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Fluid Statics - Part 1 (Hydrostatics) : Ioan Nistor

The document introduces concepts of fluid statics including pressure, pressure transmission through fluids, absolute and gauge pressure, and pressure variation with elevation and fluid density. It also discusses methods of pressure measurement including manometers. For example, it explains that for an incompressible fluid, pressure increases linearly with depth according to ρgΔz, where ρ is the fluid density and Δz is the change in elevation.

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John Lloyd Santos
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93 views8 pages

Fluid Statics - Part 1 (Hydrostatics) : Ioan Nistor

The document introduces concepts of fluid statics including pressure, pressure transmission through fluids, absolute and gauge pressure, and pressure variation with elevation and fluid density. It also discusses methods of pressure measurement including manometers. For example, it explains that for an incompressible fluid, pressure increases linearly with depth according to ρgΔz, where ρ is the fluid density and Δz is the change in elevation.

Uploaded by

John Lloyd Santos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS – CVG 2116

FLUID STATICS – Part 1


(HYDROSTATICS)

Ioan NISTOR
[email protected]

3.1 Definition of Pressure

CVG 2116
3.1 Pressure (cont.)

Note: As the element shrinks to an infinitesimal point Δx→0, Δy→0,


Δz→0 and Δl→0, which leads to Pn = Pz from ΣFz=0

CVG 2116

Pressure transmission

Example: The hydraulic lift


F=100 N; F2=? Blaise Pascal
1623-1662
The force exerted on the small piston (A1):(AC)F - (BC)F1= 0
⇒ F1=1100 N
⇒ p1=F1/A1=6.22 106 N/m2
p1=p2 ⇒ F2=p1A2 ⇒ F2=12.22 kN

CVG 2116
Absolute Pressure, Gage Pressure and Vacuum
The pressure in the extraterrestrial space is ZERO-, absolute zero
All measured pressures are reported to this pressure→ absolutes pressures, PA
Example: the atmospheric pressure patm=101 kPa = pa
In the engineering practice many instruments which measure the pressure are doing so
with respect to the atmospheric pressure → gage pressure, pg

PA > 101.325kPa

Pg > 0 & P A > Pa


PA = Pa = atmospheric
pressure = 101.325kPa

Pg < 0 & P A < Pa

PA = 0kPa =
absolute zero

CVG 2116

Absolute Pressure, Gage Pressure and Vacuum (example)

CVG 2116
3.2 Pressure variation with elevation

ΣFl=0; pΔA - (p+ Δp)ΔA – γΔAΔl sinα = 0,

Δp/Δl = - γsinά ⇒ dp/dl = - γ dz/dl ⇒

dp/dz = - γ

CVG 2116

3.2 Pressure variation with elevation - Example

Example: Compare the rate of change of pressure for air and for fresh water at sea level
(p=101.3kPa, T=15.5oC) with respect to a 4-m decrease in elevation. (the specific
weights are assumed constant).
SOLUTION
Specific weights of water and air (from the ideal gas law!)

ρair=p/(RT) = 101.3 103(N/m2)/[287(J/kgK) (15.5+273)(K)] ⇒ ρair=1.22kg/m3 ⇒


γair=gρair = 11.97 N/m3
γwater= 9799 N/m3

Therefore, (dp/dz)air = - 11.97 N/m3, (dp/dz)water = - 9799 N/m3 ⇒

The total change in pressure for air Δpair= - 11.97 N/m3 x (-4m)=47.9Pa
The total change in pressure for water Δpwater= - 9799 N/m3 x (-4m)=39.2kPa

CVG 2116
Pressure variation for a uniform density fluid

CVG 2116

CVG 2116
Pressure variation with elevation for different density fluids – Example

In an open tank, oil with a specific gravity of 0.80 forms a layer 0.9 m
deep above a total depth of 3.0 m of water. What is the pressure
measured at the bottom of the tank?

Fluid properties: Soil = 0.8, γwater= 9810 N/m3

Pressure at the bottom of the oil layer:


7.06kPa
where z1=3m, z2=2.10m
p2 = 7.06kPa,

Pressure at the bottom of the tank 27.7kPa


where z3 = 0m
p3 = 27.7kPa

CVG 2116

Pressure variation with the altitude

Fluids with non-uniform density (compressible):


The equation of state: p = ρRT ou ρ = p/RT (γ =pg/RT)
p – the absolute pressure [Pa]
T – the absolute temperature [K]
R – the universal gas constant [J/kgK]
in the troposphere: T = To-α(z-zo)

dp/dz = - pg/RT ⇒ p=po[T/To]g/αR

In the stratosphere: T = const.

⇒p = poe-(z-z )g/RT
o

U.S.National Weather Service: 45oN latitude in July

CVG 2116
3.3 Pressure measurement

Pressure transducer

CVG 2111

3.3 Pressure measurement (Manometry)


pv~0 pressure of Hg vapors
at normal temperature

CVG 2116
Piezometer

Example: suppose Δh=60cm, l=180cm


Calculate the pressure in the pipe center!
p1=0 (open atmosphere), therefore p2=0-γmΔh
⇒ p2=79.8kPa ( mercury γm=133kN/m3)
p2=p3 (same elevation), therefore p4=p3+Δp3→4; Δp3→4=-γl ⇒ Δp3→4=-17.66kPa
⇒ p4=62.1kPa
General equation of the manometer: p2=p1+Σdownγihi-Σupγihi CVG 2116

3.3 Pressure measurement – Example to be solved in class

Differential manometer
Example: Find the piezometric pressure variation and the piezometric head
between the two points if the deflection of mercury in the manometer is
2.54cm.(Twater=10oC)
The equation of the manometer: p2= p1+ γw(Δy+Δh) – γmΔh - γw(Δy+z2-z1)

⇒ p2 + γwz2 - (p1+ γwz1) = Δh(γw - γm)


or
pz2-pz1= Δh(γw - γm); pz2-pz1= ?

and
h2-h1=(pz2-pz1)/γw=Δh(1- γm/γw); h2-h1=?

CVG 2116

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