A PROJECT PROPOSAL

ON
THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN AUTOMATIC WASTE BIN.

BY

AKPAN, KINGSLEY MONDAY

AK15/ENG/MEC/006

SUBMITTED
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B. ENG) DEGREE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

THE AUTHOR ……………………………

AKPAN, KINGSLEY MONDAY

SUPERVISED BY ……………………………….
ENGR. DR. DOMINIC EKPO

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT ………………………………..

ENGR. DR. GODWIN I. EKONG

1
 DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to the Almighty God.

2
ABSTRACT
The amount of waste has been increasing due to the increase in human population and
urbanization. In cities, the overflowed bin creates an unhygienic environment. Thus, degrades the
environment, to overcome this situation “Automatic Waste Bin” is developed to reduce work for
the ragpickers. The wastes are segregated by the human beings which leads to health problems to
the workers and the people living in the environment as well as blocking drainage systems etc. A
waste bin that is automated is an automatic waste container. This helps keep garbage from
clogging the bin lids.
The proposed system has an infrared device that enables human presence to be sensed and the
waste container to be opened or closed. The waste container also has its own potential for odor
neutralization and a signal alarm to notify the environment when the bin is filled up to the brim
as well as a channel point connected with a hose to send out any liquidize substances that can
cause foul odor. This system is not only cost efficient, it also makes the waste management a
productive one.

3
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
Contents
Title page 1
Dedication 2
Abstract 3
Table of contents 4-5
Acknowledgement 8

Chapter One
1.0 Introduction 9
1.1 Problem Statement 10
1.2 Aim and objectives 10
1.3 Scope and limitations 11
1.3.1 Limitations 11
1.4 Future Scope 11
1.5 Significance of the project 11
Chapter Two
2.0 Literature review 12
2.1 Hardware Design 12
2.2.1 Design Analysis 13
2.2.1 Software Design 13
2.2 Components And Its Properties 14
2.2.1 Arduino Nano Board 14
2.2.2 Range Sensor 14
2.3 Battery Holder 15
2.3.1 Electrolytic Capacitor 16
2.3.2 Plastic Waste Container 16
2.3.3 DC Motor 17

4
2.3.4 Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR) 17
2.4 Advantages Of An Automatic Waste Bin 17
2..4.1Touchless And Hygienic 18
2.4.2 It Won’t Close On Your Hand 18
2.4.3 The Bulky Trash Is No Problem 18
2.4.4 Battery Or AC Adapter 18
2.4.5 Smooth And Silent Lid Operation 18
2.4.6 A Fast Liner Change 18
2.4.7 Custom Fit Trash Can Liners 18
2.4.8 Fast, Accurate Alarm system 18
2.4.9 Wave Your Hand 19
2.5 Advantages Of Automation 19
Chapter Three
3.0 Methodology 20
3.1 Design And Construction Consideration 20
3.2 Power Requirement 20
3.2.1 Power Supply 20
3.2.2 Working Principle 21
3.3 Bill Of Engineering Measurement And Evaluation (BEME) 21-22
3.3.1 Design Procedure 23
3.3.2 Hardware Design 23
Chapter Four
4.0 Anticipated Results 24
4.1 Gantt Chart 24
Conclusion 25
References 26
Appendix 27

5
LIST OF FIQURES
Pages
Figure 2.0 Block diagram of a smart waste bin. 13
Figure 2.1: The Input Interface for the State Sensors 14
Figure 2.2 Pictorial view of Arduino controller 14
Figure 2.3 Pictorial view of ultrasonic module 15
Figure 2.4 Pictorial view of servo motor 15
Figure 2.5 Pictorial view of battery holder 15
Figure 2.6 Pictorial view of electrolytic capacitor 16
Figure 2.7 Pictorial view of a plastic waste container 16
Figure 2.8 Pictorial view of DC Motor 17
Figure 2.9 Pictorial view of PIR module 17
Figure 3.0 Block diagram of the Smart Waste Bin 17
Figure 3.1 Construction stages 18

