Date: 8/15/2020

Topic: Electric Forces And Electric fields

Important Concepts:
Proton Electron

Mass = Mass

Charge = Charge

 Electricity has many useful applications that have come about because it is
possible to transfer electric charge from one object to another. Usually
electrons are transferred, and the body that gains electrons acquires an
excess of negative charge. The body that loses electrons has an excess of
positive charge (Cutnell, Johnson, Young, & Stadler, 2012).

 the law of conservation of electric charge is obeyed.” During any process,

the net electric charge of an isolated system remains constant” (Cutnell,
Johnson, Young, & Stadler, 2012).

 Like charges repel and unlike charges attract each other. (Cutnell,
Johnson, Young, & Stadler, 2012).

 Electric charge can not only exist on an object, but it can also move through
an object. However, materials differ vastly in their abilities to allow electric
charge tomove or be conducted through them. . (Cutnell, Johnson, Young, &
Stadler, 2012).

 Electrons are conducted through the bar from the negatively charged object
toward the positively charged object. Substances that readily conduct electric
charge are called electrical conductors. (Cutnell, Johnson, Young, &
Stadler, 2012).

 Materials that conduct electric charge poorly are known as electrical

insulators. (Cutnell, Johnson, Young, & Stadler, 2012).

References:

Cutnell, J. D., Johnson, K. W., Young, D., & Stadler, S. (2012). Cutnell & Johnson physics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Giancoli, D. C. (2014). Physics: Principles with applications. Boston: Pearson.
Walker, J., Halliday, D., & Resnick, R. (2014). Fundamentals of physics:. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.
Young, H. D., Freedman, R. A., Ford, A. L., & Sears, F. W. (2016). Sears and Zemansky's university physics:
With modern physics. Boston: Pearson.
Serway, R. A., & Jewett, J. W. (2019). Physics for scientists and engineers with modern physics. Australia:
Cengage.
 Date: 8/15/2020

Topic: Electric Forces And Electric fields

 The process of giving one object a net electric charge by placing it in contact
with another object that is already charged is known as charging by contact.
(Cutnell, Johnson, Young, & Stadler, 2012).

 The process of giving one object a net electric charge without touching the
object to a second charged object is called charging by induction. (Cutnell,
Johnson, Young, & Stadler, 2012).

 The electrostatic force that stationary charged objects exert on each other
depends on the amount of charge on the objects and the distance between
them. (Cutnell, Johnson, Young, & Stadler, 2012).

 The electric field that exists at a point is the electrostatic force experienced by
a small test charge* q0 placed at that point divided by the charge itself: .
(Cutnell, Johnson, Young, & Stadler, 2012).

 It is the surrounding charges that create an electric field at a given

point. Any positive or negative charge placed at the point interacts with the
field and, as a result, experiences a force, as the next example indicates.
(Cutnell, Johnson, Young, & Stadler, 2012).

 the idea of electric field lines. Since the electric field is the electric force per
unit charge, field lines are also called lines of force. (Cutnell, Johnson,
Young, & Stadler, 2012).

 In general, electric field lines are always directed away from positive
charges and toward negative charges. (Cutnell, Johnson, Young, &
Stadler, 2012).

 Electric field lines always begin on a positive charge and end on a

negative charge and do not start or stop in midspace. Furthermore, the
number of lines leaving a positive charge or entering a negative charge
is proportional to the magnitude of the charge. (Cutnell, Johnson, Young,
& Stadler, 2012).

 In general, at equilibrium under electrostatic conditions, any excess

charge resides on the surface of a conductor. (Cutnell, Johnson, Young, &
Stadler, 2012).

References:

Cutnell, J. D., Johnson, K. W., Young, D., & Stadler, S. (2012). Cutnell & Johnson physics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Giancoli, D. C. (2014). Physics: Principles with applications. Boston: Pearson.
Walker, J., Halliday, D., & Resnick, R. (2014). Fundamentals of physics:. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.
Young, H. D., Freedman, R. A., Ford, A. L., & Sears, F. W. (2016). Sears and Zemansky's university physics:
With modern physics. Boston: Pearson.
Serway, R. A., & Jewett, J. W. (2019). Physics for scientists and engineers with modern physics. Australia:
Cengage.
 Date: 8/15/2020

Topic: Electric Forces And Electric fields

 Thus, at equilibrium under electrostatic conditions, the electric field is
zero at any point within a conducting material. (Cutnell, Johnson, Young,
& Stadler, 2012).

 In presenting Gauss’ law, it will be necessary to introduce a new idea called

electric flux. The idea of flux involves both the electric field and the surface
through which it passes. (Cutnell, Johnson, Young, & Stadler, 2012).

 The electric flux E through a Gaussian surface is equal to the net charge Q
enclosed by the surface divided by _0, the permittivity of free space: (Cutnell,
Johnson, Young, & Stadler, 2012).

Giancoli’s outline:

 no net electric charge can be created or destroyed. (Giancoli, 2014).

1.Electric field lines indicate the direction of the electric field; the field points
in the direction tangent to the field line at any point.
2. The lines are drawn so that the magnitude of the electric field, E, is proportional
to the number of lines crossing unit area perpendicular to the lines.
The closer together the lines, the stronger the field.
3. Electric field lines start on positive charges and end on negative charges;
and the number starting or ending is proportional to the magnitude of the charge.
(Giancoli, 2014).

 Gauss’s law involves the concept of electric flux, which refers to the electric
field passing through a given area. (Giancoli, 2014).

Young’s outline:
 Most metals are good conductors, while most nonmetals are insulators.
 The electric force on a charged body is exerted by the electric field
created by other charged bodies.
 the electric field E experienced by a point charge does not depend on the
value of that point charge. The value of E is determined by the charges that
produce the field, not the charge that experiences it.

Serway’s outline:
 Electrical conductors are materials in which some of the electrons are free
electrons that are not bound to atoms and can move relatively freely through

References:

Cutnell, J. D., Johnson, K. W., Young, D., & Stadler, S. (2012). Cutnell & Johnson physics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Giancoli, D. C. (2014). Physics: Principles with applications. Boston: Pearson.
Walker, J., Halliday, D., & Resnick, R. (2014). Fundamentals of physics:. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.
Young, H. D., Freedman, R. A., Ford, A. L., & Sears, F. W. (2016). Sears and Zemansky's university physics:
With modern physics. Boston: Pearson.
Serway, R. A., & Jewett, J. W. (2019). Physics for scientists and engineers with modern physics. Australia:
Cengage.
 Date: 8/15/2020

Topic: Electric Forces And Electric fields

the material; electrical insulators are materials in which all electrons are
bound to atoms and cannot move freely through the material.

References:

Cutnell, J. D., Johnson, K. W., Young, D., & Stadler, S. (2012). Cutnell & Johnson physics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Giancoli, D. C. (2014). Physics: Principles with applications. Boston: Pearson.
Walker, J., Halliday, D., & Resnick, R. (2014). Fundamentals of physics:. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.
Young, H. D., Freedman, R. A., Ford, A. L., & Sears, F. W. (2016). Sears and Zemansky's university physics:
With modern physics. Boston: Pearson.
Serway, R. A., & Jewett, J. W. (2019). Physics for scientists and engineers with modern physics. Australia:
Cengage.