7 Settlement of Foundaiton On Sand
7 Settlement of Foundaiton On Sand
7 Settlement of Foundaiton On Sand
Settlement of Foundation on Sand
Professor Jahangir Alam
Department of Civil Engineering, BUET, Dhaka
Total settlement
• The settlement of foundations may be regarded as
consisting of three separate components of settlement
= i + c + s
= Total settlement
i = Immediate settlement
c= consolidation Settlement
s= secondary settlement
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Total settlement
Immediate settlement
Resulting from the constant volume distortion of the
loaded soil mass
Total settlement
Consolidation settlement
Resulting from the time dependent flow of water from the loaded
area under the influence of the load generated excess pore pressure
which itself dissipated by the flow
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Total settlement
Secondary settlement / Creep
time dependent but may occur at essentially constant
effective stress for longer time
Elastic theory in soil mechanics
Elastic soil parameters As pointed out by Davis and Poulos (1968), the
• Young’s Modulus, E assumption of elastic soil parameters does not
• Poison’s ratio, imply that real soil behaves as an ideal elastic
solid.
• Elastic‐type behaviour may be simulated at small strains under loading
conditions
• Which ensure a high factor of safety against failure
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Elastic theory in soil mechanics
The elastic soil constants must be experimentally
determined under conditions which simulate the
range of stresses
Distributions of stress and displacement in an
elastic solid caused by a distributed load are
based on integrations of the effect of a vertical
point load
Elastic Pressure Bulb (TENG, 1962)
Strip footing
Circular footing
• Elastic stress distributions
• useful qualitative conceptual aid
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Elastic Pressure bulb (TENG, 1962)
Square footing
Settlement and Contact Stress
Flexible footing Rigid footing
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Elastic settlements
As pointed out by Davis and Poulos (1968), in a layered soil the
total final settlement may be obtained by summation of the
vertical strains in each layer
All are increment of stress
Determination of increase in vertical stress under the centre of uniformly
loaded flexible footings, after Janbu, Bjerrum and Kjaernslif (1956)
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Determination of increase in vertical stress under the centre of uniformly
loaded flexible footings, after Janbu, Bjerrum and Kjaernslif (1956)
Undrained or immediate settlements of clay
If a saturated clay layer is rapidly loaded locally, the low permeability of the
clay retards drainage of water out of the pores and the clay deforms in the
undrained or constant volume mode
Considering = 0.49
Applicable for Strip, Square, Circular and Rectangular footings
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Worked out Example‐01 (immediate settlement of
footing on clay)
3.0m
• Square footing, 4mx4m clay
• Uniform bearing pressure, q= 100 kN/m2 10.0m E=10 MPa
• Find the elastic settlement
10.0m E=12 MPa clay
Rigid base
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Modulus of Elasticity of Soil
𝐸𝑠 according to AASHTO
Modulus of Elasticity of Soil 𝐸𝑠 according to AASHTO
N160
is corrected SPT‐N
value for overburden
pressure and 60%
energy application
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TABLE 5‐6 (Bowels_ Foundation analysis and design)
𝑬𝒔 by several test methods
Equations for stress‐strain modulus 𝑬
Applicable for
sand
TABLE 5‐6 (Bowels_ Foundation analysis and design)
𝑬𝒔 by several test methods
Equations for stress‐strain modulus 𝑬
Applicable
For Clay
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Worked out Example (Elastic Settlement)
The elastic
Settlement
= 17 mm
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Consolidation of sand
• Permeability of sand is high
• Drainage occurs almost instantaneously – The settlement is IMMEDIATE
• Elastic and consolidation processes cannot be isolated
• Primary Consolidation is incorporated in the elastic parameters
• Coarse‐grained soils DO NOT undergo consolidation settlement due to
relatively high hydraulic conductivity compared to clayey soils
• Instead, coarse‐grained soils undergo IMMEDIATE settlement
Bearing Capacity considering Settlement
Bearing Pressure, qo= 200 kPa Top layer is a OC clay,
Preconsolidation pressure = 300 kPa
assume Cc=0.15; Cs=0.03
Ref: Bowels_
Foundation Analysis
And Design (Fifth Ed.)
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𝐸𝑠
Calculation of average 𝐸
𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝐼
𝐿
1.5 &
𝐵
𝜇 0.3
IF
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𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼
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Settlement is calculated only at corner
Point of a foundation 𝑚𝑓 1
𝑚𝑓 4
𝑚𝑓 2
For calculating settlement at center
𝑚𝑓
Value of 𝑚 4
Calculation of elastic settlement
H= 0.000271* qo= 0.000271*200=0.0542 m
Elastic settlement = 54 mm
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Calculation of consolidation settlement
Top layer is a OC clay,
Pre‐consolidation pressure = 300 kPa
assume Cc=0.15
Cs=0.03
𝐶𝑠 𝐶𝑐
eo
300 kPa
𝐶𝑠
pressure
Calculation of consolidation settlement
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Calculation of allowable bearing capacity and subgrade modulus
∆𝐻 54 28 82 𝑚𝑚
EFFECT OF SIZE ON FOUNDATION
SETTLEMENT
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Variation of Settlement due to variation of size of foundation
Q= 3000 kN
3m x 3m
Calculation of consolidation settlement for Clay
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Calculation of consolidation settlement for Clay
Variation of Settlement due to variation of size of foundation
Q= 192000 kN
24m x 24m
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Calculation of consolidation settlement for Clay
Variation of Settlement due to variation of size of mat
Q= 3000 kN
3m x 3m
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Calculation of Elastic settlement for Sand
Calculation of Elastic Settlement for Sand
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Calculation of Elastic settlement for Sand
Q= 192000 kN
24m x 24m
Calculation of Elastic settlement for Sand
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Calculation of Elastic settlement for Sand
Summary of settlement calculation for different
size of foundation
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