6
 LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 3.1 Bill Of Engineering Measurement And Evaluation (BEME) 21-22
Table 4.1 Gantt Chart 24

7
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my deep gratitude to the Almighty God for the divine inspiration and empowerment
given to me all through this study. I am highly delighted to my sponsor, siblings, friends and
well-wishers for their support both monetarily or otherwise. I'm grateful to my esteemed
supervisor, Engr. Dr. Dominic Ekpo whose academic experience and contributions have added a
lot to this project work.
Also, my special thanks go to the Head of Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engr. Dr.
Godwin I. Ekong and the entire staff of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Akwa Ibom
State University for their love, support and for everything they have done so far in making my
academic pursuit in this institution a success.
Furthermore, a very special appreciation goes to my colleagues in the Department of Mechanical
Engineering, for their invaluable contributions to this project work.

8
 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Environmental problems are raised by modern cities for waste collection and disposal. Therefore,
smart waste systems became essential for cities that aim to reduce cost and manage resources
and time. Currently, the trend is shifting towards smart devices and internet of things (IoT)
solutions to overcome common problems such as waste management issues. Optimizing the
process of trash collection is the main purpose of the smart solutions provided by industry.
However, the cost of applying such solutions is still relatively high. The purpose of this work is
to present a cost-effective smart waste bin for localized and small-scale cases, such as small
parks, university campus and hospitals. The literature of this paper will present a literature
review of past related papers and commercial solutions. Then methodology and methods section
will explain the work of the system and all the hardware and software used in this work, finally,
the design of the smart waste bin.
Automation systems has many advantages over the manual systems because these types of
automation systems increase efficiency, productivity and reduces the utilization of resources and
operational cost. The automation systems play a vital role in the term “smart home” to make the
routine life comfortable. Among all the existing application for the proper waste management
can be a significant contribution in the society. Over the last few decades, a massive increase in
the generation of municipal, industrial and medical solid waste has been seen. This increase has
resulted in various environmental and health hazard issues specifically in developing countries
like Nigeria. So, an efficient monitoring and management system for the produced solid waste is
one of the primary needs especially in large urban cities like Lagos.
It is a common practice now a day to make things automatic which are manually controlled and
require a lot of effort and time. We can easily decrease the load on humans by making systems
automatic. The systems which are automated are quite cost effective than the systems which are
manually controlled. Automated systems also require minimal effort and management of such
systems is easier than manually controlled systems. Considering the fact that, specifically in
large urban cities, it is one of the major problems of the modern era that solid waste management
(SWM) should be done efficiently. Especially in a country like Nigeria where there is a huge
problem of environmental pollution and the use of modern technology in this regard is still at a
minimum as compared to the developed countries. The management of both hospital and
municipal waste is also one of the biggest problems in our country. Hospitals and health care
facilities produce almost 250,000 tons of waste on annual basis. A thoroughly controlled and
organized management of solid waste should be done if we want to shield our societies’ health
and our environment from the possible dangers of late waste dumping and environmental
contamination. The different waste types which create pollution in the environment and which
this work stresses on is household trash comprising of food wastes, plants or trees, and the waste
generated in hospitals, industries etc.

9
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT
 
Solid waste generation rates estimate the amount of waste created by residence or businesses
over a certain amount of time (day, year, etc.). Waste generation includes all materials discarded,
whether or not they are later recycled or disposed in a landfill. Waste generation rates for
residential and commercial activities can be used to estimate the impact of new developments on
the local waste stream.
As a consequence, if solid waste management is to be accomplished in an efficient and orderly
manner, the fundamental aspects and relationship involved must be identified, adjusted for
uniformity of data, and understood clearly. Indiscriminate dumping of solid waste and failure of
the collection system in a populated community would soon cause health problems. The
activities involved with the management of solid waste from the point of generation to final
disposal have been grouped into six functional elements: -
1. Waste generation
2. Onsite handling and storage and processing
3. Collection
4. Transfer and transport
5. Processing and recovery
6. Disposal.

