, all of which have prickly stems,

pinnate leaves, and large flowers which usually smell sweet.

25. When a human being gets hurt, the brain excretes a chemical called enkaphalin to numb the

painful.

26. Even a professional psychologist may have difficulty talking calm and logically about his own

problem.

27. Thor Heyerdahl worked diligent to prove his theory of cultural diffusion.

28. Almost all large corporations provide pension plans for their employees so that they will be

secure enough than to live comfortably during their retirement.

29. Although the “Lake Poets” Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey were friends, they did not

really form a group since Southey’s style differed wide from the other two.

30. Overseas telephone service has been expanding fastly since its inauguration in 1927 when a

radio circuit was established between New York and London.

31. The purpose of the United Nations, broad speaking, is to maintain peace and security and to

encourage respect for human rights.

32. Because of the movement of a glacier, the form of the Great Lakes was very slow.

33. From the airplane, passangers are able to clearly see the outline of the whole island.

Part C Vocabulary
Each sentence below has an underlined word or pharase. Below each sentence are four other
words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). You are to choose the one word or phrase that
best keeps the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word or
phrase.

34. The landscape can change abruptly after a rainstorm in the desert Southwest.
(A) quickly (C) favorable
(B) sharply (D) slightly

35. Travel agents will confirm your reservation for you free.
(A) purchase (C) exchange
(B) verify (D) obtain

36. The Congress respected Jefferson because, although he was stern, he was fair.
(A) emulated (C) looked up to
(B) counted on (D) obeyed

37. The audience applauded enthusiastically after the performance at the Grand Old Opera.
(A) clapped (C) laughed
(B) chatted (D) contributed

38. News commentator, Eric Sevareid, had to yell to be heard above the hubbub.
(A) noise and confusion (C) argument
(B) loud music (D) sports activity

39. J.P. Morgan had reputation for being a prudent businessman.

(A) clever (C) careful
(B) wealthy (D) dishonest

40. People who live in the country enjoy a rustic life style.
(A) slow (C) simple
(B) difficult (D) happy

***
 SUFFIXES
TASK 1

1. Put the following words into the correct column below.

clarity happiness tourism government actively sympathetic

clearly peaceful strangely democracy comfortable biology

education violence pacify happily active interested regulate

clarify peacefully advisory familiar curious tolerant

teacher soften violent sympathise emotional

Noun Adjective Adverb Verb

beauty Beautiful beautifully beautify

2. How did you know where to put the words?

3. Did you find any clues in the words themselves?

A suffix is a letter or group of letters added to the end of a word in order to change the world class.

e.g. beautiful -ful changes the word into an adjective

beautifully -ly changes the adjective into an adverb

Suffixes: Nouns

Nouns have the following suffixes:

- ity - ness - ogy - ion - ist

- cy - ce - ism - er / or

TASK 2

Now, check the nouns in Task 1

 1. Were you right?

2. Can you see any other suffixes not mentioned above?

3. Now add two new nouns of your own.

Suffixes: Adjectives

Adjectives have the following suffixes:

- al - ous - ful - able - ic

- ive - ent - ed - ant - ar

TASK 3

Now check the adjectives in Task 1.

1. Were you right?

2. Can you see any other suffixes not mentioned above?

3. Now add two new adjectives of your own.

Suffixes: Adverb

Adverbs have the suffix – ly. However, not all words ending in –ly are adverbs so you need to be
careful.

e.g. friendly, lovely and lonely are adjectives

TASK 4

Write down the adverbs from the list.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

TASK 5

Look at Task 1 again. This time find the common suffixes yourself and write them here. There
are four.

1. ___________________________________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________________________________________

4. ___________________________________________________________________________
TASK 6

Now complete the table below with the correct word forms.

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

education

sympathise

tolerant

softly

comfortable

clarify

government

familiarise

active

violently

democracy

dangerously

TASK 7

There is something wrong with the word forms in all the following sentences. Find the mistakes
and circle them.

1. My brother has already graduation from college.

2. It isn’t easy because I am a foreign.

3. I decided to cook for myself to stay health.

4. Sometimes I feel life can be very stress.

5. I would like to live a more tradition way of life, like my grandparents.

6. Studying music is popularity with students.

7. I hope you have a lot of successful with your new job.

8. My friends were very sympathy when I failed my test.