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Chapter 1 - Objectives

This document introduces database systems and their components. It discusses the limitations of file-based systems, including data duplication and lack of data sharing. A database allows for a shared collection of logically related data that can be accessed and maintained through a database management system (DBMS). Key components of a DBMS include data storage, queries, security, and recovery systems. The roles of database administrators, designers and users are also outlined. Finally, advantages of DBMSs like data consistency, sharing and improved maintenance are described.

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42 views7 pages

Chapter 1 - Objectives

This document introduces database systems and their components. It discusses the limitations of file-based systems, including data duplication and lack of data sharing. A database allows for a shared collection of logically related data that can be accessed and maintained through a database management system (DBMS). Key components of a DBMS include data storage, queries, security, and recovery systems. The roles of database administrators, designers and users are also outlined. Finally, advantages of DBMSs like data consistency, sharing and improved maintenance are described.

Uploaded by

FIZA SAIF
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1 – Objectives

 Common uses of database systems.


 The problems with the file-based approach
 Meaning of the term database.
 Meaning of the term Database Management System (DBMS).
 Components of the DBMS environment.
 Typical functions of a DBMS.
 Advantages of DBMSs.
Examples of Database Systems
 Purchases from the supermarket
 Purchases using your credit card
 Booking a holiday at the travel agents
 Using the local library
 Renting a video
 Using the Internet

File-based System
 Collection of application programs that perform services for the
end users (e.g. reports).
 Each program defines and manages its own data.

File
A file is simply a collection of records, which contains logically related
data.

File-Based Systems
Consider Dream Home example for file based systems
o Sales Department: responsible for selling and renting of properties
o Contract Department: responsible for handling lease agreements
Limitations of the File-based Approach

Separation and isolation of data


 Each program maintains its own set of data.
 Users of one program may be unaware of potentially useful data
held by other programs.

Duplication of data
 Same data is held by different programs.
 Wasted space and potentially different values and/or different
formats for the same item.

Data dependence
 File structure is defined in the program code.

Incompatible file formats


 Programs are written in different languages, and so cannot easily
access each other’s files.

Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application programs


 Programs are written to satisfy particular functions.
 Any new requirement needs a new program.
Database Approach
 Arose because:
– Definition of data was embedded in application programs, rather than
being stored separately and independently.
– No control over access and manipulation of data beyond that imposed
by application programs.
 Result:
– the database and Database Management System (DBMS).
Database
 Shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this
data), designed to meet the information needs of an organization.
– Shared collection – can be used simultaneously by many
departments and users.
– Logically related data- comprises entities, attributes, and
relationships of an organization’s information.
– Description of the data – System catalog (metadata) provides
description of data to enable program–data independence.
Database Management System (DBMS)
 A software system that enables users to define, create, maintain, and control
access to the database.
 (Database) application program: a computer program that interacts with
database by issuing an appropriate request (SQL statement) to the DBMS.

Database Approach
 Data definition language (DDL).
– Permits specification of data types, structures and any data constraints.
– All specifications are stored in the database.
 Data manipulation language (DML).
– General enquiry facility (query language) of the data.
 Controlled access to database may include:
A security system
– Which prevents unauthorized users accessing the database
An integrity system
– Which maintains the consistency of stored data 
A concurrency control system
– Which allows shared access of the database
A recovery control system
– Which restores the database to a previous consistent state in case of
hardware or software failure
A user-accessible catalog
– Which contains description of the data in the database Views
View
 Allows each user to have his or her own view of the database.
 A view is essentially some subset of the database.
Views – Benefits
 Reduce complexity
 Provide a level of security
 Provide a mechanism to customize the appearance of the database
 Present a consistent, unchanging picture of the structure of the database,
even if the underlying database is changed
Components of DBMS Environment

 Hardware

Can range from a PC to a network of computers.

 Software

DBMS, operating system, network software (if necessary) and also the
application programs.
 Data

Used by the organization and a description of this data called the schema.

 Procedures

Instructions and rules that should be applied to the design and use of the
database and DBMS.

 People

Includes database designers, DBAs, application programmers, and end-users.

Roles in the Database Environment


 Data Administrator (DA)
 Database planning
 Development and maintenance of standards, policies and
procedures
 Database Administrator (DBA)
 Physical realization of the database
 Physical database design and implementation
 Security and integrity control
 Maintenance of the operational system
 Ensuring satisfactory performance of the applications for users
 Database Designers (Logical and Physical)
 Application Programmers
 End Users (naive and sophisticated)

Advantages of DBMSs
 Control of data redundancy
 Data consistency
 More information from the same amount of data
 Sharing of data
 Improved data integrity
 Improved security
 Enforcement of standards
 Economy of scale
 Balance conflicting requirements
 Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
 Increased productivity
 Improved maintenance through data independence
 Increased concurrency
 Improved backup and recovery services

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