Determination of the generation rate of solid waste is important to obtain data in order to
determine waste volume and for subsequent solid waste management. In addition to knowing the
determine waste volume and for subsequent solid waste management. In addition to knowing the
source and composition of solid waste, it is equally important to have uniform units of
expression such as for commercial waste (kg/x/day where x can be m2 of the floor area of
commercial establishment, unit volume, the number of employees etc.). For institution waste
(kg/x/day where x can be the number of students, m2 of the area or public place, visitor etc.)
Waste management aims to minimize the amount of waste generated, recover the waste materials
and recycle them and dispose the waste safely and effectively.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE

The aim of this project is to design and construct an automatic waste bin for the purpose of
collecting at public places in cities and local environments. Automatic open-close lid for ease of
use. There is no contact touch between dustbin and Person, so, prevention from germs and
diseases guaranteed. Warning message indication when a Smart Trash Bin is nearly full. Healthy
Environment maintained in particular area. Smart Trash Bin can be used in Colleges/University
Campus, Shopping malls, Railway stations etc.

The overall objectives of the automatic waste bin are summarized below:
To assess the activities involved for the proposed and determine the type, nature and estimated
volumes of waste to be generated;
To identify any potential environmental impacts from the generation of waste at the site.
To recommend appropriate waste handling and disposal measures.
Monitoring the waste management. Providing an automated technology for waste system.
Avoiding human intervention. Reducing human time and effort etc.

10
1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This project is meant to design and construct an automatic waste bin that will automatically
open-close lid for ease-of-use, warning message indication in the form of an alarm when a Smart
Trash Bin is nearly full.

1.3.1 LIMITATIONS:
• Size of the waste must be less than or equal to the dimension of the funnel mouth size i.e.,
20cm X 20cm
• The magnetic metals attached to the permanent magnets must be scraped out manually from the
metallic bin.

1.4 FUTURE SCOPE:

• Inlet section can be incorporated with a crusher mechanism to reduce the size of the incoming
waste.
• Inlet section can also be integrated with a blower mechanism to dehumidify the waste input in
the system.
• Provisions can be made for on spot decomposition of wet waste.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

 Smart bins are environmentally friendly, by reducing the need for collection visits, smart
bins lower emissions of carbon dioxide and other gases. As a result, we’re getting cleaner
and safer streets.
 Using a gentle compaction system maximizes bin capacity, allowing you to keep more
waste in the bin.
 The smart bins will be standardized in a way that they can be emptied using existing
collection equipment. 
 Smart bins increase recycling rates.
 Compared to traditional recycling bins, smart bins take up less space on the footpath,
reducing clutter and making it easier for people to move around the city. 

11
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

One of the main concerns with our environment has been solid waste management which in
addition to disturbing the balance of the environment also has adverse effects on the health of the
society. The identification, monitoring and management of wastes are part of the primary
problems of the present era. The traditional way of manually monitoring the wastes in waste bins
is a complex, cumbersome process and utilizes more human effort, time and cost which is not
compatible with the present-day technologies. Solid waste management is a big challenge in
urban areas. Over the years, a lot of systems have been developed and various methods used for
solid waste management. The work in (Glouche and Couderc, 2013) talked about the use of
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) to improve waste management by providing early
automatic identification of waste at bin level.

The work proposes a smart bin application based on information self-contained in tags associated
to each waste item. The wastes are tracked by smart bins using a RFID-based system without
requiring the support of an external information system. This system cannot be easily
implemented in developing nations where goods do not have RFID tags. It will also be expensive
to implement. Bashir et al (2013) proposed an advanced method in which waste bin is
automated. The proposed system would be able to automate the solid waste monitoring process
and management of the overall collection process.

