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02 Mathematical Background

The document discusses the mathematical background required for finite element analysis. It covers topics like vector analysis, matrix theory, and vector spaces. Vector analysis concepts covered include definitions of vectors, gradient, divergence, curl and integral theorems. Matrix theory topics include types of matrices, operations, partitioning and inversion. Vector spaces are defined as collections of vectors in a coordinate system that can be linearly dependent or independent.

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Anamol
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20 views9 pages

02 Mathematical Background

The document discusses the mathematical background required for finite element analysis. It covers topics like vector analysis, matrix theory, and vector spaces. Vector analysis concepts covered include definitions of vectors, gradient, divergence, curl and integral theorems. Matrix theory topics include types of matrices, operations, partitioning and inversion. Vector spaces are defined as collections of vectors in a coordinate system that can be linearly dependent or independent.

Uploaded by

Anamol
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

ME751
Mechanical IV/II

Chapter 2
Mathematical Background
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The mathematics required for the study of finite element analysis
can vary from elementary to sophisticated. Most concepts can be
mastered with a reasonable knowledge of vector analysis, matrix
analysis, and differential equations.

2.2 VECTOR ANALYSIS


• Definition, Unit Vector
• Vector Differential Operator
• Gradient, Divergence, Curl
• Integral Theorems: Divergence Theorem, Green’s theorem

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2.3 MATRIX THEORY
• Matrix Definition: Diagonal matrix, Identity matrix, Null matrix,
Symmetric matrix, Skew symmetric matrix

• Matrix Operations: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication

• Determinants

• Matrix Transpose, Matrix Inversion

• Rank of a Matrix

• Singular Matrix

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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Matrix Partioning
To facilitate matrix multiplications and to take advantage of the
special form of the matrices, it may be useful to partition a matrix
into submatrices. A submatrix is a matrix that is obtained from the
original matrix by including only the elements of certain rows and
columns.

where

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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Example 2.1
Evaluate the matrix product [C] = [A] [B] by using the following
partioning.

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2.4 VECTOR SPACE
Consider a column vector of
order 3 such as

{x} represents a geometric


vector in a chosen coordinate
system in three-dimensional
space.

The geometric representation of {x} depends completely on the


coordinate system chosen; in other words, it would give the
components of a vector in a different coordinate system, then the
geometric representation of {x} would be different from the one in
Figure.
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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Therefore, the coordinates (or components of a vector) alone do not
define the actual geometric quality, but they need to be given together
with the specific coordinate system in which they are measured.
The concepts of three dimensional geometry generalize to a vector
of any finite order n. If n >3, we can no longer obtain a plot of the
vector; however, we shall see that mathematically all concepts that
pertain to vectors are independent of n. As before, when we
considered the specific case n = 3, the vector of order n represents a
quantity in a specific coordinate system of an n-dimensional space.
Assume that we are dealing with a number of vectors all of order n,
which are defined in a fixed coordinate system. Then the collection
of vectors x1, x2, …., xn is said to be linearly dependent if there
exists numbers α1, α2, …, α3, which are not all zero, such that

If the vectors are not linearly dependent, they are called linearly
independent vectors. 8
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Example 2.2
Determine if the vectors {1 0 0}T, {0 1 0}T and {0 0 1}T are
linearly dependent or independent.

According the definition of linear dependency, check if there are


constants α1, α2, and α3 , not all zero, that satisfies the equation

which is satisfied only if α1 = α2 = α3 = 0; therefore, the given


vectors are linearly independent.

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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

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