2.1 Hardware Design

In order to design the system hardware, the concept that is embodied in the system is presented
in block diagram shown in figure 2.0. The system comprises the State Sensors, the output
display, the load driver, the load, the communication module and the control unit.
Outp ut Display Load

State
Co nt rol Un it Load Dr iver
Sens or s

Po wer
Communication Su pply
Mo dule

Figure 2.0: Block diagram of Smart Waste Bin

12
The state sensors are implemented using limit switches and proximity sensor. These help the
controller to know the state of the system. There are four states of the system: Smart bin door is
open; the Smart bin door is closed; the Smart bin is filled up; a request is made to evacuate the
waste in the Smart bin; the Smart bin is empty.
The Load represents the motor that drives the door mechanism of smart waste bin management
system. A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current electrical
power into mechanical power. The Communication Module (alarm system) notifies the Smart
waste bin management system operator or the environment when the waste system is filled up.

2.1.1 DESIGN ANALYSIS

The State Sensors

Figure 2.1: The Input Interface for the State Sensors

Figure 2.1 is the input interface for the state sensors. Open and close Limit switches help the
controller to know the state of the door during opening and closing operations. The door of the
waste bin is normally closed. The proximity sensor senses the presence of a user when he/she is
within a certain distance and sends the signal to the controller. The stepper motor is then
triggered to open the lid of the waste bin for the user to drop the waste after which the bin motor
automatically closes the bin. The controller monitors the level of waste in the bin via the
operational amplifiers configured as comparators. The laser LEDs transmits light to the light
dependent resistor (LDR). When the waste material blocks the light rays on both ways (p1.0 and
p1.2), it means that the bin is filled up. The door closes and the proximity sensor is cut off to
prevent the opening of the lid when another user approaches and the state of the system is
displayed on the LCD. At the same time, an alarm is triggered within the system.
2.1.2 The Software Design
The software design involves the design of the flowchart for the AT89C51 control program.
Because of the critical nature of software, structured programming and top-down software
development methodologies are usually used by many microprocessor system application

13
designers. In structured programming, each software component is first described in terms of a
few fairly abstract statements, and then they are iteratively refined until they could be expressed
in the algorithm. The application program, that is, the set of instructions directing the
microprocessor’s execution of a specific task must first be developed and then loaded into the
memory unit.

2.2 COMPONENTS AND ITS PROPERTIES

2.2.1 ARDUINO NANO BOARD
Arduino ATMEGA is an open-source microcontroller board based on the AT mega 2560, shown
in the Figure 2.2 is a 32-bit AVR microcontroller with complementary components that facilitate
programming and incorporation into other circuits. The board is easy to configure, as it is an
open-source platform and a freeware licensed software. This makes using an Arduino more
straightforward by allowing the use of an ordinary computer as the programmer. Currently, opt
boot loader is the default boot loader installed on Arduino ATMEGA.

Figure 2.2: Pictorial view of Arduino controller

2.2.2 RANGE SENSOR
Range sensors are devices that capture the three-dimensional (3-D) structure of the world from
the viewpoint of the sensor, usually measuring the depth to the nearest surfaces. These
measurements could be at a single point, across a scanning plane, or a full image with depth
measurements at every point. The benefits of this range data is that a robot can be reasonably
certain where the real world is, relative to the sensor, thus allowing the robot to more reliably
find navigable routes, avoid obstacles, grasp objects, act on industrial parts etc.

14
 Figure 2.3. Pictorial view of range sensor
2.3 BATTERY HOLDER
A battery holder is one or more compartments or chambers for holding a battery. For dry cells,
the holder must also make electrical contact with the battery terminals. For wet cells, cables are
often connected to the battery terminals, as found in automobiles or emergency lighting
equipment. It will need a 18V battery to power the automatic waste bin.

Figure 2.5: Pictorial view of battery holder

2.3.1 ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR
Aluminum capacitors are polarized electrolytic capacitors whose anode electrode (+) is made of
a pure aluminum foil with an etched surface. The aluminum forms a very thin insulating layer of
aluminum oxide by anodization that acts as the dielectric of the capacitor. A non-solid electrolyte
covers the rough surface of the oxide layer, serving in principle as the second electrode (cathode)
(-) of the capacitor. A second aluminum foil called “cathode foil” contacts the electrolyte and
serves as the electrical connection to the negative terminal of the capacitor.

15
 Figure 2.6 Pictorial view of electrolytic capacitor

2.3.2 PLASTIC WASTE CONTAINER

A waste container is a container for temporarily storing waste, and is usually made out of metal
or plastic. Some common terms are dustbin, garbage can, and trash can. The words "rubbish",
"basket" and "bin" are more common in British English usage; "trash" and "can" are more
common in American English usage. "Garbage" may refer to food waste specifically (when
distinguished from "trash") or to municipal solid waste in general.

Figure 2.7: Pictorial view of plastic waste container

2.3.3 DC MOTOR
The DC motor shown in the figure below is used to drive the cross slide to provide linear
movement. This motor can deliver high output torque as it consists of worm and worm wheel
arrangement fitted into its shaft and is housed perfectly. Rotation is possible in both clockwise
and also, in counter clockwise directions.

16
 Figure 2.8: Pictorial view of DC Motor

2.3.4 Passive infrared sensor (PIR)

This module as shown in Figure 2:9 is made up of pyroelectric sensor which detects INFRA-
RED radiation as a result of heat generation from humans. This device consists of three pins
which are Vcc, Ground and output. The Vcc and the Ground is used to power the module with
5V while the output goes high when it detects motion. The module was used to ascertain that the
object affronts the waste bin is human.

Figure 2:9: Pictorial view of PIR module

2.4 ADVANTAGES OF AN AUTOMATIC WASTE BIN

This amazing trash can is totally touchless. No more touching dirty lids or having to use your
foot to open the rubbish can. It amazingly opens whenever and closes on its own silently. It’s
very nice that it can simply open the lid for a five-minute duration if you would like it open
longer. It has a large-sized opening so it’s easy to urge your garbage in. Some touchless garbage
cans have very small openings but not this one. Also, this lid warns you with a blinking red light
when it’s going to close which may be a nice feature.

2.4.1 Touchless and Hygienic

Just the motion of your hand opens the lids automatically. Avoid exposure to the illness-causing
germs and bacteria that survive trash can surfaces, it’s the hygienic and convenient choice.

17
2.4.2 It Won’t Close on Your Hand

During lid closing, the unique Reflex Technology automatically reopens the lid if it senses you
have moved your hand back in.

2.4.3 The bulky Trash is No Problem

The extra-wide 12.75″ opening makes it easy to dispose of milk cartons and other big and bulky
trash.

2.4.4 Battery or AC Adapter Power

Choose to operate with batteries (not included) or go battery-free with an official touchless AC
Adapter.

2.4.5 Smooth and Silent Lid Operation

This sensor trash can’s lid has a planetary gear system that transfers speed to torque for smooth,
consistent lid operation that closes quietly and silently every time.

2.4.6 A Faster Liner Change

This can also feature an innovative ‘liner pocket’ that stores and dispenses Simple human custom
fit liners from inside the garbage can so they are always at your fingertips, which makes
changing liners quick and easy.

2.4.7 Custom Fit Trash Can Liners

Simple human code H trash Can liners are a perfect fit for this trash can. They are made from
extra-durable plastic with thick double seams to prevent rips and tears and have been rated
among the top in strength. Extra strong to keep garbage in the bag not on the floor or the bottom
of your trash can.

2.4.8 Fast, Accurate Alarm System

Throwing trash away has never been easier or more efficient with this Sensor garbage can.
Moreover, when the waste Can is filled up to the brim of the Can, it triggers an alarm which is
connected with a spring that measures the weight of the waste deposited on the bin to notify
waste collectors and the entire environment where the bin is being placed.

2.4.9 Wave Your Hand

This touch-free sensor trash can also have a motion control sensor with infrared fields that sense
the area above and in front of the can so when you wave your hand, it opens the lid
automatically. It’s smart enough to adapt to you and the surrounding environment, no false

18
triggers, no unexpected lid closures. It’s a hands-free operation for a cleaner, more hygienic trash
experience.

2.5 ADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATION

Some of the general advantages of automated collection often touted by its proponents include
the following:
For Residents
•Convenient and easy method for residents to dispose of trash.
•Wheeled containers are easier, more maneuverable, and safer for residents because there is no
carrying or lifting of heavy trash cans.
•The capacity of most cans provided in these programs is equal to three or four regular trash
cans.
•The containers keep rodents and pets out of trash given the tight lids.
•Helps to eliminate “over service,” as carts have a finite capacity as compared to manual bag
programs.
•Containers are provided by and maintained by the community or hauler.
•Cleaner, healthier neighborhoods with no litter on streets after pickup.

19
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

This study anticipates to adopt the following methodologies:

1. Design and construction considerations

2. Tool and Materials

3. Work Description

4. Design Procedure

3.1 Design and construction consideration.

For optimum performance and easy maintenance of the automatic waste bin, following factors
will be taken into serious consideration.

1. Simplicity of design to meet the required standard and specification, like size, weight,
input, output and power consumption.
2. Strength of the materials to ensure their durability and reliability.
3. Construction method used to ensure reliability and durability of the product.

3.2 Power Requirement

The power required by the system can be achieved by stepping down voltage from 230V AC to
15V AC. The 15V AC generated by the transformer (TR1) is then converted to DC via the use of
a rectifier (BR1). Afterwards, 1000uf capacitor (C1) is used to filter off ripples. 12V voltage
regulator (7812) is used to generate standard 12V and 5V voltage regulator (7805) is used to
generate 5V. The 12V generated is to power the Arduino Uno and the 5V is to power the DC
motor, PIR, ultrasonic module and the alarm module. The automation of the waste bin is
achieved via the use of a power supply, Controller (Arduino Uno), PIR sensor, DC motor and
ultrasonic sound sensor. A block diagram of the control circuit is shown in Figure below.

3.2.1 Power Supply

20
 Figure 3.0 Block diagram of the Smart Waste Bin

The circuit diagram of the power supply is shown in figure 3.0. It consists of a step-down
transformer, bridge diode, a filter capacitor and a voltage regulator. The power supply supplies
the power that can drive the motor as well as other the electronics components in the system. The
power supply provides the 12V for the relay and DC Motor and 5V dc for the microcontroller
and its electronics components. The supply transformer is a 220V/12v, 1000mA step-down
transformer. This steps down the 220V AC input voltage to 12V AC. A bridge rectifier rectifies
the already stepped down AC voltage to DC voltage. A filter capacitor filters the rectified DC
voltage to remove unwanted ripples existing in the rectified DC voltage. This capacitor was
chosen by careful calculation and experiments. The 12V dc supply needed for the relays and
motors is tapped out. A 7805-voltage regulator generates +5Volts voltage level required for the
microcontroller and its electronics.

3.2.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE

The working principle of an automated waste bin will be based on the application of computer
algorithm. First, the rubbish is placed into the container, and the sensor measures its capacity.
The compactor then compresses the rubbish and measures the compacted trash resistance.
Finally, it will trigger the alarm system attached to the system which will notify the environment
that the waste can needs to be emptied.

3.3 BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION (BEME)

This study anticipates to draw BEME as illustrates in table 3.1
TABLE 3.1
S/N DESCRIPTIONS OF ITEMS MATERIAL QUANTIT RATE (N) AMOUNT(N)
Y
1 Rollers - 2 1000 2000
2 Waste Can - 1 2000 2000
3
3 /4 Circular pipe - 2 2000 4000
4 DC Motor - 1 2000 2000
5 9 Volt - 2 150 300
21
 6 Electric Alarm - 1 500 500
7 0.2N Spring - 2 200 400
8 Paint - 4litres 1200 1200
9 Body filler - 75 grams 500 500
10 Transformer 20v/12v 1 700 700
11 Power Diode IN4007 7 30 210
12 Resistor 1k 3pcs 10 30
2k 4pcs 10 40
10k 4pcs 10 40
47k 1pcs 10 10
20k 1pcs 10 10
27k 1pcs 10 10
5k 1pcs 10 10
13 Voltage Regulator 7805 1pcs 100 100
14 Passive Infrared Receiver - 1 4000 4000
(PIR)
15 Light Emitting Diode (LED) 2red/2white 4 20 80
16 555 Timer -
17 Potentiometer 20k 1 150 150
18 Electromechanical Relay 12v 200 200
19 Buzzer - 1 200 200
20 Capacitors 4 300
21 Transistors 3 250
22 Vera board dotted 1 50 50
23 Jumper wire 250
24 Soldering LBQ 400
25 Battery 1 3500
26 Man power cost 20000
TOTAL 43,440

Total Cost of the material = N43,440

Mobilization = 10% of the total cost of the bin = 0.1 x 43,440 = N 4,344

Contingencies = 2% of the total cost of the bin = 0.02 x 43, 440 = N 868.8

Vat = 5% of the total cost of the bin = 0.05 x 43,440 = N 2,172

Grand Total = Material cost + Mobilization + Contingencies + Vat = 43,440 + 4,344 + 868.8 +
2,172 = N 27,424.8 approximately N 50,824.8

22
3.3.1 DESIGN PROCEDURE
In order to successfully implement the smart waste disposal system, several electronic
components were considered. The choice of any component depends on their characteristic
which is considered relevant to the design of the project. Other factors which include cost,
efficiency and reliability were also considered in the use of various components. The design of
this project will be done under two sub-section namely hardware and software design.
3.3.2 Hardware Design
In order to design the system hardware, the concept that is embodied in the system is presented
in block diagram shown in figure 3.1. The system comprises the State Sensors, the output
display, the load driver, the load, the communication module and the control unit.

POWER SUPPLY

PIR CONTROLLER SERVO

MOTOR
(ARDUINO UNO)
ULTRASONIC SENSOR

Fig 3.1: Construction stages

23
 CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 ANTICIPATED RESULTS
As explained in the previous section this study is discussing about people's mindsets changes
about disposing trash in its place after the existence of smart trash bin projects. The smart trash
bin which mentioned is a smart trash bin with the automatic opening and closing of bin cover,
alarm system and monitoring system features. The features of the smart trash bin use several
important components including power supply, PIR sensor, Controller (Arduino Uno), alarm
module, servo motor and ultrasonic sound censor. Power supply is used as a battery that
functions as the main energy source. PIR sensors is used to detect infrared radiation as a result of
heat generation from humans. The controller is used to move and integrate sensor components
(Ultrasonic sensors, PIR). All of the components work together and form a lid of the bin opening
system.
4.1 GANTT CHART
S/N Work Description Dec. Jan. Jan. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Apr.
7 15 20 22-31 5-12 19-30 10 28

1 First meeting with my

supervisor

2 Second meeting with my

supervisor
3 Presentation/Discussion of
project progress
4 Project planning
5 Market Survey
6 Research Findings
7 Submission of Findings
8 Feedback from my
Supervisor
9 Project Defense

24
 CONCLUSION
This work presents an enhanced solution to the problem of waste disposal especially in the cities
in developing nations like Nigeria where a lot of wastes are generated. The automation of the
opening and closing of the lids will ensure that very high standard of hygiene is maintained as
the user will not have any contact with the bin. Environmental pollution and littering of the
environment also minimized as the lid of the bin will be shut to the users until the disposal truck
empties it thus the user will not be allowed to over fill the bin. Timely disposal of the wastes is
ensured as the system automatically triggers an alarm once the bin is full thereby ensuring that
the bin is made empty to avoid dumping of refuse on the floor.

25
 REFERENCES
Thompson, A. Afolayan A, Ibidunmoye E, (2013). Application of Geographic Information
System to Solid Waste Management. Pan African International Conference on Information
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